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diff --git a/user_guide/.buildinfo b/user_guide/.buildinfo
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+++ b/user_guide/.buildinfo
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Sphinx build info version 1
+# This file hashes the configuration used when building these files. When it is not found, a full rebuild will be done.
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/DCO.html
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+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
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+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
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+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Contributing to CodeIgniter" href="contributing/index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="General Topics" href="general/index.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Writing CodeIgniter Documentation" href="documentation/index.html"/> 
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="developer-s-certificate-of-origin-1-1">
+<h1>Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#developer-s-certificate-of-origin-1-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>By making a contribution to this project, I certify that:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I
+have the right to submit it under the open source license
+indicated in the file; or</li>
+<li>The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best
+of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source
+license and I have the right under that license to submit that
+work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part
+by me, under the same open source license (unless I am
+permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated
+in the file; or</li>
+<li>The contribution was provided directly to me by some other
+person who certified (1), (2) or (3) and I have not modified
+it.</li>
+<li>I understand and agree that this project and the contribution
+are public and that a record of the contribution (including all
+personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is
+maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with
+this project or the open source license(s) involved.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="general/index.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="General Topics">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="documentation/index.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Writing CodeIgniter Documentation"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'./',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/_downloads/ELDocs.tmbundle.zip b/user_guide/_downloads/ELDocs.tmbundle.zip
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7a11b364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_downloads/ELDocs.tmbundle.zip
diff --git a/user_guide/_images/appflowchart.gif b/user_guide/_images/appflowchart.gif
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..422332c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_images/appflowchart.gif
diff --git a/user_guide/_images/smile.gif b/user_guide/_images/smile.gif
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf0922504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_images/smile.gif
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/ajax-loader.gif b/user_guide/_static/ajax-loader.gif
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61faf8cab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/ajax-loader.gif
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/basic.css b/user_guide/_static/basic.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6df76b0a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/basic.css
@@ -0,0 +1,639 @@
+/*
+ * basic.css
+ * ~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2017 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.clearer {
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.related {
+    width: 100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.related h3 {
+    display: none;
+}
+
+div.related ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0 0 0 10px;
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.related li {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.related li.right {
+    float: right;
+    margin-right: 5px;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper {
+    padding: 10px 5px 0 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    float: left;
+    width: 230px;
+    margin-left: -100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+    word-wrap: break-word;
+    overflow-wrap : break-word;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul,
+div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points {
+    margin-left: 20px;
+    list-style: square;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar form {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #98dbcc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] {
+    width: 170px;
+}
+
+img {
+    border: 0;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+
+/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ul.search {
+    margin: 10px 0 0 20px;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+ul.search li {
+    padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;
+    background-image: url(file.png);
+    background-repeat: no-repeat;
+    background-position: 0 7px;
+}
+
+ul.search li a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ul.search li div.context {
+    color: #888;
+    margin: 2px 0 0 30px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+table.contentstable {
+    width: 90%;
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+table.contentstable p.biglink {
+    line-height: 150%;
+}
+
+a.biglink {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+span.linkdescr {
+    font-style: italic;
+    padding-top: 5px;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.indextable {
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+table.indextable td {
+    text-align: left;
+    vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+table.indextable ul {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+    list-style-type: none;
+}
+
+table.indextable > tbody > tr > td > ul {
+    padding-left: 0em;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.pcap {
+    height: 10px;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.cap {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    background-color: #f2f2f2;
+}
+
+img.toggler {
+    margin-right: 3px;
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+div.modindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+div.genindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+/* -- domain module index --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.modindextable td {
+    padding: 2px;
+    border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li, div.body blockquote {
+    -moz-hyphens: auto;
+    -ms-hyphens: auto;
+    -webkit-hyphens: auto;
+    hyphens: auto;
+}
+
+a.headerlink {
+    visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+h1:hover > a.headerlink,
+h2:hover > a.headerlink,
+h3:hover > a.headerlink,
+h4:hover > a.headerlink,
+h5:hover > a.headerlink,
+h6:hover > a.headerlink,
+dt:hover > a.headerlink,
+caption:hover > a.headerlink,
+p.caption:hover > a.headerlink,
+div.code-block-caption:hover > a.headerlink {
+    visibility: visible;
+}
+
+div.body p.caption {
+    text-align: inherit;
+}
+
+div.body td {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.first {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+p.rubric {
+    margin-top: 30px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+img.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left {
+    clear: left;
+    float: left;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right {
+    clear: right;
+    float: right;
+    margin-left: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center {
+  display: block;
+  margin-left: auto;
+  margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+.align-left {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.align-center {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.align-right {
+    text-align: right;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sidebar {
+    margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+    border: 1px solid #ddb;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    background-color: #ffe;
+    width: 40%;
+    float: right;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.topic {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+p.topic-title {
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.admonition {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    padding: 7px;
+}
+
+div.admonition dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.admonition dl {
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+    margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.body p.centered {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-top: 25px;
+}
+
+/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.docutils {
+    border: 0;
+    border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+table caption span.caption-number {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+table caption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
+    padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px;
+    border-top: 0;
+    border-left: 0;
+    border-right: 0;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
+}
+
+table.footnote td, table.footnote th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+th {
+    text-align: left;
+    padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+table.citation {
+    border-left: solid 1px gray;
+    margin-left: 1px;
+}
+
+table.citation td {
+    border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+/* -- figures --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.figure {
+    margin: 0.5em;
+    padding: 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption {
+    padding: 0.3em;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption span.caption-number {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+/* -- field list styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.field-list td, table.field-list th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.field-list p {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+.field-name {
+    -moz-hyphens: manual;
+    -ms-hyphens: manual;
+    -webkit-hyphens: manual;
+    hyphens: manual;
+}
+
+/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ol.arabic {
+    list-style: decimal;
+}
+
+ol.loweralpha {
+    list-style: lower-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.upperalpha {
+    list-style: upper-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.lowerroman {
+    list-style: lower-roman;
+}
+
+ol.upperroman {
+    list-style: upper-roman;
+}
+
+dl {
+    margin-bottom: 15px;
+}
+
+dd p {
+    margin-top: 0px;
+}
+
+dd ul, dd table {
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+dd {
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    margin-left: 30px;
+}
+
+dt:target, .highlighted {
+    background-color: #fbe54e;
+}
+
+dl.glossary dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+}
+
+.optional {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+.sig-paren {
+    font-size: larger;
+}
+
+.versionmodified {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.system-message {
+    background-color: #fda;
+    padding: 5px;
+    border: 3px solid red;
+}
+
+.footnote:target  {
+    background-color: #ffa;
+}
+
+.line-block {
+    display: block;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+.line-block .line-block {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+}
+
+.guilabel, .menuselection {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+.accelerator {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.classifier {
+    font-style: oblique;
+}
+
+abbr, acronym {
+    border-bottom: dotted 1px;
+    cursor: help;
+}
+
+/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+pre {
+    overflow: auto;
+    overflow-y: hidden;  /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */
+}
+
+span.pre {
+    -moz-hyphens: none;
+    -ms-hyphens: none;
+    -webkit-hyphens: none;
+    hyphens: none;
+}
+
+td.linenos pre {
+    padding: 5px 0px;
+    border: 0;
+    background-color: transparent;
+    color: #aaa;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+    margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td {
+    padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption {
+    padding: 2px 5px;
+    font-size: small;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption + div > div.highlight > pre {
+    margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption span.caption-number {
+    padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+div.literal-block-wrapper {
+    padding: 1em 1em 0;
+}
+
+div.literal-block-wrapper div.highlight {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+code.descname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.2em;
+}
+
+code.descclassname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+code.xref, a code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.viewcode-link {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    float: right;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    margin: -1px -10px;
+    padding: 0 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+img.math {
+    vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+div.body div.math p {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+span.eqno {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+span.eqno a.headerlink {
+    position: relative;
+    left: 0px;
+    z-index: 1;
+}
+
+div.math:hover a.headerlink {
+    visibility: visible;
+}
+
+/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+@media print {
+    div.document,
+    div.documentwrapper,
+    div.bodywrapper {
+        margin: 0 !important;
+        width: 100%;
+    }
+
+    div.sphinxsidebar,
+    div.related,
+    div.footer,
+    #top-link {
+        display: none;
+    }
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/ci-icon.ico b/user_guide/_static/ci-icon.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ecfce214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/ci-icon.ico
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/comment-bright.png b/user_guide/_static/comment-bright.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15e27edb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/comment-bright.png
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/comment-close.png b/user_guide/_static/comment-close.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d91bcf57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/comment-close.png
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/comment.png b/user_guide/_static/comment.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfbc0cbd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/comment.png
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/css/badge_only.css b/user_guide/_static/css/badge_only.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e17fb148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/css/badge_only.css
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+.fa:before{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}.clearfix{*zoom:1}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{display:table;content:""}.clearfix:after{clear:both}@font-face{font-family:FontAwesome;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;src:url("../font/fontawesome_webfont.eot");src:url("../font/fontawesome_webfont.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("../font/fontawesome_webfont.woff") format("woff"),url("../font/fontawesome_webfont.ttf") format("truetype"),url("../font/fontawesome_webfont.svg#FontAwesome") format("svg")}.fa:before{display:inline-block;font-family:FontAwesome;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1;text-decoration:inherit}a .fa{display:inline-block;text-decoration:inherit}li .fa{display:inline-block}li .fa-large:before,li .fa-large:before{width:1.875em}ul.fas{list-style-type:none;margin-left:2em;text-indent:-0.8em}ul.fas li .fa{width:0.8em}ul.fas li .fa-large:before,ul.fas li .fa-large:before{vertical-align:baseline}.fa-book:before{content:""}.icon-book:before{content:""}.fa-caret-down:before{content:""}.icon-caret-down:before{content:""}.fa-caret-up:before{content:""}.icon-caret-up:before{content:""}.fa-caret-left:before{content:""}.icon-caret-left:before{content:""}.fa-caret-right:before{content:""}.icon-caret-right:before{content:""}.rst-versions{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;width:300px;color:#fcfcfc;background:#1f1d1d;border-top:solid 10px #343131;font-family:"Lato","proxima-nova","Helvetica Neue",Arial,sans-serif;z-index:400}.rst-versions a{color:#2980B9;text-decoration:none}.rst-versions .rst-badge-small{display:none}.rst-versions .rst-current-version{padding:12px;background-color:#272525;display:block;text-align:right;font-size:90%;cursor:pointer;color:#27AE60;*zoom:1}.rst-versions .rst-current-version:before,.rst-versions .rst-current-version:after{display:table;content:""}.rst-versions .rst-current-version:after{clear:both}.rst-versions .rst-current-version .fa{color:#fcfcfc}.rst-versions .rst-current-version .fa-book{float:left}.rst-versions .rst-current-version .icon-book{float:left}.rst-versions .rst-current-version.rst-out-of-date{background-color:#E74C3C;color:#fff}.rst-versions .rst-current-version.rst-active-old-version{background-color:#F1C40F;color:#000}.rst-versions.shift-up .rst-other-versions{display:block}.rst-versions .rst-other-versions{font-size:90%;padding:12px;color:gray;display:none}.rst-versions .rst-other-versions hr{display:block;height:1px;border:0;margin:20px 0;padding:0;border-top:solid 1px #413d3d}.rst-versions .rst-other-versions dd{display:inline-block;margin:0}.rst-versions .rst-other-versions dd a{display:inline-block;padding:6px;color:#fcfcfc}.rst-versions.rst-badge{width:auto;bottom:20px;right:20px;left:auto;border:none;max-width:300px}.rst-versions.rst-badge .icon-book{float:none}.rst-versions.rst-badge .fa-book{float:none}.rst-versions.rst-badge.shift-up .rst-current-version{text-align:right}.rst-versions.rst-badge.shift-up .rst-current-version .fa-book{float:left}.rst-versions.rst-badge.shift-up .rst-current-version .icon-book{float:left}.rst-versions.rst-badge .rst-current-version{width:auto;height:30px;line-height:30px;padding:0 6px;display:block;text-align:center}@media screen and (max-width: 768px){.rst-versions{width:85%;display:none}.rst-versions.shift{display:block}img{width:100%;height:auto}}
+/*# sourceMappingURL=badge_only.css.map */
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/css/citheme.css b/user_guide/_static/css/citheme.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2a3b3e91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/css/citheme.css
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+@import 'theme.css';
+
+.highlighted {
+	padding: 0px !important;
+	font-weight: inherit !important;
+	background-color: #f1d40f !important;
+}
+
+#nav {
+	background-color: #494949;
+	margin: 0;
+	padding: 0;
+	display: none;
+}
+
+#nav2 {
+	background: url(data:image/jpeg;base64,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) repeat-x scroll left top transparent;
+	margin: 0;
+	padding: 0 310px 0 0;
+	text-align: right;
+	display: none;
+}
+
+#nav_inner {
+	background-color: transparent;
+	font-family: Lucida Grande,Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;
+	font-size: 11px;
+	margin: 0;
+	padding: 8px 12px 0 20px;
+}
+
+div#pulldown-menu {
+	-moz-column-count: 5;
+	-moz-column-gap: 20px;
+	-webkit-column-count: 5;
+	-webkit-column-gap: 20px;
+	column-count: 5;
+	column-gap: 20px;
+	-webkit-column-rule: 1px groove #b8b8b8;
+	-moz-column-rule: 1px groove #b8b8b8;
+	column-rule: 1px groove #b8b8b8;
+}
+
+#pulldown-menu > ul {
+	padding-top: 10px;
+	padding-bottom: 10px;
+	-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; /*Chrome, Safari*/
+	display: table;	/*Firefox*/
+	break-inside: avoid; /*IE 10+ theoretically*/
+}
+
+#pulldown-menu ul li.toctree-l2 {
+	font-size: 0.82em;
+	margin-left: 20px;
+	list-style-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCwAJALMJAO7u7uTk5PLy8unp6fb29t7e3vj4+Li4uIWFheTk5AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAkALAAAAAALAAkAAAQoMJ1JqTQ4Z3SI98jHCWSJkByArCyiHkMsIzEX3DeCc0Xv+4hEa5iIAAA7);
+}
+
+#pulldown-menu ul li.toctree-l1 a {
+	color: #ffffff;
+	text-decoration: none;
+	font-size: 12px;
+	font-family: "Roboto Slab","ff-tisa-web-pro","Georgia",Arial,sans-serif;
+	font-weight: 700;
+}
+
+#pulldown-menu ul li.toctree-l2 a {
+	text-decoration: none;
+	font-size: 11px;
+	line-height: 1.4em;
+	font-weight: 300;
+	font-family: Lucida Grande,Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;
+	color: #aaaaaa;
+}
+
+/*hide pulldown menu on mobile devices*/
+@media (max-width: 768px) { /*tablet size defined by theme*/
+	#closeMe {
+		display: none;
+	}
+
+	#pulldown {
+		display: none;
+	}
+
+	#openToc {
+		display: none;
+	}
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/css/theme.css b/user_guide/_static/css/theme.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64d41142a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/css/theme.css
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+*{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,nav,section{display:block}audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1}audio:not([controls]){display:none}[hidden]{display:none}*{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}html{font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}a:hover,a:active{outline:0}abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted}b,strong{font-weight:bold}blockquote{margin:0}dfn{font-style:italic}ins{background:#ff9;color:#000;text-decoration:none}mark{background:#ff0;color:#000;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}pre,code,.rst-content tt,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,serif;_font-family:"courier new",monospace;font-size:1em}pre{white-space:pre}q{quotes:none}q:before,q:after{content:"";content:none}small{font-size:85%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sup{top:-0.5em}sub{bottom:-0.25em}ul,ol,dl{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none}li{list-style:none}dd{margin:0}img{border:0;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic;vertical-align:middle;max-width:100%}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}figure{margin:0}form{margin:0}fieldset{border:0;margin:0;padding:0}label{cursor:pointer}legend{border:0;*margin-left:-7px;padding:0;white-space:normal}button,input,select,textarea{font-size:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:baseline;*vertical-align:middle}button,input{line-height:normal}button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{cursor:pointer;-webkit-appearance:button;*overflow:visible}button[disabled],input[disabled]{cursor:default}input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;*width:13px;*height:13px}input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button{-webkit-appearance:none}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top;resize:vertical}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}td{vertical-align:top}.chromeframe{margin:0.2em 0;background:#ccc;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0}.ir{display:block;border:0;text-indent:-999em;overflow:hidden;background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat;text-align:left;direction:ltr;*line-height:0}.ir br{display:none}.hidden{display:none !important;visibility:hidden}.visuallyhidden{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.visuallyhidden.focusable:active,.visuallyhidden.focusable:focus{clip:auto;height:auto;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:static;width:auto}.invisible{visibility:hidden}.relative{position:relative}big,small{font-size:100%}@media print{html,body,section{background:none !important}*{box-shadow:none !important;text-shadow:none !important;filter:none !important;-ms-filter:none !important}a,a:visited{text-decoration:underline}.ir a:after,a[href^="javascript:"]:after,a[href^="#"]:after{content:""}pre,blockquote{page-break-inside:avoid}thead{display:table-header-group}tr,img{page-break-inside:avoid}img{max-width:100% !important}@page{margin:1.5cm 0.5cm 2.5cm}p,h2,h3{orphans:3;widows:3}h2,h3{page-break-after:avoid}}.fa:before,.rst-content .admonition-title:before,.rst-content h1 .headerlink:before,.rst-content h2 .headerlink:before,.rst-content h3 .headerlink:before,.rst-content h4 .headerlink:before,.rst-content h5 .headerlink:before,.rst-content h6 .headerlink:before,.rst-content dl dt .headerlink:before,.icon:before,.wy-dropdown .caret:before,.wy-inline-validate.wy-inline-validate-success .wy-input-context:before,.wy-inline-validate.wy-inline-validate-danger .wy-input-context:before,.wy-inline-validate.wy-inline-validate-warning .wy-input-context:before,.wy-inline-validate.wy-inline-validate-info .wy-input-context:before,.wy-alert,.rst-content .note,.rst-content .attention,.rst-content .caution,.rst-content .danger,.rst-content .error,.rst-content .hint,.rst-content .important,.rst-content .tip,.rst-content .warning,.rst-content .seealso,.rst-content .admonition-todo,.btn,input[type="text"],input[type="password"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="date"],input[type="month"],input[type="time"],input[type="datetime"],input[type="datetime-local"],input[type="week"],input[type="number"],input[type="search"],input[type="tel"],input[type="color"],select,textarea,.wy-menu-vertical li.on a,.wy-menu-vertical li.current>a,.wy-side-nav-search>a,.wy-side-nav-search .wy-dropdown>a,.wy-nav-top a{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}.clearfix{*zoom:1}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{display:table;content:""}.clearfix:after{clear:both}/*!
+ *  Font Awesome 4.1.0 by @davegandy - http://fontawesome.io - @fontawesome
+ *  License - http://fontawesome.io/license (Font: SIL OFL 1.1, CSS: MIT License)
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+/*# sourceMappingURL=theme.css.map */
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/doctools.js b/user_guide/_static/doctools.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..565497723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/doctools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+/*
+ * doctools.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2017 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * select a different prefix for underscore
+ */
+$u = _.noConflict();
+
+/**
+ * make the code below compatible with browsers without
+ * an installed firebug like debugger
+if (!window.console || !console.firebug) {
+  var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir",
+    "dirxml", "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace",
+    "profile", "profileEnd"];
+  window.console = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i)
+    window.console[names[i]] = function() {};
+}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urldecode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urldecode = function(x) {
+  return decodeURIComponent(x).replace(/\+/g, ' ');
+};
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urlencode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent;
+
+/**
+ * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the
+ * current request. Multiple values per key are supported,
+ * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts.
+ */
+jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) {
+  if (typeof s == 'undefined')
+    s = document.location.search;
+  var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&');
+  var result = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2);
+    var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]);
+    var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]);
+    if (key in result)
+      result[key].push(value);
+    else
+      result[key] = [value];
+  }
+  return result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in
+ * span elements with the given class name.
+ */
+jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) {
+  function highlight(node) {
+    if (node.nodeType == 3) {
+      var val = node.nodeValue;
+      var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text);
+      if (pos >= 0 && !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className)) {
+        var span = document.createElement("span");
+        span.className = className;
+        span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length)));
+        node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore(
+          document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)),
+          node.nextSibling));
+        node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos);
+      }
+    }
+    else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) {
+      jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() {
+        highlight(this);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return this.each(function() {
+    highlight(this);
+  });
+};
+
+/*
+ * backward compatibility for jQuery.browser
+ * This will be supported until firefox bug is fixed.
+ */
+if (!jQuery.browser) {
+  jQuery.uaMatch = function(ua) {
+    ua = ua.toLowerCase();
+
+    var match = /(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(webkit)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(opera)(?:.*version|)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(msie) ([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      ua.indexOf("compatible") < 0 && /(mozilla)(?:.*? rv:([\w.]+)|)/.exec(ua) ||
+      [];
+
+    return {
+      browser: match[ 1 ] || "",
+      version: match[ 2 ] || "0"
+    };
+  };
+  jQuery.browser = {};
+  jQuery.browser[jQuery.uaMatch(navigator.userAgent).browser] = true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Small JavaScript module for the documentation.
+ */
+var Documentation = {
+
+  init : function() {
+    this.fixFirefoxAnchorBug();
+    this.highlightSearchWords();
+    this.initIndexTable();
+    
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * i18n support
+   */
+  TRANSLATIONS : {},
+  PLURAL_EXPR : function(n) { return n == 1 ? 0 : 1; },
+  LOCALE : 'unknown',
+
+  // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions
+  // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext)
+  gettext : function(string) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return string;
+    return (typeof translated == 'string') ? translated : translated[0];
+  },
+
+  ngettext : function(singular, plural, n) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return (n == 1) ? singular : plural;
+    return translated[Documentation.PLURALEXPR(n)];
+  },
+
+  addTranslations : function(catalog) {
+    for (var key in catalog.messages)
+      this.TRANSLATIONS[key] = catalog.messages[key];
+    this.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function('n', 'return +(' + catalog.plural_expr + ')');
+    this.LOCALE = catalog.locale;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * add context elements like header anchor links
+   */
+  addContextElements : function() {
+    $('div[id] > :header:first').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this headline')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+    $('dt[id]').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this definition')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * workaround a firefox stupidity
+   * see: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=645075
+   */
+  fixFirefoxAnchorBug : function() {
+    if (document.location.hash)
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        document.location.href += '';
+      }, 10);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * highlight the search words provided in the url in the text
+   */
+  highlightSearchWords : function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.highlight) ? params.highlight[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    if (terms.length) {
+      var body = $('div.body');
+      if (!body.length) {
+        body = $('body');
+      }
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        $.each(terms, function() {
+          body.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+        });
+      }, 10);
+      $('<p class="highlight-link"><a href="javascript:Documentation.' +
+        'hideSearchWords()">' + _('Hide Search Matches') + '</a></p>')
+          .appendTo($('#searchbox'));
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * init the domain index toggle buttons
+   */
+  initIndexTable : function() {
+    var togglers = $('img.toggler').click(function() {
+      var src = $(this).attr('src');
+      var idnum = $(this).attr('id').substr(7);
+      $('tr.cg-' + idnum).toggle();
+      if (src.substr(-9) == 'minus.png')
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-9) + 'plus.png');
+      else
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-8) + 'minus.png');
+    }).css('display', '');
+    if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) {
+        togglers.click();
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to hide the search marks again
+   */
+  hideSearchWords : function() {
+    $('#searchbox .highlight-link').fadeOut(300);
+    $('span.highlighted').removeClass('highlighted');
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * make the url absolute
+   */
+  makeURL : function(relativeURL) {
+    return DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '/' + relativeURL;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * get the current relative url
+   */
+  getCurrentURL : function() {
+    var path = document.location.pathname;
+    var parts = path.split(/\//);
+    $.each(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT.split(/\//), function() {
+      if (this == '..')
+        parts.pop();
+    });
+    var url = parts.join('/');
+    return path.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1, path.length - 1);
+  },
+
+  initOnKeyListeners: function() {
+    $(document).keyup(function(event) {
+      var activeElementType = document.activeElement.tagName;
+      // don't navigate when in search box or textarea
+      if (activeElementType !== 'TEXTAREA' && activeElementType !== 'INPUT' && activeElementType !== 'SELECT') {
+        switch (event.keyCode) {
+          case 37: // left
+            var prevHref = $('link[rel="prev"]').prop('href');
+            if (prevHref) {
+              window.location.href = prevHref;
+              return false;
+            }
+          case 39: // right
+            var nextHref = $('link[rel="next"]').prop('href');
+            if (nextHref) {
+              window.location.href = nextHref;
+              return false;
+            }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+};
+
+// quick alias for translations
+_ = Documentation.gettext;
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Documentation.init();
+});
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/down-pressed.png b/user_guide/_static/down-pressed.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5756c8cad
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/user_guide/_static/down.png b/user_guide/_static/down.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b3bdad2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/down.png
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/file.png b/user_guide/_static/file.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a858a410e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/file.png
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/fonts/FontAwesome.otf b/user_guide/_static/fonts/FontAwesome.otf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b0f54e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/fonts/FontAwesome.otf
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.eot b/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.eot
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c79c6a6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.eot
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.svg b/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45fdf3383
--- /dev/null
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+<glyph unicode="&#xf195;" horiz-adv-x="1152" d="M1152 704q0 -191 -94.5 -353t-256.5 -256.5t-353 -94.5h-160q-14 0 -23 9t-9 23v611l-215 -66q-3 -1 -9 -1q-10 0 -19 6q-13 10 -13 26v128q0 23 23 31l233 71v93l-215 -66q-3 -1 -9 -1q-10 0 -19 6q-13 10 -13 26v128q0 23 23 31l233 71v250q0 14 9 23t23 9h160 q14 0 23 -9t9 -23v-181l375 116q15 5 28 -5t13 -26v-128q0 -23 -23 -31l-393 -121v-93l375 116q15 5 28 -5t13 -26v-128q0 -23 -23 -31l-393 -121v-487q188 13 318 151t130 328q0 14 9 23t23 9h160q14 0 23 -9t9 -23z" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xf196;" horiz-adv-x="1408" d="M1152 736v-64q0 -14 -9 -23t-23 -9h-352v-352q0 -14 -9 -23t-23 -9h-64q-14 0 -23 9t-9 23v352h-352q-14 0 -23 9t-9 23v64q0 14 9 23t23 9h352v352q0 14 9 23t23 9h64q14 0 23 -9t9 -23v-352h352q14 0 23 -9t9 -23zM1280 288v832q0 66 -47 113t-113 47h-832 q-66 0 -113 -47t-47 -113v-832q0 -66 47 -113t113 -47h832q66 0 113 47t47 113zM1408 1120v-832q0 -119 -84.5 -203.5t-203.5 -84.5h-832q-119 0 -203.5 84.5t-84.5 203.5v832q0 119 84.5 203.5t203.5 84.5h832q119 0 203.5 -84.5t84.5 -203.5z" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xf197;" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xf198;" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xf199;" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xf19a;" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xf19b;" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xf19c;" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xf19d;" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xf19e;" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xf500;" horiz-adv-x="1792" />
+</font>
+</defs></svg> 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.ttf b/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.ttf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e89738de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.ttf
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff b/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c1748aab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/images/ci-icon.ico b/user_guide/_static/images/ci-icon.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4246f8bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/images/ci-icon.ico
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/jquery-3.1.0.js b/user_guide/_static/jquery-3.1.0.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2fc27478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/jquery-3.1.0.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10074 @@
+/*eslint-disable no-unused-vars*/
+/*!
+ * jQuery JavaScript Library v3.1.0
+ * https://jquery.com/
+ *
+ * Includes Sizzle.js
+ * https://sizzlejs.com/
+ *
+ * Copyright jQuery Foundation and other contributors
+ * Released under the MIT license
+ * https://jquery.org/license
+ *
+ * Date: 2016-07-07T21:44Z
+ */
+( function( global, factory ) {
+
+	"use strict";
+
+	if ( typeof module === "object" && typeof module.exports === "object" ) {
+
+		// For CommonJS and CommonJS-like environments where a proper `window`
+		// is present, execute the factory and get jQuery.
+		// For environments that do not have a `window` with a `document`
+		// (such as Node.js), expose a factory as module.exports.
+		// This accentuates the need for the creation of a real `window`.
+		// e.g. var jQuery = require("jquery")(window);
+		// See ticket #14549 for more info.
+		module.exports = global.document ?
+			factory( global, true ) :
+			function( w ) {
+				if ( !w.document ) {
+					throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" );
+				}
+				return factory( w );
+			};
+	} else {
+		factory( global );
+	}
+
+// Pass this if window is not defined yet
+} )( typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) {
+
+// Edge <= 12 - 13+, Firefox <=18 - 45+, IE 10 - 11, Safari 5.1 - 9+, iOS 6 - 9.1
+// throw exceptions when non-strict code (e.g., ASP.NET 4.5) accesses strict mode
+// arguments.callee.caller (trac-13335). But as of jQuery 3.0 (2016), strict mode should be common
+// enough that all such attempts are guarded in a try block.
+"use strict";
+
+var arr = [];
+
+var document = window.document;
+
+var getProto = Object.getPrototypeOf;
+
+var slice = arr.slice;
+
+var concat = arr.concat;
+
+var push = arr.push;
+
+var indexOf = arr.indexOf;
+
+var class2type = {};
+
+var toString = class2type.toString;
+
+var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty;
+
+var fnToString = hasOwn.toString;
+
+var ObjectFunctionString = fnToString.call( Object );
+
+var support = {};
+
+
+
+	function DOMEval( code, doc ) {
+		doc = doc || document;
+
+		var script = doc.createElement( "script" );
+
+		script.text = code;
+		doc.head.appendChild( script ).parentNode.removeChild( script );
+	}
+/* global Symbol */
+// Defining this global in .eslintrc would create a danger of using the global
+// unguarded in another place, it seems safer to define global only for this module
+
+
+
+var
+	version = "3.1.0",
+
+	// Define a local copy of jQuery
+	jQuery = function( selector, context ) {
+
+		// The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced'
+		// Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included)
+		return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context );
+	},
+
+	// Support: Android <=4.0 only
+	// Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
+	rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,
+
+	// Matches dashed string for camelizing
+	rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/,
+	rdashAlpha = /-([a-z])/g,
+
+	// Used by jQuery.camelCase as callback to replace()
+	fcamelCase = function( all, letter ) {
+		return letter.toUpperCase();
+	};
+
+jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = {
+
+	// The current version of jQuery being used
+	jquery: version,
+
+	constructor: jQuery,
+
+	// The default length of a jQuery object is 0
+	length: 0,
+
+	toArray: function() {
+		return slice.call( this );
+	},
+
+	// Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR
+	// Get the whole matched element set as a clean array
+	get: function( num ) {
+		return num != null ?
+
+			// Return just the one element from the set
+			( num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ] ) :
+
+			// Return all the elements in a clean array
+			slice.call( this );
+	},
+
+	// Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack
+	// (returning the new matched element set)
+	pushStack: function( elems ) {
+
+		// Build a new jQuery matched element set
+		var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems );
+
+		// Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference)
+		ret.prevObject = this;
+
+		// Return the newly-formed element set
+		return ret;
+	},
+
+	// Execute a callback for every element in the matched set.
+	each: function( callback ) {
+		return jQuery.each( this, callback );
+	},
+
+	map: function( callback ) {
+		return this.pushStack( jQuery.map( this, function( elem, i ) {
+			return callback.call( elem, i, elem );
+		} ) );
+	},
+
+	slice: function() {
+		return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) );
+	},
+
+	first: function() {
+		return this.eq( 0 );
+	},
+
+	last: function() {
+		return this.eq( -1 );
+	},
+
+	eq: function( i ) {
+		var len = this.length,
+			j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 );
+		return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[ j ] ] : [] );
+	},
+
+	end: function() {
+		return this.prevObject || this.constructor();
+	},
+
+	// For internal use only.
+	// Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method.
+	push: push,
+	sort: arr.sort,
+	splice: arr.splice
+};
+
+jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() {
+	var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone,
+		target = arguments[ 0 ] || {},
+		i = 1,
+		length = arguments.length,
+		deep = false;
+
+	// Handle a deep copy situation
+	if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) {
+		deep = target;
+
+		// Skip the boolean and the target
+		target = arguments[ i ] || {};
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	// Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy)
+	if ( typeof target !== "object" && !jQuery.isFunction( target ) ) {
+		target = {};
+	}
+
+	// Extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed
+	if ( i === length ) {
+		target = this;
+		i--;
+	}
+
+	for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+
+		// Only deal with non-null/undefined values
+		if ( ( options = arguments[ i ] ) != null ) {
+
+			// Extend the base object
+			for ( name in options ) {
+				src = target[ name ];
+				copy = options[ name ];
+
+				// Prevent never-ending loop
+				if ( target === copy ) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				// Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays
+				if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject( copy ) ||
+					( copyIsArray = jQuery.isArray( copy ) ) ) ) {
+
+					if ( copyIsArray ) {
+						copyIsArray = false;
+						clone = src && jQuery.isArray( src ) ? src : [];
+
+					} else {
+						clone = src && jQuery.isPlainObject( src ) ? src : {};
+					}
+
+					// Never move original objects, clone them
+					target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy );
+
+				// Don't bring in undefined values
+				} else if ( copy !== undefined ) {
+					target[ name ] = copy;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Return the modified object
+	return target;
+};
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+
+	// Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page
+	expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ),
+
+	// Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module
+	isReady: true,
+
+	error: function( msg ) {
+		throw new Error( msg );
+	},
+
+	noop: function() {},
+
+	isFunction: function( obj ) {
+		return jQuery.type( obj ) === "function";
+	},
+
+	isArray: Array.isArray,
+
+	isWindow: function( obj ) {
+		return obj != null && obj === obj.window;
+	},
+
+	isNumeric: function( obj ) {
+
+		// As of jQuery 3.0, isNumeric is limited to
+		// strings and numbers (primitives or objects)
+		// that can be coerced to finite numbers (gh-2662)
+		var type = jQuery.type( obj );
+		return ( type === "number" || type === "string" ) &&
+
+			// parseFloat NaNs numeric-cast false positives ("")
+			// ...but misinterprets leading-number strings, particularly hex literals ("0x...")
+			// subtraction forces infinities to NaN
+			!isNaN( obj - parseFloat( obj ) );
+	},
+
+	isPlainObject: function( obj ) {
+		var proto, Ctor;
+
+		// Detect obvious negatives
+		// Use toString instead of jQuery.type to catch host objects
+		if ( !obj || toString.call( obj ) !== "[object Object]" ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		proto = getProto( obj );
+
+		// Objects with no prototype (e.g., `Object.create( null )`) are plain
+		if ( !proto ) {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		// Objects with prototype are plain iff they were constructed by a global Object function
+		Ctor = hasOwn.call( proto, "constructor" ) && proto.constructor;
+		return typeof Ctor === "function" && fnToString.call( Ctor ) === ObjectFunctionString;
+	},
+
+	isEmptyObject: function( obj ) {
+
+		/* eslint-disable no-unused-vars */
+		// See https://github.com/eslint/eslint/issues/6125
+		var name;
+
+		for ( name in obj ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	},
+
+	type: function( obj ) {
+		if ( obj == null ) {
+			return obj + "";
+		}
+
+		// Support: Android <=2.3 only (functionish RegExp)
+		return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ?
+			class2type[ toString.call( obj ) ] || "object" :
+			typeof obj;
+	},
+
+	// Evaluates a script in a global context
+	globalEval: function( code ) {
+		DOMEval( code );
+	},
+
+	// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules
+	// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 13
+	// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572)
+	camelCase: function( string ) {
+		return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase );
+	},
+
+	nodeName: function( elem, name ) {
+		return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase();
+	},
+
+	each: function( obj, callback ) {
+		var length, i = 0;
+
+		if ( isArrayLike( obj ) ) {
+			length = obj.length;
+			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+				if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			for ( i in obj ) {
+				if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return obj;
+	},
+
+	// Support: Android <=4.0 only
+	trim: function( text ) {
+		return text == null ?
+			"" :
+			( text + "" ).replace( rtrim, "" );
+	},
+
+	// results is for internal usage only
+	makeArray: function( arr, results ) {
+		var ret = results || [];
+
+		if ( arr != null ) {
+			if ( isArrayLike( Object( arr ) ) ) {
+				jQuery.merge( ret,
+					typeof arr === "string" ?
+					[ arr ] : arr
+				);
+			} else {
+				push.call( ret, arr );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return ret;
+	},
+
+	inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) {
+		return arr == null ? -1 : indexOf.call( arr, elem, i );
+	},
+
+	// Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only
+	// push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit
+	merge: function( first, second ) {
+		var len = +second.length,
+			j = 0,
+			i = first.length;
+
+		for ( ; j < len; j++ ) {
+			first[ i++ ] = second[ j ];
+		}
+
+		first.length = i;
+
+		return first;
+	},
+
+	grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) {
+		var callbackInverse,
+			matches = [],
+			i = 0,
+			length = elems.length,
+			callbackExpect = !invert;
+
+		// Go through the array, only saving the items
+		// that pass the validator function
+		for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+			callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i );
+			if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) {
+				matches.push( elems[ i ] );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return matches;
+	},
+
+	// arg is for internal usage only
+	map: function( elems, callback, arg ) {
+		var length, value,
+			i = 0,
+			ret = [];
+
+		// Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values
+		if ( isArrayLike( elems ) ) {
+			length = elems.length;
+			for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
+				value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg );
+
+				if ( value != null ) {
+					ret.push( value );
+				}
+			}
+
+		// Go through every key on the object,
+		} else {
+			for ( i in elems ) {
+				value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg );
+
+				if ( value != null ) {
+					ret.push( value );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Flatten any nested arrays
+		return concat.apply( [], ret );
+	},
+
+	// A global GUID counter for objects
+	guid: 1,
+
+	// Bind a function to a context, optionally partially applying any
+	// arguments.
+	proxy: function( fn, context ) {
+		var tmp, args, proxy;
+
+		if ( typeof context === "string" ) {
+			tmp = fn[ context ];
+			context = fn;
+			fn = tmp;
+		}
+
+		// Quick check to determine if target is callable, in the spec
+		// this throws a TypeError, but we will just return undefined.
+		if ( !jQuery.isFunction( fn ) ) {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+
+		// Simulated bind
+		args = slice.call( arguments, 2 );
+		proxy = function() {
+			return fn.apply( context || this, args.concat( slice.call( arguments ) ) );
+		};
+
+		// Set the guid of unique handler to the same of original handler, so it can be removed
+		proxy.guid = fn.guid = fn.guid || jQuery.guid++;
+
+		return proxy;
+	},
+
+	now: Date.now,
+
+	// jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their
+	// properties to it so it needs to exist.
+	support: support
+} );
+
+if ( typeof Symbol === "function" ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ Symbol.iterator ] = arr[ Symbol.iterator ];
+}
+
+// Populate the class2type map
+jQuery.each( "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split( " " ),
+function( i, name ) {
+	class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase();
+} );
+
+function isArrayLike( obj ) {
+
+	// Support: real iOS 8.2 only (not reproducible in simulator)
+	// `in` check used to prevent JIT error (gh-2145)
+	// hasOwn isn't used here due to false negatives
+	// regarding Nodelist length in IE
+	var length = !!obj && "length" in obj && obj.length,
+		type = jQuery.type( obj );
+
+	if ( type === "function" || jQuery.isWindow( obj ) ) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return type === "array" || length === 0 ||
+		typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj;
+}
+var Sizzle =
+/*!
+ * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v2.3.0
+ * https://sizzlejs.com/
+ *
+ * Copyright jQuery Foundation and other contributors
+ * Released under the MIT license
+ * http://jquery.org/license
+ *
+ * Date: 2016-01-04
+ */
+(function( window ) {
+
+var i,
+	support,
+	Expr,
+	getText,
+	isXML,
+	tokenize,
+	compile,
+	select,
+	outermostContext,
+	sortInput,
+	hasDuplicate,
+
+	// Local document vars
+	setDocument,
+	document,
+	docElem,
+	documentIsHTML,
+	rbuggyQSA,
+	rbuggyMatches,
+	matches,
+	contains,
+
+	// Instance-specific data
+	expando = "sizzle" + 1 * new Date(),
+	preferredDoc = window.document,
+	dirruns = 0,
+	done = 0,
+	classCache = createCache(),
+	tokenCache = createCache(),
+	compilerCache = createCache(),
+	sortOrder = function( a, b ) {
+		if ( a === b ) {
+			hasDuplicate = true;
+		}
+		return 0;
+	},
+
+	// Instance methods
+	hasOwn = ({}).hasOwnProperty,
+	arr = [],
+	pop = arr.pop,
+	push_native = arr.push,
+	push = arr.push,
+	slice = arr.slice,
+	// Use a stripped-down indexOf as it's faster than native
+	// https://jsperf.com/thor-indexof-vs-for/5
+	indexOf = function( list, elem ) {
+		var i = 0,
+			len = list.length;
+		for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+			if ( list[i] === elem ) {
+				return i;
+			}
+		}
+		return -1;
+	},
+
+	booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",
+
+	// Regular expressions
+
+	// http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace
+	whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",
+
+	// http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#value-def-identifier
+	identifier = "(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\xa0])+",
+
+	// Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors
+	attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + identifier + ")(?:" + whitespace +
+		// Operator (capture 2)
+		"*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace +
+		// "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]"
+		"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + whitespace +
+		"*\\]",
+
+	pseudos = ":(" + identifier + ")(?:\\((" +
+		// To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments:
+		// 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5)
+		"('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" +
+		// 2. simple (capture 6)
+		"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" +
+		// 3. anything else (capture 2)
+		".*" +
+		")\\)|)",
+
+	// Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter
+	rwhitespace = new RegExp( whitespace + "+", "g" ),
+	rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + whitespace + "+$", "g" ),
+
+	rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ),
+	rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + "*" ),
+
+	rattributeQuotes = new RegExp( "=" + whitespace + "*([^\\]'\"]*?)" + whitespace + "*\\]", "g" ),
+
+	rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ),
+	ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ),
+
+	matchExpr = {
+		"ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + identifier + ")" ),
+		"CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + identifier + ")" ),
+		"TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + identifier + "|[*])" ),
+		"ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ),
+		"PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ),
+		"CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + whitespace +
+			"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + whitespace +
+			"*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ),
+		"bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ),
+		// For use in libraries implementing .is()
+		// We use this for POS matching in `select`
+		"needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" +
+			whitespace + "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" )
+	},
+
+	rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,
+	rheader = /^h\d$/i,
+
+	rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,
+
+	// Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors
+	rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,
+
+	rsibling = /[+~]/,
+
+	// CSS escapes
+	// http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters
+	runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|(" + whitespace + ")|.)", "ig" ),
+	funescape = function( _, escaped, escapedWhitespace ) {
+		var high = "0x" + escaped - 0x10000;
+		// NaN means non-codepoint
+		// Support: Firefox<24
+		// Workaround erroneous numeric interpretation of +"0x"
+		return high !== high || escapedWhitespace ?
+			escaped :
+			high < 0 ?
+				// BMP codepoint
+				String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) :
+				// Supplemental Plane codepoint (surrogate pair)
+				String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 );
+	},
+
+	// CSS string/identifier serialization
+	// https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#common-serializing-idioms
+	rcssescape = /([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\x80-\uFFFF\w-]/g,
+	fcssescape = function( ch, asCodePoint ) {
+		if ( asCodePoint ) {
+
+			// U+0000 NULL becomes U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
+			if ( ch === "\0" ) {
+				return "\uFFFD";
+			}
+
+			// Control characters and (dependent upon position) numbers get escaped as code points
+			return ch.slice( 0, -1 ) + "\\" + ch.charCodeAt( ch.length - 1 ).toString( 16 ) + " ";
+		}
+
+		// Other potentially-special ASCII characters get backslash-escaped
+		return "\\" + ch;
+	},
+
+	// Used for iframes
+	// See setDocument()
+	// Removing the function wrapper causes a "Permission Denied"
+	// error in IE
+	unloadHandler = function() {
+		setDocument();
+	},
+
+	disabledAncestor = addCombinator(
+		function( elem ) {
+			return elem.disabled === true;
+		},
+		{ dir: "parentNode", next: "legend" }
+	);
+
+// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList )
+try {
+	push.apply(
+		(arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes )),
+		preferredDoc.childNodes
+	);
+	// Support: Android<4.0
+	// Detect silently failing push.apply
+	arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType;
+} catch ( e ) {
+	push = { apply: arr.length ?
+
+		// Leverage slice if possible
+		function( target, els ) {
+			push_native.apply( target, slice.call(els) );
+		} :
+
+		// Support: IE<9
+		// Otherwise append directly
+		function( target, els ) {
+			var j = target.length,
+				i = 0;
+			// Can't trust NodeList.length
+			while ( (target[j++] = els[i++]) ) {}
+			target.length = j - 1;
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) {
+	var m, i, elem, nid, match, groups, newSelector,
+		newContext = context && context.ownerDocument,
+
+		// nodeType defaults to 9, since context defaults to document
+		nodeType = context ? context.nodeType : 9;
+
+	results = results || [];
+
+	// Return early from calls with invalid selector or context
+	if ( typeof selector !== "string" || !selector ||
+		nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 && nodeType !== 11 ) {
+
+		return results;
+	}
+
+	// Try to shortcut find operations (as opposed to filters) in HTML documents
+	if ( !seed ) {
+
+		if ( ( context ? context.ownerDocument || context : preferredDoc ) !== document ) {
+			setDocument( context );
+		}
+		context = context || document;
+
+		if ( documentIsHTML ) {
+
+			// If the selector is sufficiently simple, try using a "get*By*" DOM method
+			// (excepting DocumentFragment context, where the methods don't exist)
+			if ( nodeType !== 11 && (match = rquickExpr.exec( selector )) ) {
+
+				// ID selector
+				if ( (m = match[1]) ) {
+
+					// Document context
+					if ( nodeType === 9 ) {
+						if ( (elem = context.getElementById( m )) ) {
+
+							// Support: IE, Opera, Webkit
+							// TODO: identify versions
+							// getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID
+							if ( elem.id === m ) {
+								results.push( elem );
+								return results;
+							}
+						} else {
+							return results;
+						}
+
+					// Element context
+					} else {
+
+						// Support: IE, Opera, Webkit
+						// TODO: identify versions
+						// getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID
+						if ( newContext && (elem = newContext.getElementById( m )) &&
+							contains( context, elem ) &&
+							elem.id === m ) {
+
+							results.push( elem );
+							return results;
+						}
+					}
+
+				// Type selector
+				} else if ( match[2] ) {
+					push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) );
+					return results;
+
+				// Class selector
+				} else if ( (m = match[3]) && support.getElementsByClassName &&
+					context.getElementsByClassName ) {
+
+					push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) );
+					return results;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Take advantage of querySelectorAll
+			if ( support.qsa &&
+				!compilerCache[ selector + " " ] &&
+				(!rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector )) ) {
+
+				if ( nodeType !== 1 ) {
+					newContext = context;
+					newSelector = selector;
+
+				// qSA looks outside Element context, which is not what we want
+				// Thanks to Andrew Dupont for this workaround technique
+				// Support: IE <=8
+				// Exclude object elements
+				} else if ( context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) {
+
+					// Capture the context ID, setting it first if necessary
+					if ( (nid = context.getAttribute( "id" )) ) {
+						nid = nid.replace( rcssescape, fcssescape );
+					} else {
+						context.setAttribute( "id", (nid = expando) );
+					}
+
+					// Prefix every selector in the list
+					groups = tokenize( selector );
+					i = groups.length;
+					while ( i-- ) {
+						groups[i] = "#" + nid + " " + toSelector( groups[i] );
+					}
+					newSelector = groups.join( "," );
+
+					// Expand context for sibling selectors
+					newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) ||
+						context;
+				}
+
+				if ( newSelector ) {
+					try {
+						push.apply( results,
+							newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector )
+						);
+						return results;
+					} catch ( qsaError ) {
+					} finally {
+						if ( nid === expando ) {
+							context.removeAttribute( "id" );
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// All others
+	return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create key-value caches of limited size
+ * @returns {function(string, object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with
+ *	property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength)
+ *	deleting the oldest entry
+ */
+function createCache() {
+	var keys = [];
+
+	function cache( key, value ) {
+		// Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157)
+		if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) {
+			// Only keep the most recent entries
+			delete cache[ keys.shift() ];
+		}
+		return (cache[ key + " " ] = value);
+	}
+	return cache;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle
+ * @param {Function} fn The function to mark
+ */
+function markFunction( fn ) {
+	fn[ expando ] = true;
+	return fn;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Support testing using an element
+ * @param {Function} fn Passed the created element and returns a boolean result
+ */
+function assert( fn ) {
+	var el = document.createElement("fieldset");
+
+	try {
+		return !!fn( el );
+	} catch (e) {
+		return false;
+	} finally {
+		// Remove from its parent by default
+		if ( el.parentNode ) {
+			el.parentNode.removeChild( el );
+		}
+		// release memory in IE
+		el = null;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs
+ * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes
+ * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied
+ */
+function addHandle( attrs, handler ) {
+	var arr = attrs.split("|"),
+		i = arr.length;
+
+	while ( i-- ) {
+		Expr.attrHandle[ arr[i] ] = handler;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks document order of two siblings
+ * @param {Element} a
+ * @param {Element} b
+ * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b
+ */
+function siblingCheck( a, b ) {
+	var cur = b && a,
+		diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 &&
+			a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex;
+
+	// Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes
+	if ( diff ) {
+		return diff;
+	}
+
+	// Check if b follows a
+	if ( cur ) {
+		while ( (cur = cur.nextSibling) ) {
+			if ( cur === b ) {
+				return -1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return a ? 1 : -1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types
+ * @param {String} type
+ */
+function createInputPseudo( type ) {
+	return function( elem ) {
+		var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+		return name === "input" && elem.type === type;
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons
+ * @param {String} type
+ */
+function createButtonPseudo( type ) {
+	return function( elem ) {
+		var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+		return (name === "input" || name === "button") && elem.type === type;
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function to use in pseudos for :enabled/:disabled
+ * @param {Boolean} disabled true for :disabled; false for :enabled
+ */
+function createDisabledPseudo( disabled ) {
+	// Known :disabled false positives:
+	// IE: *[disabled]:not(button, input, select, textarea, optgroup, option, menuitem, fieldset)
+	// not IE: fieldset[disabled] > legend:nth-of-type(n+2) :can-disable
+	return function( elem ) {
+
+		// Check form elements and option elements for explicit disabling
+		return "label" in elem && elem.disabled === disabled ||
+			"form" in elem && elem.disabled === disabled ||
+
+			// Check non-disabled form elements for fieldset[disabled] ancestors
+			"form" in elem && elem.disabled === false && (
+				// Support: IE6-11+
+				// Ancestry is covered for us
+				elem.isDisabled === disabled ||
+
+				// Otherwise, assume any non-<option> under fieldset[disabled] is disabled
+				/* jshint -W018 */
+				elem.isDisabled !== !disabled &&
+					("label" in elem || !disabledAncestor( elem )) !== disabled
+			);
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals
+ * @param {Function} fn
+ */
+function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) {
+	return markFunction(function( argument ) {
+		argument = +argument;
+		return markFunction(function( seed, matches ) {
+			var j,
+				matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ),
+				i = matchIndexes.length;
+
+			// Match elements found at the specified indexes
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				if ( seed[ (j = matchIndexes[i]) ] ) {
+					seed[j] = !(matches[j] = seed[j]);
+				}
+			}
+		});
+	});
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context
+ * @param {Element|Object=} context
+ * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value
+ */
+function testContext( context ) {
+	return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" && context;
+}
+
+// Expose support vars for convenience
+support = Sizzle.support = {};
+
+/**
+ * Detects XML nodes
+ * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document
+ * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node
+ */
+isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) {
+	// documentElement is verified for cases where it doesn't yet exist
+	// (such as loading iframes in IE - #4833)
+	var documentElement = elem && (elem.ownerDocument || elem).documentElement;
+	return documentElement ? documentElement.nodeName !== "HTML" : false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document
+ * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document
+ * @returns {Object} Returns the current document
+ */
+setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) {
+	var hasCompare, subWindow,
+		doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc;
+
+	// Return early if doc is invalid or already selected
+	if ( doc === document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) {
+		return document;
+	}
+
+	// Update global variables
+	document = doc;
+	docElem = document.documentElement;
+	documentIsHTML = !isXML( document );
+
+	// Support: IE 9-11, Edge
+	// Accessing iframe documents after unload throws "permission denied" errors (jQuery #13936)
+	if ( preferredDoc !== document &&
+		(subWindow = document.defaultView) && subWindow.top !== subWindow ) {
+
+		// Support: IE 11, Edge
+		if ( subWindow.addEventListener ) {
+			subWindow.addEventListener( "unload", unloadHandler, false );
+
+		// Support: IE 9 - 10 only
+		} else if ( subWindow.attachEvent ) {
+			subWindow.attachEvent( "onunload", unloadHandler );
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Attributes
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// Support: IE<8
+	// Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties
+	// (excepting IE8 booleans)
+	support.attributes = assert(function( el ) {
+		el.className = "i";
+		return !el.getAttribute("className");
+	});
+
+	/* getElement(s)By*
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements
+	support.getElementsByTagName = assert(function( el ) {
+		el.appendChild( document.createComment("") );
+		return !el.getElementsByTagName("*").length;
+	});
+
+	// Support: IE<9
+	support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( document.getElementsByClassName );
+
+	// Support: IE<10
+	// Check if getElementById returns elements by name
+	// The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programmatically-set names,
+	// so use a roundabout getElementsByName test
+	support.getById = assert(function( el ) {
+		docElem.appendChild( el ).id = expando;
+		return !document.getElementsByName || !document.getElementsByName( expando ).length;
+	});
+
+	// ID find and filter
+	if ( support.getById ) {
+		Expr.find["ID"] = function( id, context ) {
+			if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) {
+				var m = context.getElementById( id );
+				return m ? [ m ] : [];
+			}
+		};
+		Expr.filter["ID"] = function( id ) {
+			var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape );
+			return function( elem ) {
+				return elem.getAttribute("id") === attrId;
+			};
+		};
+	} else {
+		// Support: IE6/7
+		// getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut
+		delete Expr.find["ID"];
+
+		Expr.filter["ID"] =  function( id ) {
+			var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape );
+			return function( elem ) {
+				var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" &&
+					elem.getAttributeNode("id");
+				return node && node.value === attrId;
+			};
+		};
+	}
+
+	// Tag
+	Expr.find["TAG"] = support.getElementsByTagName ?
+		function( tag, context ) {
+			if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) {
+				return context.getElementsByTagName( tag );
+
+			// DocumentFragment nodes don't have gEBTN
+			} else if ( support.qsa ) {
+				return context.querySelectorAll( tag );
+			}
+		} :
+
+		function( tag, context ) {
+			var elem,
+				tmp = [],
+				i = 0,
+				// By happy coincidence, a (broken) gEBTN appears on DocumentFragment nodes too
+				results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag );
+
+			// Filter out possible comments
+			if ( tag === "*" ) {
+				while ( (elem = results[i++]) ) {
+					if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+						tmp.push( elem );
+					}
+				}
+
+				return tmp;
+			}
+			return results;
+		};
+
+	// Class
+	Expr.find["CLASS"] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) {
+		if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) {
+			return context.getElementsByClassName( className );
+		}
+	};
+
+	/* QSA/matchesSelector
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// QSA and matchesSelector support
+
+	// matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5)
+	rbuggyMatches = [];
+
+	// qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21)
+	// We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error
+	// whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe
+	// So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error
+	// See https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378
+	rbuggyQSA = [];
+
+	if ( (support.qsa = rnative.test( document.querySelectorAll )) ) {
+		// Build QSA regex
+		// Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini
+		assert(function( el ) {
+			// Select is set to empty string on purpose
+			// This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly
+			// setting a boolean content attribute,
+			// since its presence should be enough
+			// https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359
+			docElem.appendChild( el ).innerHTML = "<a id='" + expando + "'></a>" +
+				"<select id='" + expando + "-\r\\' msallowcapture=''>" +
+				"<option selected=''></option></select>";
+
+			// Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16
+			// Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *=
+			// The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT
+			// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section
+			if ( el.querySelectorAll("[msallowcapture^='']").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" );
+			}
+
+			// Support: IE8
+			// Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly
+			if ( !el.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" );
+			}
+
+			// Support: Chrome<29, Android<4.4, Safari<7.0+, iOS<7.0+, PhantomJS<1.9.8+
+			if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[id~=" + expando + "-]" ).length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push("~=");
+			}
+
+			// Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked
+			// IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests
+			if ( !el.querySelectorAll(":checked").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push(":checked");
+			}
+
+			// Support: Safari 8+, iOS 8+
+			// https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136851
+			// In-page `selector#id sibling-combinator selector` fails
+			if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "a#" + expando + "+*" ).length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push(".#.+[+~]");
+			}
+		});
+
+		assert(function( el ) {
+			el.innerHTML = "<a href='' disabled='disabled'></a>" +
+				"<select disabled='disabled'><option/></select>";
+
+			// Support: Windows 8 Native Apps
+			// The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment
+			var input = document.createElement("input");
+			input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" );
+			el.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" );
+
+			// Support: IE8
+			// Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute
+			if ( el.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" );
+			}
+
+			// FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled)
+			// IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests
+			if ( el.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length !== 2 ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" );
+			}
+
+			// Support: IE9-11+
+			// IE's :disabled selector does not pick up the children of disabled fieldsets
+			docElem.appendChild( el ).disabled = true;
+			if ( el.querySelectorAll(":disabled").length !== 2 ) {
+				rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" );
+			}
+
+			// Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos
+			el.querySelectorAll("*,:x");
+			rbuggyQSA.push(",.*:");
+		});
+	}
+
+	if ( (support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( (matches = docElem.matches ||
+		docElem.webkitMatchesSelector ||
+		docElem.mozMatchesSelector ||
+		docElem.oMatchesSelector ||
+		docElem.msMatchesSelector) )) ) {
+
+		assert(function( el ) {
+			// Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector
+			// on a disconnected node (IE 9)
+			support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( el, "*" );
+
+			// This should fail with an exception
+			// Gecko does not error, returns false instead
+			matches.call( el, "[s!='']:x" );
+			rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos );
+		});
+	}
+
+	rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join("|") );
+	rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join("|") );
+
+	/* Contains
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+	hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition );
+
+	// Element contains another
+	// Purposefully self-exclusive
+	// As in, an element does not contain itself
+	contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ?
+		function( a, b ) {
+			var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a,
+				bup = b && b.parentNode;
+			return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && (
+				adown.contains ?
+					adown.contains( bup ) :
+					a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16
+			));
+		} :
+		function( a, b ) {
+			if ( b ) {
+				while ( (b = b.parentNode) ) {
+					if ( b === a ) {
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return false;
+		};
+
+	/* Sorting
+	---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+	// Document order sorting
+	sortOrder = hasCompare ?
+	function( a, b ) {
+
+		// Flag for duplicate removal
+		if ( a === b ) {
+			hasDuplicate = true;
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		// Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition
+		var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition;
+		if ( compare ) {
+			return compare;
+		}
+
+		// Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document
+		compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) === ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ?
+			a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) :
+
+			// Otherwise we know they are disconnected
+			1;
+
+		// Disconnected nodes
+		if ( compare & 1 ||
+			(!support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare) ) {
+
+			// Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document
+			if ( a === document || a.ownerDocument === preferredDoc && contains(preferredDoc, a) ) {
+				return -1;
+			}
+			if ( b === document || b.ownerDocument === preferredDoc && contains(preferredDoc, b) ) {
+				return 1;
+			}
+
+			// Maintain original order
+			return sortInput ?
+				( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) :
+				0;
+		}
+
+		return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1;
+	} :
+	function( a, b ) {
+		// Exit early if the nodes are identical
+		if ( a === b ) {
+			hasDuplicate = true;
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		var cur,
+			i = 0,
+			aup = a.parentNode,
+			bup = b.parentNode,
+			ap = [ a ],
+			bp = [ b ];
+
+		// Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected
+		if ( !aup || !bup ) {
+			return a === document ? -1 :
+				b === document ? 1 :
+				aup ? -1 :
+				bup ? 1 :
+				sortInput ?
+				( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) :
+				0;
+
+		// If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check
+		} else if ( aup === bup ) {
+			return siblingCheck( a, b );
+		}
+
+		// Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison
+		cur = a;
+		while ( (cur = cur.parentNode) ) {
+			ap.unshift( cur );
+		}
+		cur = b;
+		while ( (cur = cur.parentNode) ) {
+			bp.unshift( cur );
+		}
+
+		// Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy
+		while ( ap[i] === bp[i] ) {
+			i++;
+		}
+
+		return i ?
+			// Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor
+			siblingCheck( ap[i], bp[i] ) :
+
+			// Otherwise nodes in our document sort first
+			ap[i] === preferredDoc ? -1 :
+			bp[i] === preferredDoc ? 1 :
+			0;
+	};
+
+	return document;
+};
+
+Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) {
+	return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements );
+};
+
+Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) {
+	// Set document vars if needed
+	if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( elem );
+	}
+
+	// Make sure that attribute selectors are quoted
+	expr = expr.replace( rattributeQuotes, "='$1']" );
+
+	if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML &&
+		!compilerCache[ expr + " " ] &&
+		( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) &&
+		( !rbuggyQSA     || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) {
+
+		try {
+			var ret = matches.call( elem, expr );
+
+			// IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes
+			if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch ||
+					// As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document
+					// fragment in IE 9
+					elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) {
+				return ret;
+			}
+		} catch (e) {}
+	}
+
+	return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0;
+};
+
+Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) {
+	// Set document vars if needed
+	if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( context );
+	}
+	return contains( context, elem );
+};
+
+Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) {
+	// Set document vars if needed
+	if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) !== document ) {
+		setDocument( elem );
+	}
+
+	var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ],
+		// Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807)
+		val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ?
+			fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) :
+			undefined;
+
+	return val !== undefined ?
+		val :
+		support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ?
+			elem.getAttribute( name ) :
+			(val = elem.getAttributeNode(name)) && val.specified ?
+				val.value :
+				null;
+};
+
+Sizzle.escape = function( sel ) {
+	return (sel + "").replace( rcssescape, fcssescape );
+};
+
+Sizzle.error = function( msg ) {
+	throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg );
+};
+
+/**
+ * Document sorting and removing duplicates
+ * @param {ArrayLike} results
+ */
+Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) {
+	var elem,
+		duplicates = [],
+		j = 0,
+		i = 0;
+
+	// Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence
+	hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates;
+	sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 );
+	results.sort( sortOrder );
+
+	if ( hasDuplicate ) {
+		while ( (elem = results[i++]) ) {
+			if ( elem === results[ i ] ) {
+				j = duplicates.push( i );
+			}
+		}
+		while ( j-- ) {
+			results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Clear input after sorting to release objects
+	// See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225
+	sortInput = null;
+
+	return results;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes
+ * @param {Array|Element} elem
+ */
+getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) {
+	var node,
+		ret = "",
+		i = 0,
+		nodeType = elem.nodeType;
+
+	if ( !nodeType ) {
+		// If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array
+		while ( (node = elem[i++]) ) {
+			// Do not traverse comment nodes
+			ret += getText( node );
+		}
+	} else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) {
+		// Use textContent for elements
+		// innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153)
+		if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) {
+			return elem.textContent;
+		} else {
+			// Traverse its children
+			for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) {
+				ret += getText( elem );
+			}
+		}
+	} else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) {
+		return elem.nodeValue;
+	}
+	// Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes
+
+	return ret;
+};
+
+Expr = Sizzle.selectors = {
+
+	// Can be adjusted by the user
+	cacheLength: 50,
+
+	createPseudo: markFunction,
+
+	match: matchExpr,
+
+	attrHandle: {},
+
+	find: {},
+
+	relative: {
+		">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true },
+		" ": { dir: "parentNode" },
+		"+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true },
+		"~": { dir: "previousSibling" }
+	},
+
+	preFilter: {
+		"ATTR": function( match ) {
+			match[1] = match[1].replace( runescape, funescape );
+
+			// Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted
+			match[3] = ( match[3] || match[4] || match[5] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape );
+
+			if ( match[2] === "~=" ) {
+				match[3] = " " + match[3] + " ";
+			}
+
+			return match.slice( 0, 4 );
+		},
+
+		"CHILD": function( match ) {
+			/* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"]
+				1 type (only|nth|...)
+				2 what (child|of-type)
+				3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...)
+				4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|)
+				5 sign of xn-component
+				6 x of xn-component
+				7 sign of y-component
+				8 y of y-component
+			*/
+			match[1] = match[1].toLowerCase();
+
+			if ( match[1].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) {
+				// nth-* requires argument
+				if ( !match[3] ) {
+					Sizzle.error( match[0] );
+				}
+
+				// numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD
+				// remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1
+				match[4] = +( match[4] ? match[5] + (match[6] || 1) : 2 * ( match[3] === "even" || match[3] === "odd" ) );
+				match[5] = +( ( match[7] + match[8] ) || match[3] === "odd" );
+
+			// other types prohibit arguments
+			} else if ( match[3] ) {
+				Sizzle.error( match[0] );
+			}
+
+			return match;
+		},
+
+		"PSEUDO": function( match ) {
+			var excess,
+				unquoted = !match[6] && match[2];
+
+			if ( matchExpr["CHILD"].test( match[0] ) ) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			// Accept quoted arguments as-is
+			if ( match[3] ) {
+				match[2] = match[4] || match[5] || "";
+
+			// Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments
+			} else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) &&
+				// Get excess from tokenize (recursively)
+				(excess = tokenize( unquoted, true )) &&
+				// advance to the next closing parenthesis
+				(excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length) ) {
+
+				// excess is a negative index
+				match[0] = match[0].slice( 0, excess );
+				match[2] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess );
+			}
+
+			// Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument)
+			return match.slice( 0, 3 );
+		}
+	},
+
+	filter: {
+
+		"TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) {
+			var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase();
+			return nodeNameSelector === "*" ?
+				function() { return true; } :
+				function( elem ) {
+					return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName;
+				};
+		},
+
+		"CLASS": function( className ) {
+			var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ];
+
+			return pattern ||
+				(pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" )) &&
+				classCache( className, function( elem ) {
+					return pattern.test( typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || typeof elem.getAttribute !== "undefined" && elem.getAttribute("class") || "" );
+				});
+		},
+
+		"ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) {
+			return function( elem ) {
+				var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name );
+
+				if ( result == null ) {
+					return operator === "!=";
+				}
+				if ( !operator ) {
+					return true;
+				}
+
+				result += "";
+
+				return operator === "=" ? result === check :
+					operator === "!=" ? result !== check :
+					operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 :
+					operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 :
+					operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check :
+					operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result.replace( rwhitespace, " " ) + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 :
+					operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" :
+					false;
+			};
+		},
+
+		"CHILD": function( type, what, argument, first, last ) {
+			var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth",
+				forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last",
+				ofType = what === "of-type";
+
+			return first === 1 && last === 0 ?
+
+				// Shortcut for :nth-*(n)
+				function( elem ) {
+					return !!elem.parentNode;
+				} :
+
+				function( elem, context, xml ) {
+					var cache, uniqueCache, outerCache, node, nodeIndex, start,
+						dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling",
+						parent = elem.parentNode,
+						name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(),
+						useCache = !xml && !ofType,
+						diff = false;
+
+					if ( parent ) {
+
+						// :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type)
+						if ( simple ) {
+							while ( dir ) {
+								node = elem;
+								while ( (node = node[ dir ]) ) {
+									if ( ofType ?
+										node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name :
+										node.nodeType === 1 ) {
+
+										return false;
+									}
+								}
+								// Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so)
+								start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling";
+							}
+							return true;
+						}
+
+						start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ];
+
+						// non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent`
+						if ( forward && useCache ) {
+
+							// Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index
+
+							// ...in a gzip-friendly way
+							node = parent;
+							outerCache = node[ expando ] || (node[ expando ] = {});
+
+							// Support: IE <9 only
+							// Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709)
+							uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] ||
+								(outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {});
+
+							cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || [];
+							nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ];
+							diff = nodeIndex && cache[ 2 ];
+							node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ];
+
+							while ( (node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] ||
+
+								// Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start
+								(diff = nodeIndex = 0) || start.pop()) ) {
+
+								// When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break
+								if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) {
+									uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ];
+									break;
+								}
+							}
+
+						} else {
+							// Use previously-cached element index if available
+							if ( useCache ) {
+								// ...in a gzip-friendly way
+								node = elem;
+								outerCache = node[ expando ] || (node[ expando ] = {});
+
+								// Support: IE <9 only
+								// Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709)
+								uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] ||
+									(outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {});
+
+								cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || [];
+								nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ];
+								diff = nodeIndex;
+							}
+
+							// xml :nth-child(...)
+							// or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...)
+							if ( diff === false ) {
+								// Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start
+								while ( (node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] ||
+									(diff = nodeIndex = 0) || start.pop()) ) {
+
+									if ( ( ofType ?
+										node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name :
+										node.nodeType === 1 ) &&
+										++diff ) {
+
+										// Cache the index of each encountered element
+										if ( useCache ) {
+											outerCache = node[ expando ] || (node[ expando ] = {});
+
+											// Support: IE <9 only
+											// Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709)
+											uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] ||
+												(outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {});
+
+											uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ];
+										}
+
+										if ( node === elem ) {
+											break;
+										}
+									}
+								}
+							}
+						}
+
+						// Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size
+						diff -= last;
+						return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 );
+					}
+				};
+		},
+
+		"PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) {
+			// pseudo-class names are case-insensitive
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes
+			// Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters
+			// Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos
+			var args,
+				fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] ||
+					Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo );
+
+			// The user may use createPseudo to indicate that
+			// arguments are needed to create the filter function
+			// just as Sizzle does
+			if ( fn[ expando ] ) {
+				return fn( argument );
+			}
+
+			// But maintain support for old signatures
+			if ( fn.length > 1 ) {
+				args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ];
+				return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ?
+					markFunction(function( seed, matches ) {
+						var idx,
+							matched = fn( seed, argument ),
+							i = matched.length;
+						while ( i-- ) {
+							idx = indexOf( seed, matched[i] );
+							seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[i] );
+						}
+					}) :
+					function( elem ) {
+						return fn( elem, 0, args );
+					};
+			}
+
+			return fn;
+		}
+	},
+
+	pseudos: {
+		// Potentially complex pseudos
+		"not": markFunction(function( selector ) {
+			// Trim the selector passed to compile
+			// to avoid treating leading and trailing
+			// spaces as combinators
+			var input = [],
+				results = [],
+				matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) );
+
+			return matcher[ expando ] ?
+				markFunction(function( seed, matches, context, xml ) {
+					var elem,
+						unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ),
+						i = seed.length;
+
+					// Match elements unmatched by `matcher`
+					while ( i-- ) {
+						if ( (elem = unmatched[i]) ) {
+							seed[i] = !(matches[i] = elem);
+						}
+					}
+				}) :
+				function( elem, context, xml ) {
+					input[0] = elem;
+					matcher( input, null, xml, results );
+					// Don't keep the element (issue #299)
+					input[0] = null;
+					return !results.pop();
+				};
+		}),
+
+		"has": markFunction(function( selector ) {
+			return function( elem ) {
+				return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0;
+			};
+		}),
+
+		"contains": markFunction(function( text ) {
+			text = text.replace( runescape, funescape );
+			return function( elem ) {
+				return ( elem.textContent || elem.innerText || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1;
+			};
+		}),
+
+		// "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector
+		// is based solely on the element's language value
+		// being equal to the identifier C,
+		// or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-".
+		// The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively.
+		// The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name."
+		// http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo
+		"lang": markFunction( function( lang ) {
+			// lang value must be a valid identifier
+			if ( !ridentifier.test(lang || "") ) {
+				Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang );
+			}
+			lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase();
+			return function( elem ) {
+				var elemLang;
+				do {
+					if ( (elemLang = documentIsHTML ?
+						elem.lang :
+						elem.getAttribute("xml:lang") || elem.getAttribute("lang")) ) {
+
+						elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase();
+						return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0;
+					}
+				} while ( (elem = elem.parentNode) && elem.nodeType === 1 );
+				return false;
+			};
+		}),
+
+		// Miscellaneous
+		"target": function( elem ) {
+			var hash = window.location && window.location.hash;
+			return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id;
+		},
+
+		"root": function( elem ) {
+			return elem === docElem;
+		},
+
+		"focus": function( elem ) {
+			return elem === document.activeElement && (!document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus()) && !!(elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex);
+		},
+
+		// Boolean properties
+		"enabled": createDisabledPseudo( false ),
+		"disabled": createDisabledPseudo( true ),
+
+		"checked": function( elem ) {
+			// In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked
+			var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+			return (nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked) || (nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected);
+		},
+
+		"selected": function( elem ) {
+			// Accessing this property makes selected-by-default
+			// options in Safari work properly
+			if ( elem.parentNode ) {
+				elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+			}
+
+			return elem.selected === true;
+		},
+
+		// Contents
+		"empty": function( elem ) {
+			// http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo
+			// :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5),
+			//   but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.)
+			// nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children
+			for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) {
+				if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) {
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		},
+
+		"parent": function( elem ) {
+			return !Expr.pseudos["empty"]( elem );
+		},
+
+		// Element/input types
+		"header": function( elem ) {
+			return rheader.test( elem.nodeName );
+		},
+
+		"input": function( elem ) {
+			return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName );
+		},
+
+		"button": function( elem ) {
+			var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+			return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button";
+		},
+
+		"text": function( elem ) {
+			var attr;
+			return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" &&
+				elem.type === "text" &&
+
+				// Support: IE<8
+				// New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text"
+				( (attr = elem.getAttribute("type")) == null || attr.toLowerCase() === "text" );
+		},
+
+		// Position-in-collection
+		"first": createPositionalPseudo(function() {
+			return [ 0 ];
+		}),
+
+		"last": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length ) {
+			return [ length - 1 ];
+		}),
+
+		"eq": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) {
+			return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ];
+		}),
+
+		"even": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length ) {
+			var i = 0;
+			for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		}),
+
+		"odd": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length ) {
+			var i = 1;
+			for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		}),
+
+		"lt": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) {
+			var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument;
+			for ( ; --i >= 0; ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		}),
+
+		"gt": createPositionalPseudo(function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) {
+			var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument;
+			for ( ; ++i < length; ) {
+				matchIndexes.push( i );
+			}
+			return matchIndexes;
+		})
+	}
+};
+
+Expr.pseudos["nth"] = Expr.pseudos["eq"];
+
+// Add button/input type pseudos
+for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) {
+	Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i );
+}
+for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) {
+	Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i );
+}
+
+// Easy API for creating new setFilters
+function setFilters() {}
+setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos;
+Expr.setFilters = new setFilters();
+
+tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) {
+	var matched, match, tokens, type,
+		soFar, groups, preFilters,
+		cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ];
+
+	if ( cached ) {
+		return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 );
+	}
+
+	soFar = selector;
+	groups = [];
+	preFilters = Expr.preFilter;
+
+	while ( soFar ) {
+
+		// Comma and first run
+		if ( !matched || (match = rcomma.exec( soFar )) ) {
+			if ( match ) {
+				// Don't consume trailing commas as valid
+				soFar = soFar.slice( match[0].length ) || soFar;
+			}
+			groups.push( (tokens = []) );
+		}
+
+		matched = false;
+
+		// Combinators
+		if ( (match = rcombinators.exec( soFar )) ) {
+			matched = match.shift();
+			tokens.push({
+				value: matched,
+				// Cast descendant combinators to space
+				type: match[0].replace( rtrim, " " )
+			});
+			soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length );
+		}
+
+		// Filters
+		for ( type in Expr.filter ) {
+			if ( (match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar )) && (!preFilters[ type ] ||
+				(match = preFilters[ type ]( match ))) ) {
+				matched = match.shift();
+				tokens.push({
+					value: matched,
+					type: type,
+					matches: match
+				});
+				soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length );
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( !matched ) {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Return the length of the invalid excess
+	// if we're just parsing
+	// Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens
+	return parseOnly ?
+		soFar.length :
+		soFar ?
+			Sizzle.error( selector ) :
+			// Cache the tokens
+			tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 );
+};
+
+function toSelector( tokens ) {
+	var i = 0,
+		len = tokens.length,
+		selector = "";
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		selector += tokens[i].value;
+	}
+	return selector;
+}
+
+function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) {
+	var dir = combinator.dir,
+		skip = combinator.next,
+		key = skip || dir,
+		checkNonElements = base && key === "parentNode",
+		doneName = done++;
+
+	return combinator.first ?
+		// Check against closest ancestor/preceding element
+		function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			while ( (elem = elem[ dir ]) ) {
+				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) {
+					return matcher( elem, context, xml );
+				}
+			}
+		} :
+
+		// Check against all ancestor/preceding elements
+		function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			var oldCache, uniqueCache, outerCache,
+				newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ];
+
+			// We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from combinator caching
+			if ( xml ) {
+				while ( (elem = elem[ dir ]) ) {
+					if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) {
+						if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+							return true;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				while ( (elem = elem[ dir ]) ) {
+					if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) {
+						outerCache = elem[ expando ] || (elem[ expando ] = {});
+
+						// Support: IE <9 only
+						// Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709)
+						uniqueCache = outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] || (outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] = {});
+
+						if ( skip && skip === elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) {
+							elem = elem[ dir ] || elem;
+						} else if ( (oldCache = uniqueCache[ key ]) &&
+							oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) {
+
+							// Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements
+							return (newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ]);
+						} else {
+							// Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements
+							uniqueCache[ key ] = newCache;
+
+							// A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking
+							if ( (newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml )) ) {
+								return true;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		};
+}
+
+function elementMatcher( matchers ) {
+	return matchers.length > 1 ?
+		function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			var i = matchers.length;
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				if ( !matchers[i]( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		} :
+		matchers[0];
+}
+
+function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) {
+	var i = 0,
+		len = contexts.length;
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		Sizzle( selector, contexts[i], results );
+	}
+	return results;
+}
+
+function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) {
+	var elem,
+		newUnmatched = [],
+		i = 0,
+		len = unmatched.length,
+		mapped = map != null;
+
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		if ( (elem = unmatched[i]) ) {
+			if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) {
+				newUnmatched.push( elem );
+				if ( mapped ) {
+					map.push( i );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return newUnmatched;
+}
+
+function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) {
+	if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) {
+		postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter );
+	}
+	if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) {
+		postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector );
+	}
+	return markFunction(function( seed, results, context, xml ) {
+		var temp, i, elem,
+			preMap = [],
+			postMap = [],
+			preexisting = results.length,
+
+			// Get initial elements from seed or context
+			elems = seed || multipleContexts( selector || "*", context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, [] ),
+
+			// Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization
+			matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ?
+				condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) :
+				elems,
+
+			matcherOut = matcher ?
+				// If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results,
+				postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ?
+
+					// ...intermediate processing is necessary
+					[] :
+
+					// ...otherwise use results directly
+					results :
+				matcherIn;
+
+		// Find primary matches
+		if ( matcher ) {
+			matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml );
+		}
+
+		// Apply postFilter
+		if ( postFilter ) {
+			temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap );
+			postFilter( temp, [], context, xml );
+
+			// Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn
+			i = temp.length;
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				if ( (elem = temp[i]) ) {
+					matcherOut[ postMap[i] ] = !(matcherIn[ postMap[i] ] = elem);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( seed ) {
+			if ( postFinder || preFilter ) {
+				if ( postFinder ) {
+					// Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts
+					temp = [];
+					i = matcherOut.length;
+					while ( i-- ) {
+						if ( (elem = matcherOut[i]) ) {
+							// Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match
+							temp.push( (matcherIn[i] = elem) );
+						}
+					}
+					postFinder( null, (matcherOut = []), temp, xml );
+				}
+
+				// Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized
+				i = matcherOut.length;
+				while ( i-- ) {
+					if ( (elem = matcherOut[i]) &&
+						(temp = postFinder ? indexOf( seed, elem ) : preMap[i]) > -1 ) {
+
+						seed[temp] = !(results[temp] = elem);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+		// Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined
+		} else {
+			matcherOut = condense(
+				matcherOut === results ?
+					matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) :
+					matcherOut
+			);
+			if ( postFinder ) {
+				postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml );
+			} else {
+				push.apply( results, matcherOut );
+			}
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) {
+	var checkContext, matcher, j,
+		len = tokens.length,
+		leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[0].type ],
+		implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[" "],
+		i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0,
+
+		// The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s)
+		matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) {
+			return elem === checkContext;
+		}, implicitRelative, true ),
+		matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) {
+			return indexOf( checkContext, elem ) > -1;
+		}, implicitRelative, true ),
+		matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) {
+			var ret = ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || (
+				(checkContext = context).nodeType ?
+					matchContext( elem, context, xml ) :
+					matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) );
+			// Avoid hanging onto element (issue #299)
+			checkContext = null;
+			return ret;
+		} ];
+
+	for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+		if ( (matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[i].type ]) ) {
+			matchers = [ addCombinator(elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher) ];
+		} else {
+			matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[i].type ].apply( null, tokens[i].matches );
+
+			// Return special upon seeing a positional matcher
+			if ( matcher[ expando ] ) {
+				// Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling
+				j = ++i;
+				for ( ; j < len; j++ ) {
+					if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[j].type ] ) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				return setMatcher(
+					i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ),
+					i > 1 && toSelector(
+						// If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*`
+						tokens.slice( 0, i - 1 ).concat({ value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" })
+					).replace( rtrim, "$1" ),
+					matcher,
+					i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ),
+					j < len && matcherFromTokens( (tokens = tokens.slice( j )) ),
+					j < len && toSelector( tokens )
+				);
+			}
+			matchers.push( matcher );
+		}
+	}
+
+	return elementMatcher( matchers );
+}
+
+function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) {
+	var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0,
+		byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0,
+		superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) {
+			var elem, j, matcher,
+				matchedCount = 0,
+				i = "0",
+				unmatched = seed && [],
+				setMatched = [],
+				contextBackup = outermostContext,
+				// We must always have either seed elements or outermost context
+				elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find["TAG"]( "*", outermost ),
+				// Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher
+				dirrunsUnique = (dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1),
+				len = elems.length;
+
+			if ( outermost ) {
+				outermostContext = context === document || context || outermost;
+			}
+
+			// Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results
+			// Support: IE<9, Safari
+			// Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: <number>) matching elements by id
+			for ( ; i !== len && (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++ ) {
+				if ( byElement && elem ) {
+					j = 0;
+					if ( !context && elem.ownerDocument !== document ) {
+						setDocument( elem );
+						xml = !documentIsHTML;
+					}
+					while ( (matcher = elementMatchers[j++]) ) {
+						if ( matcher( elem, context || document, xml) ) {
+							results.push( elem );
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+					if ( outermost ) {
+						dirruns = dirrunsUnique;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Track unmatched elements for set filters
+				if ( bySet ) {
+					// They will have gone through all possible matchers
+					if ( (elem = !matcher && elem) ) {
+						matchedCount--;
+					}
+
+					// Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not
+					if ( seed ) {
+						unmatched.push( elem );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// `i` is now the count of elements visited above, and adding it to `matchedCount`
+			// makes the latter nonnegative.
+			matchedCount += i;
+
+			// Apply set filters to unmatched elements
+			// NOTE: This can be skipped if there are no unmatched elements (i.e., `matchedCount`
+			// equals `i`), unless we didn't visit _any_ elements in the above loop because we have
+			// no element matchers and no seed.
+			// Incrementing an initially-string "0" `i` allows `i` to remain a string only in that
+			// case, which will result in a "00" `matchedCount` that differs from `i` but is also
+			// numerically zero.
+			if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) {
+				j = 0;
+				while ( (matcher = setMatchers[j++]) ) {
+					matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml );
+				}
+
+				if ( seed ) {
+					// Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting
+					if ( matchedCount > 0 ) {
+						while ( i-- ) {
+							if ( !(unmatched[i] || setMatched[i]) ) {
+								setMatched[i] = pop.call( results );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches
+					setMatched = condense( setMatched );
+				}
+
+				// Add matches to results
+				push.apply( results, setMatched );
+
+				// Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting
+				if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 &&
+					( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) {
+
+					Sizzle.uniqueSort( results );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers
+			if ( outermost ) {
+				dirruns = dirrunsUnique;
+				outermostContext = contextBackup;
+			}
+
+			return unmatched;
+		};
+
+	return bySet ?
+		markFunction( superMatcher ) :
+		superMatcher;
+}
+
+compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) {
+	var i,
+		setMatchers = [],
+		elementMatchers = [],
+		cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ];
+
+	if ( !cached ) {
+		// Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element
+		if ( !match ) {
+			match = tokenize( selector );
+		}
+		i = match.length;
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			cached = matcherFromTokens( match[i] );
+			if ( cached[ expando ] ) {
+				setMatchers.push( cached );
+			} else {
+				elementMatchers.push( cached );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Cache the compiled function
+		cached = compilerCache( selector, matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) );
+
+		// Save selector and tokenization
+		cached.selector = selector;
+	}
+	return cached;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled
+ *  selector functions
+ * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled
+ *  selector function built with Sizzle.compile
+ * @param {Element} context
+ * @param {Array} [results]
+ * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against
+ */
+select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) {
+	var i, tokens, token, type, find,
+		compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector,
+		match = !seed && tokenize( (selector = compiled.selector || selector) );
+
+	results = results || [];
+
+	// Try to minimize operations if there is only one selector in the list and no seed
+	// (the latter of which guarantees us context)
+	if ( match.length === 1 ) {
+
+		// Reduce context if the leading compound selector is an ID
+		tokens = match[0] = match[0].slice( 0 );
+		if ( tokens.length > 2 && (token = tokens[0]).type === "ID" &&
+				support.getById && context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML &&
+				Expr.relative[ tokens[1].type ] ) {
+
+			context = ( Expr.find["ID"]( token.matches[0].replace(runescape, funescape), context ) || [] )[0];
+			if ( !context ) {
+				return results;
+
+			// Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level
+			} else if ( compiled ) {
+				context = context.parentNode;
+			}
+
+			selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length );
+		}
+
+		// Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching
+		i = matchExpr["needsContext"].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length;
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			token = tokens[i];
+
+			// Abort if we hit a combinator
+			if ( Expr.relative[ (type = token.type) ] ) {
+				break;
+			}
+			if ( (find = Expr.find[ type ]) ) {
+				// Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators
+				if ( (seed = find(
+					token.matches[0].replace( runescape, funescape ),
+					rsibling.test( tokens[0].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context
+				)) ) {
+
+					// If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early
+					tokens.splice( i, 1 );
+					selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens );
+					if ( !selector ) {
+						push.apply( results, seed );
+						return results;
+					}
+
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided
+	// Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above
+	( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )(
+		seed,
+		context,
+		!documentIsHTML,
+		results,
+		!context || rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context
+	);
+	return results;
+};
+
+// One-time assignments
+
+// Sort stability
+support.sortStable = expando.split("").sort( sortOrder ).join("") === expando;
+
+// Support: Chrome 14-35+
+// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function
+support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate;
+
+// Initialize against the default document
+setDocument();
+
+// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27)
+// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other*
+support.sortDetached = assert(function( el ) {
+	// Should return 1, but returns 4 (following)
+	return el.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement("fieldset") ) & 1;
+});
+
+// Support: IE<8
+// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation"
+// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx
+if ( !assert(function( el ) {
+	el.innerHTML = "<a href='#'></a>";
+	return el.firstChild.getAttribute("href") === "#" ;
+}) ) {
+	addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+		if ( !isXML ) {
+			return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 );
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// Support: IE<9
+// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value")
+if ( !support.attributes || !assert(function( el ) {
+	el.innerHTML = "<input/>";
+	el.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" );
+	return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === "";
+}) ) {
+	addHandle( "value", function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+		if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) {
+			return elem.defaultValue;
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+// Support: IE<9
+// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies
+if ( !assert(function( el ) {
+	return el.getAttribute("disabled") == null;
+}) ) {
+	addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+		var val;
+		if ( !isXML ) {
+			return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() :
+					(val = elem.getAttributeNode( name )) && val.specified ?
+					val.value :
+				null;
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+return Sizzle;
+
+})( window );
+
+
+
+jQuery.find = Sizzle;
+jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors;
+
+// Deprecated
+jQuery.expr[ ":" ] = jQuery.expr.pseudos;
+jQuery.uniqueSort = jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort;
+jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText;
+jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML;
+jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains;
+jQuery.escapeSelector = Sizzle.escape;
+
+
+
+
+var dir = function( elem, dir, until ) {
+	var matched = [],
+		truncate = until !== undefined;
+
+	while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) && elem.nodeType !== 9 ) {
+		if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+			if ( truncate && jQuery( elem ).is( until ) ) {
+				break;
+			}
+			matched.push( elem );
+		}
+	}
+	return matched;
+};
+
+
+var siblings = function( n, elem ) {
+	var matched = [];
+
+	for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) {
+		if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) {
+			matched.push( n );
+		}
+	}
+
+	return matched;
+};
+
+
+var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext;
+
+var rsingleTag = ( /^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i );
+
+
+
+var risSimple = /^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;
+
+// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not
+function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) {
+	if ( jQuery.isFunction( qualifier ) ) {
+		return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) {
+			return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not;
+		} );
+
+	}
+
+	if ( qualifier.nodeType ) {
+		return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) {
+			return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not;
+		} );
+
+	}
+
+	if ( typeof qualifier === "string" ) {
+		if ( risSimple.test( qualifier ) ) {
+			return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not );
+		}
+
+		qualifier = jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements );
+	}
+
+	return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) {
+		return ( indexOf.call( qualifier, elem ) > -1 ) !== not && elem.nodeType === 1;
+	} );
+}
+
+jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) {
+	var elem = elems[ 0 ];
+
+	if ( not ) {
+		expr = ":not(" + expr + ")";
+	}
+
+	return elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ?
+		jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : [] :
+		jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) {
+			return elem.nodeType === 1;
+		} ) );
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	find: function( selector ) {
+		var i, ret,
+			len = this.length,
+			self = this;
+
+		if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) {
+			return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter( function() {
+				for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
+					if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) {
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			} ) );
+		}
+
+		ret = this.pushStack( [] );
+
+		for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
+			jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret );
+		}
+
+		return len > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( ret ) : ret;
+	},
+	filter: function( selector ) {
+		return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], false ) );
+	},
+	not: function( selector ) {
+		return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], true ) );
+	},
+	is: function( selector ) {
+		return !!winnow(
+			this,
+
+			// If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set
+			// so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p".
+			typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ?
+				jQuery( selector ) :
+				selector || [],
+			false
+		).length;
+	}
+} );
+
+
+// Initialize a jQuery object
+
+
+// A central reference to the root jQuery(document)
+var rootjQuery,
+
+	// A simple way to check for HTML strings
+	// Prioritize #id over <tag> to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521)
+	// Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <)
+	// Shortcut simple #id case for speed
+	rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/,
+
+	init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context, root ) {
+		var match, elem;
+
+		// HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false)
+		if ( !selector ) {
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		// Method init() accepts an alternate rootjQuery
+		// so migrate can support jQuery.sub (gh-2101)
+		root = root || rootjQuery;
+
+		// Handle HTML strings
+		if ( typeof selector === "string" ) {
+			if ( selector[ 0 ] === "<" &&
+				selector[ selector.length - 1 ] === ">" &&
+				selector.length >= 3 ) {
+
+				// Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check
+				match = [ null, selector, null ];
+
+			} else {
+				match = rquickExpr.exec( selector );
+			}
+
+			// Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id
+			if ( match && ( match[ 1 ] || !context ) ) {
+
+				// HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array)
+				if ( match[ 1 ] ) {
+					context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[ 0 ] : context;
+
+					// Option to run scripts is true for back-compat
+					// Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present
+					jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML(
+						match[ 1 ],
+						context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document,
+						true
+					) );
+
+					// HANDLE: $(html, props)
+					if ( rsingleTag.test( match[ 1 ] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) {
+						for ( match in context ) {
+
+							// Properties of context are called as methods if possible
+							if ( jQuery.isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) {
+								this[ match ]( context[ match ] );
+
+							// ...and otherwise set as attributes
+							} else {
+								this.attr( match, context[ match ] );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					return this;
+
+				// HANDLE: $(#id)
+				} else {
+					elem = document.getElementById( match[ 2 ] );
+
+					if ( elem ) {
+
+						// Inject the element directly into the jQuery object
+						this[ 0 ] = elem;
+						this.length = 1;
+					}
+					return this;
+				}
+
+			// HANDLE: $(expr, $(...))
+			} else if ( !context || context.jquery ) {
+				return ( context || root ).find( selector );
+
+			// HANDLE: $(expr, context)
+			// (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr)
+			} else {
+				return this.constructor( context ).find( selector );
+			}
+
+		// HANDLE: $(DOMElement)
+		} else if ( selector.nodeType ) {
+			this[ 0 ] = selector;
+			this.length = 1;
+			return this;
+
+		// HANDLE: $(function)
+		// Shortcut for document ready
+		} else if ( jQuery.isFunction( selector ) ) {
+			return root.ready !== undefined ?
+				root.ready( selector ) :
+
+				// Execute immediately if ready is not present
+				selector( jQuery );
+		}
+
+		return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this );
+	};
+
+// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation
+init.prototype = jQuery.fn;
+
+// Initialize central reference
+rootjQuery = jQuery( document );
+
+
+var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,
+
+	// Methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set
+	guaranteedUnique = {
+		children: true,
+		contents: true,
+		next: true,
+		prev: true
+	};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	has: function( target ) {
+		var targets = jQuery( target, this ),
+			l = targets.length;
+
+		return this.filter( function() {
+			var i = 0;
+			for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+				if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[ i ] ) ) {
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+		} );
+	},
+
+	closest: function( selectors, context ) {
+		var cur,
+			i = 0,
+			l = this.length,
+			matched = [],
+			targets = typeof selectors !== "string" && jQuery( selectors );
+
+		// Positional selectors never match, since there's no _selection_ context
+		if ( !rneedsContext.test( selectors ) ) {
+			for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+				for ( cur = this[ i ]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) {
+
+					// Always skip document fragments
+					if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && ( targets ?
+						targets.index( cur ) > -1 :
+
+						// Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle
+						cur.nodeType === 1 &&
+							jQuery.find.matchesSelector( cur, selectors ) ) ) {
+
+						matched.push( cur );
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ) : matched );
+	},
+
+	// Determine the position of an element within the set
+	index: function( elem ) {
+
+		// No argument, return index in parent
+		if ( !elem ) {
+			return ( this[ 0 ] && this[ 0 ].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1;
+		}
+
+		// Index in selector
+		if ( typeof elem === "string" ) {
+			return indexOf.call( jQuery( elem ), this[ 0 ] );
+		}
+
+		// Locate the position of the desired element
+		return indexOf.call( this,
+
+			// If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used
+			elem.jquery ? elem[ 0 ] : elem
+		);
+	},
+
+	add: function( selector, context ) {
+		return this.pushStack(
+			jQuery.uniqueSort(
+				jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) )
+			)
+		);
+	},
+
+	addBack: function( selector ) {
+		return this.add( selector == null ?
+			this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter( selector )
+		);
+	}
+} );
+
+function sibling( cur, dir ) {
+	while ( ( cur = cur[ dir ] ) && cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {}
+	return cur;
+}
+
+jQuery.each( {
+	parent: function( elem ) {
+		var parent = elem.parentNode;
+		return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null;
+	},
+	parents: function( elem ) {
+		return dir( elem, "parentNode" );
+	},
+	parentsUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
+		return dir( elem, "parentNode", until );
+	},
+	next: function( elem ) {
+		return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" );
+	},
+	prev: function( elem ) {
+		return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" );
+	},
+	nextAll: function( elem ) {
+		return dir( elem, "nextSibling" );
+	},
+	prevAll: function( elem ) {
+		return dir( elem, "previousSibling" );
+	},
+	nextUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
+		return dir( elem, "nextSibling", until );
+	},
+	prevUntil: function( elem, i, until ) {
+		return dir( elem, "previousSibling", until );
+	},
+	siblings: function( elem ) {
+		return siblings( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem );
+	},
+	children: function( elem ) {
+		return siblings( elem.firstChild );
+	},
+	contents: function( elem ) {
+		return elem.contentDocument || jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes );
+	}
+}, function( name, fn ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) {
+		var matched = jQuery.map( this, fn, until );
+
+		if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) {
+			selector = until;
+		}
+
+		if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) {
+			matched = jQuery.filter( selector, matched );
+		}
+
+		if ( this.length > 1 ) {
+
+			// Remove duplicates
+			if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) {
+				jQuery.uniqueSort( matched );
+			}
+
+			// Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives
+			if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) {
+				matched.reverse();
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this.pushStack( matched );
+	};
+} );
+var rnotwhite = ( /\S+/g );
+
+
+
+// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones
+function createOptions( options ) {
+	var object = {};
+	jQuery.each( options.match( rnotwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) {
+		object[ flag ] = true;
+	} );
+	return object;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create a callback list using the following parameters:
+ *
+ *	options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how
+ *			the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object
+ *
+ * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be
+ * "fired" multiple times.
+ *
+ * Possible options:
+ *
+ *	once:			will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred)
+ *
+ *	memory:			will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added
+ *					after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized"
+ *					values (like a Deferred)
+ *
+ *	unique:			will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list)
+ *
+ *	stopOnFalse:	interrupt callings when a callback returns false
+ *
+ */
+jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) {
+
+	// Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed
+	// (we check in cache first)
+	options = typeof options === "string" ?
+		createOptions( options ) :
+		jQuery.extend( {}, options );
+
+	var // Flag to know if list is currently firing
+		firing,
+
+		// Last fire value for non-forgettable lists
+		memory,
+
+		// Flag to know if list was already fired
+		fired,
+
+		// Flag to prevent firing
+		locked,
+
+		// Actual callback list
+		list = [],
+
+		// Queue of execution data for repeatable lists
+		queue = [],
+
+		// Index of currently firing callback (modified by add/remove as needed)
+		firingIndex = -1,
+
+		// Fire callbacks
+		fire = function() {
+
+			// Enforce single-firing
+			locked = options.once;
+
+			// Execute callbacks for all pending executions,
+			// respecting firingIndex overrides and runtime changes
+			fired = firing = true;
+			for ( ; queue.length; firingIndex = -1 ) {
+				memory = queue.shift();
+				while ( ++firingIndex < list.length ) {
+
+					// Run callback and check for early termination
+					if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] ) === false &&
+						options.stopOnFalse ) {
+
+						// Jump to end and forget the data so .add doesn't re-fire
+						firingIndex = list.length;
+						memory = false;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Forget the data if we're done with it
+			if ( !options.memory ) {
+				memory = false;
+			}
+
+			firing = false;
+
+			// Clean up if we're done firing for good
+			if ( locked ) {
+
+				// Keep an empty list if we have data for future add calls
+				if ( memory ) {
+					list = [];
+
+				// Otherwise, this object is spent
+				} else {
+					list = "";
+				}
+			}
+		},
+
+		// Actual Callbacks object
+		self = {
+
+			// Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list
+			add: function() {
+				if ( list ) {
+
+					// If we have memory from a past run, we should fire after adding
+					if ( memory && !firing ) {
+						firingIndex = list.length - 1;
+						queue.push( memory );
+					}
+
+					( function add( args ) {
+						jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) {
+							if ( jQuery.isFunction( arg ) ) {
+								if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) {
+									list.push( arg );
+								}
+							} else if ( arg && arg.length && jQuery.type( arg ) !== "string" ) {
+
+								// Inspect recursively
+								add( arg );
+							}
+						} );
+					} )( arguments );
+
+					if ( memory && !firing ) {
+						fire();
+					}
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+
+			// Remove a callback from the list
+			remove: function() {
+				jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) {
+					var index;
+					while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) {
+						list.splice( index, 1 );
+
+						// Handle firing indexes
+						if ( index <= firingIndex ) {
+							firingIndex--;
+						}
+					}
+				} );
+				return this;
+			},
+
+			// Check if a given callback is in the list.
+			// If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached.
+			has: function( fn ) {
+				return fn ?
+					jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 :
+					list.length > 0;
+			},
+
+			// Remove all callbacks from the list
+			empty: function() {
+				if ( list ) {
+					list = [];
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+
+			// Disable .fire and .add
+			// Abort any current/pending executions
+			// Clear all callbacks and values
+			disable: function() {
+				locked = queue = [];
+				list = memory = "";
+				return this;
+			},
+			disabled: function() {
+				return !list;
+			},
+
+			// Disable .fire
+			// Also disable .add unless we have memory (since it would have no effect)
+			// Abort any pending executions
+			lock: function() {
+				locked = queue = [];
+				if ( !memory && !firing ) {
+					list = memory = "";
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+			locked: function() {
+				return !!locked;
+			},
+
+			// Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments
+			fireWith: function( context, args ) {
+				if ( !locked ) {
+					args = args || [];
+					args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ];
+					queue.push( args );
+					if ( !firing ) {
+						fire();
+					}
+				}
+				return this;
+			},
+
+			// Call all the callbacks with the given arguments
+			fire: function() {
+				self.fireWith( this, arguments );
+				return this;
+			},
+
+			// To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once
+			fired: function() {
+				return !!fired;
+			}
+		};
+
+	return self;
+};
+
+
+function Identity( v ) {
+	return v;
+}
+function Thrower( ex ) {
+	throw ex;
+}
+
+function adoptValue( value, resolve, reject ) {
+	var method;
+
+	try {
+
+		// Check for promise aspect first to privilege synchronous behavior
+		if ( value && jQuery.isFunction( ( method = value.promise ) ) ) {
+			method.call( value ).done( resolve ).fail( reject );
+
+		// Other thenables
+		} else if ( value && jQuery.isFunction( ( method = value.then ) ) ) {
+			method.call( value, resolve, reject );
+
+		// Other non-thenables
+		} else {
+
+			// Support: Android 4.0 only
+			// Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context
+			resolve.call( undefined, value );
+		}
+
+	// For Promises/A+, convert exceptions into rejections
+	// Since jQuery.when doesn't unwrap thenables, we can skip the extra checks appearing in
+	// Deferred#then to conditionally suppress rejection.
+	} catch ( value ) {
+
+		// Support: Android 4.0 only
+		// Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context
+		reject.call( undefined, value );
+	}
+}
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+
+	Deferred: function( func ) {
+		var tuples = [
+
+				// action, add listener, callbacks,
+				// ... .then handlers, argument index, [final state]
+				[ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ),
+					jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), 2 ],
+				[ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ),
+					jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 0, "resolved" ],
+				[ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ),
+					jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 1, "rejected" ]
+			],
+			state = "pending",
+			promise = {
+				state: function() {
+					return state;
+				},
+				always: function() {
+					deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments );
+					return this;
+				},
+				"catch": function( fn ) {
+					return promise.then( null, fn );
+				},
+
+				// Keep pipe for back-compat
+				pipe: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) {
+					var fns = arguments;
+
+					return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) {
+						jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) {
+
+							// Map tuples (progress, done, fail) to arguments (done, fail, progress)
+							var fn = jQuery.isFunction( fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ] ) && fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ];
+
+							// deferred.progress(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.notify })
+							// deferred.done(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.resolve })
+							// deferred.fail(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.reject })
+							deferred[ tuple[ 1 ] ]( function() {
+								var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments );
+								if ( returned && jQuery.isFunction( returned.promise ) ) {
+									returned.promise()
+										.progress( newDefer.notify )
+										.done( newDefer.resolve )
+										.fail( newDefer.reject );
+								} else {
+									newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ](
+										this,
+										fn ? [ returned ] : arguments
+									);
+								}
+							} );
+						} );
+						fns = null;
+					} ).promise();
+				},
+				then: function( onFulfilled, onRejected, onProgress ) {
+					var maxDepth = 0;
+					function resolve( depth, deferred, handler, special ) {
+						return function() {
+							var that = this,
+								args = arguments,
+								mightThrow = function() {
+									var returned, then;
+
+									// Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.3
+									// https://promisesaplus.com/#point-59
+									// Ignore double-resolution attempts
+									if ( depth < maxDepth ) {
+										return;
+									}
+
+									returned = handler.apply( that, args );
+
+									// Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.1
+									// https://promisesaplus.com/#point-48
+									if ( returned === deferred.promise() ) {
+										throw new TypeError( "Thenable self-resolution" );
+									}
+
+									// Support: Promises/A+ sections 2.3.3.1, 3.5
+									// https://promisesaplus.com/#point-54
+									// https://promisesaplus.com/#point-75
+									// Retrieve `then` only once
+									then = returned &&
+
+										// Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.4
+										// https://promisesaplus.com/#point-64
+										// Only check objects and functions for thenability
+										( typeof returned === "object" ||
+											typeof returned === "function" ) &&
+										returned.then;
+
+									// Handle a returned thenable
+									if ( jQuery.isFunction( then ) ) {
+
+										// Special processors (notify) just wait for resolution
+										if ( special ) {
+											then.call(
+												returned,
+												resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ),
+												resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special )
+											);
+
+										// Normal processors (resolve) also hook into progress
+										} else {
+
+											// ...and disregard older resolution values
+											maxDepth++;
+
+											then.call(
+												returned,
+												resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ),
+												resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ),
+												resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity,
+													deferred.notifyWith )
+											);
+										}
+
+									// Handle all other returned values
+									} else {
+
+										// Only substitute handlers pass on context
+										// and multiple values (non-spec behavior)
+										if ( handler !== Identity ) {
+											that = undefined;
+											args = [ returned ];
+										}
+
+										// Process the value(s)
+										// Default process is resolve
+										( special || deferred.resolveWith )( that, args );
+									}
+								},
+
+								// Only normal processors (resolve) catch and reject exceptions
+								process = special ?
+									mightThrow :
+									function() {
+										try {
+											mightThrow();
+										} catch ( e ) {
+
+											if ( jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook ) {
+												jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook( e,
+													process.stackTrace );
+											}
+
+											// Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.4.1
+											// https://promisesaplus.com/#point-61
+											// Ignore post-resolution exceptions
+											if ( depth + 1 >= maxDepth ) {
+
+												// Only substitute handlers pass on context
+												// and multiple values (non-spec behavior)
+												if ( handler !== Thrower ) {
+													that = undefined;
+													args = [ e ];
+												}
+
+												deferred.rejectWith( that, args );
+											}
+										}
+									};
+
+							// Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.1
+							// https://promisesaplus.com/#point-57
+							// Re-resolve promises immediately to dodge false rejection from
+							// subsequent errors
+							if ( depth ) {
+								process();
+							} else {
+
+								// Call an optional hook to record the stack, in case of exception
+								// since it's otherwise lost when execution goes async
+								if ( jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook ) {
+									process.stackTrace = jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook();
+								}
+								window.setTimeout( process );
+							}
+						};
+					}
+
+					return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) {
+
+						// progress_handlers.add( ... )
+						tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].add(
+							resolve(
+								0,
+								newDefer,
+								jQuery.isFunction( onProgress ) ?
+									onProgress :
+									Identity,
+								newDefer.notifyWith
+							)
+						);
+
+						// fulfilled_handlers.add( ... )
+						tuples[ 1 ][ 3 ].add(
+							resolve(
+								0,
+								newDefer,
+								jQuery.isFunction( onFulfilled ) ?
+									onFulfilled :
+									Identity
+							)
+						);
+
+						// rejected_handlers.add( ... )
+						tuples[ 2 ][ 3 ].add(
+							resolve(
+								0,
+								newDefer,
+								jQuery.isFunction( onRejected ) ?
+									onRejected :
+									Thrower
+							)
+						);
+					} ).promise();
+				},
+
+				// Get a promise for this deferred
+				// If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object
+				promise: function( obj ) {
+					return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise;
+				}
+			},
+			deferred = {};
+
+		// Add list-specific methods
+		jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) {
+			var list = tuple[ 2 ],
+				stateString = tuple[ 5 ];
+
+			// promise.progress = list.add
+			// promise.done = list.add
+			// promise.fail = list.add
+			promise[ tuple[ 1 ] ] = list.add;
+
+			// Handle state
+			if ( stateString ) {
+				list.add(
+					function() {
+
+						// state = "resolved" (i.e., fulfilled)
+						// state = "rejected"
+						state = stateString;
+					},
+
+					// rejected_callbacks.disable
+					// fulfilled_callbacks.disable
+					tuples[ 3 - i ][ 2 ].disable,
+
+					// progress_callbacks.lock
+					tuples[ 0 ][ 2 ].lock
+				);
+			}
+
+			// progress_handlers.fire
+			// fulfilled_handlers.fire
+			// rejected_handlers.fire
+			list.add( tuple[ 3 ].fire );
+
+			// deferred.notify = function() { deferred.notifyWith(...) }
+			// deferred.resolve = function() { deferred.resolveWith(...) }
+			// deferred.reject = function() { deferred.rejectWith(...) }
+			deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] ] = function() {
+				deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? undefined : this, arguments );
+				return this;
+			};
+
+			// deferred.notifyWith = list.fireWith
+			// deferred.resolveWith = list.fireWith
+			// deferred.rejectWith = list.fireWith
+			deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ] = list.fireWith;
+		} );
+
+		// Make the deferred a promise
+		promise.promise( deferred );
+
+		// Call given func if any
+		if ( func ) {
+			func.call( deferred, deferred );
+		}
+
+		// All done!
+		return deferred;
+	},
+
+	// Deferred helper
+	when: function( singleValue ) {
+		var
+
+			// count of uncompleted subordinates
+			remaining = arguments.length,
+
+			// count of unprocessed arguments
+			i = remaining,
+
+			// subordinate fulfillment data
+			resolveContexts = Array( i ),
+			resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ),
+
+			// the master Deferred
+			master = jQuery.Deferred(),
+
+			// subordinate callback factory
+			updateFunc = function( i ) {
+				return function( value ) {
+					resolveContexts[ i ] = this;
+					resolveValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value;
+					if ( !( --remaining ) ) {
+						master.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues );
+					}
+				};
+			};
+
+		// Single- and empty arguments are adopted like Promise.resolve
+		if ( remaining <= 1 ) {
+			adoptValue( singleValue, master.done( updateFunc( i ) ).resolve, master.reject );
+
+			// Use .then() to unwrap secondary thenables (cf. gh-3000)
+			if ( master.state() === "pending" ||
+				jQuery.isFunction( resolveValues[ i ] && resolveValues[ i ].then ) ) {
+
+				return master.then();
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Multiple arguments are aggregated like Promise.all array elements
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			adoptValue( resolveValues[ i ], updateFunc( i ), master.reject );
+		}
+
+		return master.promise();
+	}
+} );
+
+
+// These usually indicate a programmer mistake during development,
+// warn about them ASAP rather than swallowing them by default.
+var rerrorNames = /^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/;
+
+jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook = function( error, stack ) {
+
+	// Support: IE 8 - 9 only
+	// Console exists when dev tools are open, which can happen at any time
+	if ( window.console && window.console.warn && error && rerrorNames.test( error.name ) ) {
+		window.console.warn( "jQuery.Deferred exception: " + error.message, error.stack, stack );
+	}
+};
+
+
+
+
+jQuery.readyException = function( error ) {
+	window.setTimeout( function() {
+		throw error;
+	} );
+};
+
+
+
+
+// The deferred used on DOM ready
+var readyList = jQuery.Deferred();
+
+jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) {
+
+	readyList
+		.then( fn )
+
+		// Wrap jQuery.readyException in a function so that the lookup
+		// happens at the time of error handling instead of callback
+		// registration.
+		.catch( function( error ) {
+			jQuery.readyException( error );
+		} );
+
+	return this;
+};
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+
+	// Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs.
+	isReady: false,
+
+	// A counter to track how many items to wait for before
+	// the ready event fires. See #6781
+	readyWait: 1,
+
+	// Hold (or release) the ready event
+	holdReady: function( hold ) {
+		if ( hold ) {
+			jQuery.readyWait++;
+		} else {
+			jQuery.ready( true );
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Handle when the DOM is ready
+	ready: function( wait ) {
+
+		// Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready
+		if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Remember that the DOM is ready
+		jQuery.isReady = true;
+
+		// If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be
+		if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// If there are functions bound, to execute
+		readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] );
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.ready.then = readyList.then;
+
+// The ready event handler and self cleanup method
+function completed() {
+	document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed );
+	window.removeEventListener( "load", completed );
+	jQuery.ready();
+}
+
+// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called
+// after the browser event has already occurred.
+// Support: IE <=9 - 10 only
+// Older IE sometimes signals "interactive" too soon
+if ( document.readyState === "complete" ||
+	( document.readyState !== "loading" && !document.documentElement.doScroll ) ) {
+
+	// Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready
+	window.setTimeout( jQuery.ready );
+
+} else {
+
+	// Use the handy event callback
+	document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed );
+
+	// A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
+	window.addEventListener( "load", completed );
+}
+
+
+
+
+// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection
+// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function
+var access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) {
+	var i = 0,
+		len = elems.length,
+		bulk = key == null;
+
+	// Sets many values
+	if ( jQuery.type( key ) === "object" ) {
+		chainable = true;
+		for ( i in key ) {
+			access( elems, fn, i, key[ i ], true, emptyGet, raw );
+		}
+
+	// Sets one value
+	} else if ( value !== undefined ) {
+		chainable = true;
+
+		if ( !jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			raw = true;
+		}
+
+		if ( bulk ) {
+
+			// Bulk operations run against the entire set
+			if ( raw ) {
+				fn.call( elems, value );
+				fn = null;
+
+			// ...except when executing function values
+			} else {
+				bulk = fn;
+				fn = function( elem, key, value ) {
+					return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value );
+				};
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( fn ) {
+			for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+				fn(
+					elems[ i ], key, raw ?
+					value :
+					value.call( elems[ i ], i, fn( elems[ i ], key ) )
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return chainable ?
+		elems :
+
+		// Gets
+		bulk ?
+			fn.call( elems ) :
+			len ? fn( elems[ 0 ], key ) : emptyGet;
+};
+var acceptData = function( owner ) {
+
+	// Accepts only:
+	//  - Node
+	//    - Node.ELEMENT_NODE
+	//    - Node.DOCUMENT_NODE
+	//  - Object
+	//    - Any
+	return owner.nodeType === 1 || owner.nodeType === 9 || !( +owner.nodeType );
+};
+
+
+
+
+function Data() {
+	this.expando = jQuery.expando + Data.uid++;
+}
+
+Data.uid = 1;
+
+Data.prototype = {
+
+	cache: function( owner ) {
+
+		// Check if the owner object already has a cache
+		var value = owner[ this.expando ];
+
+		// If not, create one
+		if ( !value ) {
+			value = {};
+
+			// We can accept data for non-element nodes in modern browsers,
+			// but we should not, see #8335.
+			// Always return an empty object.
+			if ( acceptData( owner ) ) {
+
+				// If it is a node unlikely to be stringify-ed or looped over
+				// use plain assignment
+				if ( owner.nodeType ) {
+					owner[ this.expando ] = value;
+
+				// Otherwise secure it in a non-enumerable property
+				// configurable must be true to allow the property to be
+				// deleted when data is removed
+				} else {
+					Object.defineProperty( owner, this.expando, {
+						value: value,
+						configurable: true
+					} );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return value;
+	},
+	set: function( owner, data, value ) {
+		var prop,
+			cache = this.cache( owner );
+
+		// Handle: [ owner, key, value ] args
+		// Always use camelCase key (gh-2257)
+		if ( typeof data === "string" ) {
+			cache[ jQuery.camelCase( data ) ] = value;
+
+		// Handle: [ owner, { properties } ] args
+		} else {
+
+			// Copy the properties one-by-one to the cache object
+			for ( prop in data ) {
+				cache[ jQuery.camelCase( prop ) ] = data[ prop ];
+			}
+		}
+		return cache;
+	},
+	get: function( owner, key ) {
+		return key === undefined ?
+			this.cache( owner ) :
+
+			// Always use camelCase key (gh-2257)
+			owner[ this.expando ] && owner[ this.expando ][ jQuery.camelCase( key ) ];
+	},
+	access: function( owner, key, value ) {
+
+		// In cases where either:
+		//
+		//   1. No key was specified
+		//   2. A string key was specified, but no value provided
+		//
+		// Take the "read" path and allow the get method to determine
+		// which value to return, respectively either:
+		//
+		//   1. The entire cache object
+		//   2. The data stored at the key
+		//
+		if ( key === undefined ||
+				( ( key && typeof key === "string" ) && value === undefined ) ) {
+
+			return this.get( owner, key );
+		}
+
+		// When the key is not a string, or both a key and value
+		// are specified, set or extend (existing objects) with either:
+		//
+		//   1. An object of properties
+		//   2. A key and value
+		//
+		this.set( owner, key, value );
+
+		// Since the "set" path can have two possible entry points
+		// return the expected data based on which path was taken[*]
+		return value !== undefined ? value : key;
+	},
+	remove: function( owner, key ) {
+		var i,
+			cache = owner[ this.expando ];
+
+		if ( cache === undefined ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( key !== undefined ) {
+
+			// Support array or space separated string of keys
+			if ( jQuery.isArray( key ) ) {
+
+				// If key is an array of keys...
+				// We always set camelCase keys, so remove that.
+				key = key.map( jQuery.camelCase );
+			} else {
+				key = jQuery.camelCase( key );
+
+				// If a key with the spaces exists, use it.
+				// Otherwise, create an array by matching non-whitespace
+				key = key in cache ?
+					[ key ] :
+					( key.match( rnotwhite ) || [] );
+			}
+
+			i = key.length;
+
+			while ( i-- ) {
+				delete cache[ key[ i ] ];
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Remove the expando if there's no more data
+		if ( key === undefined || jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ) ) {
+
+			// Support: Chrome <=35 - 45
+			// Webkit & Blink performance suffers when deleting properties
+			// from DOM nodes, so set to undefined instead
+			// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=378607 (bug restricted)
+			if ( owner.nodeType ) {
+				owner[ this.expando ] = undefined;
+			} else {
+				delete owner[ this.expando ];
+			}
+		}
+	},
+	hasData: function( owner ) {
+		var cache = owner[ this.expando ];
+		return cache !== undefined && !jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache );
+	}
+};
+var dataPriv = new Data();
+
+var dataUser = new Data();
+
+
+
+//	Implementation Summary
+//
+//	1. Enforce API surface and semantic compatibility with 1.9.x branch
+//	2. Improve the module's maintainability by reducing the storage
+//		paths to a single mechanism.
+//	3. Use the same single mechanism to support "private" and "user" data.
+//	4. _Never_ expose "private" data to user code (TODO: Drop _data, _removeData)
+//	5. Avoid exposing implementation details on user objects (eg. expando properties)
+//	6. Provide a clear path for implementation upgrade to WeakMap in 2014
+
+var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,
+	rmultiDash = /[A-Z]/g;
+
+function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) {
+	var name;
+
+	// If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any
+	// data from the HTML5 data-* attribute
+	if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+		name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$&" ).toLowerCase();
+		data = elem.getAttribute( name );
+
+		if ( typeof data === "string" ) {
+			try {
+				data = data === "true" ? true :
+					data === "false" ? false :
+					data === "null" ? null :
+
+					// Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string
+					+data + "" === data ? +data :
+					rbrace.test( data ) ? JSON.parse( data ) :
+					data;
+			} catch ( e ) {}
+
+			// Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later
+			dataUser.set( elem, key, data );
+		} else {
+			data = undefined;
+		}
+	}
+	return data;
+}
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+	hasData: function( elem ) {
+		return dataUser.hasData( elem ) || dataPriv.hasData( elem );
+	},
+
+	data: function( elem, name, data ) {
+		return dataUser.access( elem, name, data );
+	},
+
+	removeData: function( elem, name ) {
+		dataUser.remove( elem, name );
+	},
+
+	// TODO: Now that all calls to _data and _removeData have been replaced
+	// with direct calls to dataPriv methods, these can be deprecated.
+	_data: function( elem, name, data ) {
+		return dataPriv.access( elem, name, data );
+	},
+
+	_removeData: function( elem, name ) {
+		dataPriv.remove( elem, name );
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	data: function( key, value ) {
+		var i, name, data,
+			elem = this[ 0 ],
+			attrs = elem && elem.attributes;
+
+		// Gets all values
+		if ( key === undefined ) {
+			if ( this.length ) {
+				data = dataUser.get( elem );
+
+				if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !dataPriv.get( elem, "hasDataAttrs" ) ) {
+					i = attrs.length;
+					while ( i-- ) {
+
+						// Support: IE 11 only
+						// The attrs elements can be null (#14894)
+						if ( attrs[ i ] ) {
+							name = attrs[ i ].name;
+							if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) {
+								name = jQuery.camelCase( name.slice( 5 ) );
+								dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					dataPriv.set( elem, "hasDataAttrs", true );
+				}
+			}
+
+			return data;
+		}
+
+		// Sets multiple values
+		if ( typeof key === "object" ) {
+			return this.each( function() {
+				dataUser.set( this, key );
+			} );
+		}
+
+		return access( this, function( value ) {
+			var data;
+
+			// The calling jQuery object (element matches) is not empty
+			// (and therefore has an element appears at this[ 0 ]) and the
+			// `value` parameter was not undefined. An empty jQuery object
+			// will result in `undefined` for elem = this[ 0 ] which will
+			// throw an exception if an attempt to read a data cache is made.
+			if ( elem && value === undefined ) {
+
+				// Attempt to get data from the cache
+				// The key will always be camelCased in Data
+				data = dataUser.get( elem, key );
+				if ( data !== undefined ) {
+					return data;
+				}
+
+				// Attempt to "discover" the data in
+				// HTML5 custom data-* attrs
+				data = dataAttr( elem, key );
+				if ( data !== undefined ) {
+					return data;
+				}
+
+				// We tried really hard, but the data doesn't exist.
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Set the data...
+			this.each( function() {
+
+				// We always store the camelCased key
+				dataUser.set( this, key, value );
+			} );
+		}, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, true );
+	},
+
+	removeData: function( key ) {
+		return this.each( function() {
+			dataUser.remove( this, key );
+		} );
+	}
+} );
+
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+	queue: function( elem, type, data ) {
+		var queue;
+
+		if ( elem ) {
+			type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue";
+			queue = dataPriv.get( elem, type );
+
+			// Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup
+			if ( data ) {
+				if ( !queue || jQuery.isArray( data ) ) {
+					queue = dataPriv.access( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray( data ) );
+				} else {
+					queue.push( data );
+				}
+			}
+			return queue || [];
+		}
+	},
+
+	dequeue: function( elem, type ) {
+		type = type || "fx";
+
+		var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ),
+			startLength = queue.length,
+			fn = queue.shift(),
+			hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ),
+			next = function() {
+				jQuery.dequeue( elem, type );
+			};
+
+		// If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel
+		if ( fn === "inprogress" ) {
+			fn = queue.shift();
+			startLength--;
+		}
+
+		if ( fn ) {
+
+			// Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being
+			// automatically dequeued
+			if ( type === "fx" ) {
+				queue.unshift( "inprogress" );
+			}
+
+			// Clear up the last queue stop function
+			delete hooks.stop;
+			fn.call( elem, next, hooks );
+		}
+
+		if ( !startLength && hooks ) {
+			hooks.empty.fire();
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Not public - generate a queueHooks object, or return the current one
+	_queueHooks: function( elem, type ) {
+		var key = type + "queueHooks";
+		return dataPriv.get( elem, key ) || dataPriv.access( elem, key, {
+			empty: jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ).add( function() {
+				dataPriv.remove( elem, [ type + "queue", key ] );
+			} )
+		} );
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	queue: function( type, data ) {
+		var setter = 2;
+
+		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
+			data = type;
+			type = "fx";
+			setter--;
+		}
+
+		if ( arguments.length < setter ) {
+			return jQuery.queue( this[ 0 ], type );
+		}
+
+		return data === undefined ?
+			this :
+			this.each( function() {
+				var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data );
+
+				// Ensure a hooks for this queue
+				jQuery._queueHooks( this, type );
+
+				if ( type === "fx" && queue[ 0 ] !== "inprogress" ) {
+					jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
+				}
+			} );
+	},
+	dequeue: function( type ) {
+		return this.each( function() {
+			jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
+		} );
+	},
+	clearQueue: function( type ) {
+		return this.queue( type || "fx", [] );
+	},
+
+	// Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type
+	// are emptied (fx is the type by default)
+	promise: function( type, obj ) {
+		var tmp,
+			count = 1,
+			defer = jQuery.Deferred(),
+			elements = this,
+			i = this.length,
+			resolve = function() {
+				if ( !( --count ) ) {
+					defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] );
+				}
+			};
+
+		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
+			obj = type;
+			type = undefined;
+		}
+		type = type || "fx";
+
+		while ( i-- ) {
+			tmp = dataPriv.get( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" );
+			if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) {
+				count++;
+				tmp.empty.add( resolve );
+			}
+		}
+		resolve();
+		return defer.promise( obj );
+	}
+} );
+var pnum = ( /[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/ ).source;
+
+var rcssNum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" );
+
+
+var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ];
+
+var isHiddenWithinTree = function( elem, el ) {
+
+		// isHiddenWithinTree might be called from jQuery#filter function;
+		// in that case, element will be second argument
+		elem = el || elem;
+
+		// Inline style trumps all
+		return elem.style.display === "none" ||
+			elem.style.display === "" &&
+
+			// Otherwise, check computed style
+			// Support: Firefox <=43 - 45
+			// Disconnected elements can have computed display: none, so first confirm that elem is
+			// in the document.
+			jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) &&
+
+			jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none";
+	};
+
+var swap = function( elem, options, callback, args ) {
+	var ret, name,
+		old = {};
+
+	// Remember the old values, and insert the new ones
+	for ( name in options ) {
+		old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ];
+		elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ];
+	}
+
+	ret = callback.apply( elem, args || [] );
+
+	// Revert the old values
+	for ( name in options ) {
+		elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ];
+	}
+
+	return ret;
+};
+
+
+
+
+function adjustCSS( elem, prop, valueParts, tween ) {
+	var adjusted,
+		scale = 1,
+		maxIterations = 20,
+		currentValue = tween ?
+			function() {
+				return tween.cur();
+			} :
+			function() {
+				return jQuery.css( elem, prop, "" );
+			},
+		initial = currentValue(),
+		unit = valueParts && valueParts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ),
+
+		// Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches
+		initialInUnit = ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +initial ) &&
+			rcssNum.exec( jQuery.css( elem, prop ) );
+
+	if ( initialInUnit && initialInUnit[ 3 ] !== unit ) {
+
+		// Trust units reported by jQuery.css
+		unit = unit || initialInUnit[ 3 ];
+
+		// Make sure we update the tween properties later on
+		valueParts = valueParts || [];
+
+		// Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point
+		initialInUnit = +initial || 1;
+
+		do {
+
+			// If previous iteration zeroed out, double until we get *something*.
+			// Use string for doubling so we don't accidentally see scale as unchanged below
+			scale = scale || ".5";
+
+			// Adjust and apply
+			initialInUnit = initialInUnit / scale;
+			jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit );
+
+		// Update scale, tolerating zero or NaN from tween.cur()
+		// Break the loop if scale is unchanged or perfect, or if we've just had enough.
+		} while (
+			scale !== ( scale = currentValue() / initial ) && scale !== 1 && --maxIterations
+		);
+	}
+
+	if ( valueParts ) {
+		initialInUnit = +initialInUnit || +initial || 0;
+
+		// Apply relative offset (+=/-=) if specified
+		adjusted = valueParts[ 1 ] ?
+			initialInUnit + ( valueParts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * valueParts[ 2 ] :
+			+valueParts[ 2 ];
+		if ( tween ) {
+			tween.unit = unit;
+			tween.start = initialInUnit;
+			tween.end = adjusted;
+		}
+	}
+	return adjusted;
+}
+
+
+var defaultDisplayMap = {};
+
+function getDefaultDisplay( elem ) {
+	var temp,
+		doc = elem.ownerDocument,
+		nodeName = elem.nodeName,
+		display = defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ];
+
+	if ( display ) {
+		return display;
+	}
+
+	temp = doc.body.appendChild( doc.createElement( nodeName ) ),
+	display = jQuery.css( temp, "display" );
+
+	temp.parentNode.removeChild( temp );
+
+	if ( display === "none" ) {
+		display = "block";
+	}
+	defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ] = display;
+
+	return display;
+}
+
+function showHide( elements, show ) {
+	var display, elem,
+		values = [],
+		index = 0,
+		length = elements.length;
+
+	// Determine new display value for elements that need to change
+	for ( ; index < length; index++ ) {
+		elem = elements[ index ];
+		if ( !elem.style ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		display = elem.style.display;
+		if ( show ) {
+
+			// Since we force visibility upon cascade-hidden elements, an immediate (and slow)
+			// check is required in this first loop unless we have a nonempty display value (either
+			// inline or about-to-be-restored)
+			if ( display === "none" ) {
+				values[ index ] = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ) || null;
+				if ( !values[ index ] ) {
+					elem.style.display = "";
+				}
+			}
+			if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ) ) {
+				values[ index ] = getDefaultDisplay( elem );
+			}
+		} else {
+			if ( display !== "none" ) {
+				values[ index ] = "none";
+
+				// Remember what we're overwriting
+				dataPriv.set( elem, "display", display );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Set the display of the elements in a second loop to avoid constant reflow
+	for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) {
+		if ( values[ index ] != null ) {
+			elements[ index ].style.display = values[ index ];
+		}
+	}
+
+	return elements;
+}
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	show: function() {
+		return showHide( this, true );
+	},
+	hide: function() {
+		return showHide( this );
+	},
+	toggle: function( state ) {
+		if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) {
+			return state ? this.show() : this.hide();
+		}
+
+		return this.each( function() {
+			if ( isHiddenWithinTree( this ) ) {
+				jQuery( this ).show();
+			} else {
+				jQuery( this ).hide();
+			}
+		} );
+	}
+} );
+var rcheckableType = ( /^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i );
+
+var rtagName = ( /<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]+)/i );
+
+var rscriptType = ( /^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i );
+
+
+
+// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200)
+var wrapMap = {
+
+	// Support: IE <=9 only
+	option: [ 1, "<select multiple='multiple'>", "</select>" ],
+
+	// XHTML parsers do not magically insert elements in the
+	// same way that tag soup parsers do. So we cannot shorten
+	// this by omitting <tbody> or other required elements.
+	thead: [ 1, "<table>", "</table>" ],
+	col: [ 2, "<table><colgroup>", "</colgroup></table>" ],
+	tr: [ 2, "<table><tbody>", "</tbody></table>" ],
+	td: [ 3, "<table><tbody><tr>", "</tr></tbody></table>" ],
+
+	_default: [ 0, "", "" ]
+};
+
+// Support: IE <=9 only
+wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option;
+
+wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead;
+wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td;
+
+
+function getAll( context, tag ) {
+
+	// Support: IE <=9 - 11 only
+	// Use typeof to avoid zero-argument method invocation on host objects (#15151)
+	var ret = typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ?
+			context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ) :
+			typeof context.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ?
+				context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ) :
+			[];
+
+	return tag === undefined || tag && jQuery.nodeName( context, tag ) ?
+		jQuery.merge( [ context ], ret ) :
+		ret;
+}
+
+
+// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated
+function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) {
+	var i = 0,
+		l = elems.length;
+
+	for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+		dataPriv.set(
+			elems[ i ],
+			"globalEval",
+			!refElements || dataPriv.get( refElements[ i ], "globalEval" )
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+
+var rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/;
+
+function buildFragment( elems, context, scripts, selection, ignored ) {
+	var elem, tmp, tag, wrap, contains, j,
+		fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(),
+		nodes = [],
+		i = 0,
+		l = elems.length;
+
+	for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+		elem = elems[ i ];
+
+		if ( elem || elem === 0 ) {
+
+			// Add nodes directly
+			if ( jQuery.type( elem ) === "object" ) {
+
+				// Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only
+				// push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit
+				jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem );
+
+			// Convert non-html into a text node
+			} else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) {
+				nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) );
+
+			// Convert html into DOM nodes
+			} else {
+				tmp = tmp || fragment.appendChild( context.createElement( "div" ) );
+
+				// Deserialize a standard representation
+				tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase();
+				wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default;
+				tmp.innerHTML = wrap[ 1 ] + jQuery.htmlPrefilter( elem ) + wrap[ 2 ];
+
+				// Descend through wrappers to the right content
+				j = wrap[ 0 ];
+				while ( j-- ) {
+					tmp = tmp.lastChild;
+				}
+
+				// Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only
+				// push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit
+				jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes );
+
+				// Remember the top-level container
+				tmp = fragment.firstChild;
+
+				// Ensure the created nodes are orphaned (#12392)
+				tmp.textContent = "";
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Remove wrapper from fragment
+	fragment.textContent = "";
+
+	i = 0;
+	while ( ( elem = nodes[ i++ ] ) ) {
+
+		// Skip elements already in the context collection (trac-4087)
+		if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) > -1 ) {
+			if ( ignored ) {
+				ignored.push( elem );
+			}
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		contains = jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem );
+
+		// Append to fragment
+		tmp = getAll( fragment.appendChild( elem ), "script" );
+
+		// Preserve script evaluation history
+		if ( contains ) {
+			setGlobalEval( tmp );
+		}
+
+		// Capture executables
+		if ( scripts ) {
+			j = 0;
+			while ( ( elem = tmp[ j++ ] ) ) {
+				if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) {
+					scripts.push( elem );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return fragment;
+}
+
+
+( function() {
+	var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(),
+		div = fragment.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ),
+		input = document.createElement( "input" );
+
+	// Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only
+	// Check state lost if the name is set (#11217)
+	// Support: Windows Web Apps (WWA)
+	// `name` and `type` must use .setAttribute for WWA (#14901)
+	input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" );
+	input.setAttribute( "checked", "checked" );
+	input.setAttribute( "name", "t" );
+
+	div.appendChild( input );
+
+	// Support: Android <=4.1 only
+	// Older WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments
+	support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked;
+
+	// Support: IE <=11 only
+	// Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned
+	div.innerHTML = "<textarea>x</textarea>";
+	support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue;
+} )();
+var documentElement = document.documentElement;
+
+
+
+var
+	rkeyEvent = /^key/,
+	rmouseEvent = /^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu|drag|drop)|click/,
+	rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/;
+
+function returnTrue() {
+	return true;
+}
+
+function returnFalse() {
+	return false;
+}
+
+// Support: IE <=9 only
+// See #13393 for more info
+function safeActiveElement() {
+	try {
+		return document.activeElement;
+	} catch ( err ) { }
+}
+
+function on( elem, types, selector, data, fn, one ) {
+	var origFn, type;
+
+	// Types can be a map of types/handlers
+	if ( typeof types === "object" ) {
+
+		// ( types-Object, selector, data )
+		if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) {
+
+			// ( types-Object, data )
+			data = data || selector;
+			selector = undefined;
+		}
+		for ( type in types ) {
+			on( elem, type, selector, data, types[ type ], one );
+		}
+		return elem;
+	}
+
+	if ( data == null && fn == null ) {
+
+		// ( types, fn )
+		fn = selector;
+		data = selector = undefined;
+	} else if ( fn == null ) {
+		if ( typeof selector === "string" ) {
+
+			// ( types, selector, fn )
+			fn = data;
+			data = undefined;
+		} else {
+
+			// ( types, data, fn )
+			fn = data;
+			data = selector;
+			selector = undefined;
+		}
+	}
+	if ( fn === false ) {
+		fn = returnFalse;
+	} else if ( !fn ) {
+		return elem;
+	}
+
+	if ( one === 1 ) {
+		origFn = fn;
+		fn = function( event ) {
+
+			// Can use an empty set, since event contains the info
+			jQuery().off( event );
+			return origFn.apply( this, arguments );
+		};
+
+		// Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn
+		fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ );
+	}
+	return elem.each( function() {
+		jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector );
+	} );
+}
+
+/*
+ * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface.
+ * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas.
+ */
+jQuery.event = {
+
+	global: {},
+
+	add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) {
+
+		var handleObjIn, eventHandle, tmp,
+			events, t, handleObj,
+			special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType,
+			elemData = dataPriv.get( elem );
+
+		// Don't attach events to noData or text/comment nodes (but allow plain objects)
+		if ( !elemData ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler
+		if ( handler.handler ) {
+			handleObjIn = handler;
+			handler = handleObjIn.handler;
+			selector = handleObjIn.selector;
+		}
+
+		// Ensure that invalid selectors throw exceptions at attach time
+		// Evaluate against documentElement in case elem is a non-element node (e.g., document)
+		if ( selector ) {
+			jQuery.find.matchesSelector( documentElement, selector );
+		}
+
+		// Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later
+		if ( !handler.guid ) {
+			handler.guid = jQuery.guid++;
+		}
+
+		// Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first
+		if ( !( events = elemData.events ) ) {
+			events = elemData.events = {};
+		}
+		if ( !( eventHandle = elemData.handle ) ) {
+			eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) {
+
+				// Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and
+				// when an event is called after a page has unloaded
+				return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type ?
+					jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( elem, arguments ) : undefined;
+			};
+		}
+
+		// Handle multiple events separated by a space
+		types = ( types || "" ).match( rnotwhite ) || [ "" ];
+		t = types.length;
+		while ( t-- ) {
+			tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || [];
+			type = origType = tmp[ 1 ];
+			namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort();
+
+			// There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers
+			if ( !type ) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+
+			// If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type
+			type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type;
+
+			// Update special based on newly reset type
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+
+			// handleObj is passed to all event handlers
+			handleObj = jQuery.extend( {
+				type: type,
+				origType: origType,
+				data: data,
+				handler: handler,
+				guid: handler.guid,
+				selector: selector,
+				needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ),
+				namespace: namespaces.join( "." )
+			}, handleObjIn );
+
+			// Init the event handler queue if we're the first
+			if ( !( handlers = events[ type ] ) ) {
+				handlers = events[ type ] = [];
+				handlers.delegateCount = 0;
+
+				// Only use addEventListener if the special events handler returns false
+				if ( !special.setup ||
+					special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) {
+
+					if ( elem.addEventListener ) {
+						elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if ( special.add ) {
+				special.add.call( elem, handleObj );
+
+				if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) {
+					handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front
+			if ( selector ) {
+				handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj );
+			} else {
+				handlers.push( handleObj );
+			}
+
+			// Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization
+			jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true;
+		}
+
+	},
+
+	// Detach an event or set of events from an element
+	remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) {
+
+		var j, origCount, tmp,
+			events, t, handleObj,
+			special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType,
+			elemData = dataPriv.hasData( elem ) && dataPriv.get( elem );
+
+		if ( !elemData || !( events = elemData.events ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted
+		types = ( types || "" ).match( rnotwhite ) || [ "" ];
+		t = types.length;
+		while ( t-- ) {
+			tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || [];
+			type = origType = tmp[ 1 ];
+			namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort();
+
+			// Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element
+			if ( !type ) {
+				for ( type in events ) {
+					jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true );
+				}
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+			type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type;
+			handlers = events[ type ] || [];
+			tmp = tmp[ 2 ] &&
+				new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" );
+
+			// Remove matching events
+			origCount = j = handlers.length;
+			while ( j-- ) {
+				handleObj = handlers[ j ];
+
+				if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) &&
+					( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) &&
+					( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) &&
+					( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector ||
+						selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) {
+					handlers.splice( j, 1 );
+
+					if ( handleObj.selector ) {
+						handlers.delegateCount--;
+					}
+					if ( special.remove ) {
+						special.remove.call( elem, handleObj );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist
+			// (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers)
+			if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) {
+				if ( !special.teardown ||
+					special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) {
+
+					jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle );
+				}
+
+				delete events[ type ];
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Remove data and the expando if it's no longer used
+		if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) {
+			dataPriv.remove( elem, "handle events" );
+		}
+	},
+
+	dispatch: function( nativeEvent ) {
+
+		// Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object
+		var event = jQuery.event.fix( nativeEvent );
+
+		var i, j, ret, matched, handleObj, handlerQueue,
+			args = new Array( arguments.length ),
+			handlers = ( dataPriv.get( this, "events" ) || {} )[ event.type ] || [],
+			special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {};
+
+		// Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event
+		args[ 0 ] = event;
+
+		for ( i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++ ) {
+			args[ i ] = arguments[ i ];
+		}
+
+		event.delegateTarget = this;
+
+		// Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired
+		if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Determine handlers
+		handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers );
+
+		// Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us
+		i = 0;
+		while ( ( matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) {
+			event.currentTarget = matched.elem;
+
+			j = 0;
+			while ( ( handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ] ) &&
+				!event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) {
+
+				// Triggered event must either 1) have no namespace, or 2) have namespace(s)
+				// a subset or equal to those in the bound event (both can have no namespace).
+				if ( !event.rnamespace || event.rnamespace.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) {
+
+					event.handleObj = handleObj;
+					event.data = handleObj.data;
+
+					ret = ( ( jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {} ).handle ||
+						handleObj.handler ).apply( matched.elem, args );
+
+					if ( ret !== undefined ) {
+						if ( ( event.result = ret ) === false ) {
+							event.preventDefault();
+							event.stopPropagation();
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type
+		if ( special.postDispatch ) {
+			special.postDispatch.call( this, event );
+		}
+
+		return event.result;
+	},
+
+	handlers: function( event, handlers ) {
+		var i, matches, sel, handleObj,
+			handlerQueue = [],
+			delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount,
+			cur = event.target;
+
+		// Support: IE <=9
+		// Find delegate handlers
+		// Black-hole SVG <use> instance trees (#13180)
+		//
+		// Support: Firefox <=42
+		// Avoid non-left-click in FF but don't block IE radio events (#3861, gh-2343)
+		if ( delegateCount && cur.nodeType &&
+			( event.type !== "click" || isNaN( event.button ) || event.button < 1 ) ) {
+
+			for ( ; cur !== this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) {
+
+				// Don't check non-elements (#13208)
+				// Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764)
+				if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && ( cur.disabled !== true || event.type !== "click" ) ) {
+					matches = [];
+					for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) {
+						handleObj = handlers[ i ];
+
+						// Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203)
+						sel = handleObj.selector + " ";
+
+						if ( matches[ sel ] === undefined ) {
+							matches[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ?
+								jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) > -1 :
+								jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length;
+						}
+						if ( matches[ sel ] ) {
+							matches.push( handleObj );
+						}
+					}
+					if ( matches.length ) {
+						handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: matches } );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers
+		if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) {
+			handlerQueue.push( { elem: this, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) } );
+		}
+
+		return handlerQueue;
+	},
+
+	addProp: function( name, hook ) {
+		Object.defineProperty( jQuery.Event.prototype, name, {
+			enumerable: true,
+			configurable: true,
+
+			get: jQuery.isFunction( hook ) ?
+				function() {
+					if ( this.originalEvent ) {
+							return hook( this.originalEvent );
+					}
+				} :
+				function() {
+					if ( this.originalEvent ) {
+							return this.originalEvent[ name ];
+					}
+				},
+
+			set: function( value ) {
+				Object.defineProperty( this, name, {
+					enumerable: true,
+					configurable: true,
+					writable: true,
+					value: value
+				} );
+			}
+		} );
+	},
+
+	fix: function( originalEvent ) {
+		return originalEvent[ jQuery.expando ] ?
+			originalEvent :
+			new jQuery.Event( originalEvent );
+	},
+
+	special: {
+		load: {
+
+			// Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load
+			noBubble: true
+		},
+		focus: {
+
+			// Fire native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct
+			trigger: function() {
+				if ( this !== safeActiveElement() && this.focus ) {
+					this.focus();
+					return false;
+				}
+			},
+			delegateType: "focusin"
+		},
+		blur: {
+			trigger: function() {
+				if ( this === safeActiveElement() && this.blur ) {
+					this.blur();
+					return false;
+				}
+			},
+			delegateType: "focusout"
+		},
+		click: {
+
+			// For checkbox, fire native event so checked state will be right
+			trigger: function() {
+				if ( this.type === "checkbox" && this.click && jQuery.nodeName( this, "input" ) ) {
+					this.click();
+					return false;
+				}
+			},
+
+			// For cross-browser consistency, don't fire native .click() on links
+			_default: function( event ) {
+				return jQuery.nodeName( event.target, "a" );
+			}
+		},
+
+		beforeunload: {
+			postDispatch: function( event ) {
+
+				// Support: Firefox 20+
+				// Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set.
+				if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) {
+					event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.removeEvent = function( elem, type, handle ) {
+
+	// This "if" is needed for plain objects
+	if ( elem.removeEventListener ) {
+		elem.removeEventListener( type, handle );
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) {
+
+	// Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword
+	if ( !( this instanceof jQuery.Event ) ) {
+		return new jQuery.Event( src, props );
+	}
+
+	// Event object
+	if ( src && src.type ) {
+		this.originalEvent = src;
+		this.type = src.type;
+
+		// Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented
+		// by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value.
+		this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented ||
+				src.defaultPrevented === undefined &&
+
+				// Support: Android <=2.3 only
+				src.returnValue === false ?
+			returnTrue :
+			returnFalse;
+
+		// Create target properties
+		// Support: Safari <=6 - 7 only
+		// Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143)
+		this.target = ( src.target && src.target.nodeType === 3 ) ?
+			src.target.parentNode :
+			src.target;
+
+		this.currentTarget = src.currentTarget;
+		this.relatedTarget = src.relatedTarget;
+
+	// Event type
+	} else {
+		this.type = src;
+	}
+
+	// Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object
+	if ( props ) {
+		jQuery.extend( this, props );
+	}
+
+	// Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one
+	this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || jQuery.now();
+
+	// Mark it as fixed
+	this[ jQuery.expando ] = true;
+};
+
+// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding
+// https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html
+jQuery.Event.prototype = {
+	constructor: jQuery.Event,
+	isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse,
+	isPropagationStopped: returnFalse,
+	isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse,
+	isSimulated: false,
+
+	preventDefault: function() {
+		var e = this.originalEvent;
+
+		this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue;
+
+		if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) {
+			e.preventDefault();
+		}
+	},
+	stopPropagation: function() {
+		var e = this.originalEvent;
+
+		this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue;
+
+		if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) {
+			e.stopPropagation();
+		}
+	},
+	stopImmediatePropagation: function() {
+		var e = this.originalEvent;
+
+		this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue;
+
+		if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) {
+			e.stopImmediatePropagation();
+		}
+
+		this.stopPropagation();
+	}
+};
+
+// Includes all common event props including KeyEvent and MouseEvent specific props
+jQuery.each( {
+	altKey: true,
+	bubbles: true,
+	cancelable: true,
+	changedTouches: true,
+	ctrlKey: true,
+	detail: true,
+	eventPhase: true,
+	metaKey: true,
+	pageX: true,
+	pageY: true,
+	shiftKey: true,
+	view: true,
+	"char": true,
+	charCode: true,
+	key: true,
+	keyCode: true,
+	button: true,
+	buttons: true,
+	clientX: true,
+	clientY: true,
+	offsetX: true,
+	offsetY: true,
+	pointerId: true,
+	pointerType: true,
+	screenX: true,
+	screenY: true,
+	targetTouches: true,
+	toElement: true,
+	touches: true,
+
+	which: function( event ) {
+		var button = event.button;
+
+		// Add which for key events
+		if ( event.which == null && rkeyEvent.test( event.type ) ) {
+			return event.charCode != null ? event.charCode : event.keyCode;
+		}
+
+		// Add which for click: 1 === left; 2 === middle; 3 === right
+		if ( !event.which && button !== undefined && rmouseEvent.test( event.type ) ) {
+			return ( button & 1 ? 1 : ( button & 2 ? 3 : ( button & 4 ? 2 : 0 ) ) );
+		}
+
+		return event.which;
+	}
+}, jQuery.event.addProp );
+
+// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks
+// so that event delegation works in jQuery.
+// Do the same for pointerenter/pointerleave and pointerover/pointerout
+//
+// Support: Safari 7 only
+// Safari sends mouseenter too often; see:
+// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=470258
+// for the description of the bug (it existed in older Chrome versions as well).
+jQuery.each( {
+	mouseenter: "mouseover",
+	mouseleave: "mouseout",
+	pointerenter: "pointerover",
+	pointerleave: "pointerout"
+}, function( orig, fix ) {
+	jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = {
+		delegateType: fix,
+		bindType: fix,
+
+		handle: function( event ) {
+			var ret,
+				target = this,
+				related = event.relatedTarget,
+				handleObj = event.handleObj;
+
+			// For mouseenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target.
+			// NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window
+			if ( !related || ( related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related ) ) ) {
+				event.type = handleObj.origType;
+				ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments );
+				event.type = fix;
+			}
+			return ret;
+		}
+	};
+} );
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+
+	on: function( types, selector, data, fn ) {
+		return on( this, types, selector, data, fn );
+	},
+	one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) {
+		return on( this, types, selector, data, fn, 1 );
+	},
+	off: function( types, selector, fn ) {
+		var handleObj, type;
+		if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) {
+
+			// ( event )  dispatched jQuery.Event
+			handleObj = types.handleObj;
+			jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off(
+				handleObj.namespace ?
+					handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace :
+					handleObj.origType,
+				handleObj.selector,
+				handleObj.handler
+			);
+			return this;
+		}
+		if ( typeof types === "object" ) {
+
+			// ( types-object [, selector] )
+			for ( type in types ) {
+				this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] );
+			}
+			return this;
+		}
+		if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) {
+
+			// ( types [, fn] )
+			fn = selector;
+			selector = undefined;
+		}
+		if ( fn === false ) {
+			fn = returnFalse;
+		}
+		return this.each( function() {
+			jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector );
+		} );
+	}
+} );
+
+
+var
+
+	/* eslint-disable max-len */
+
+	// See https://github.com/eslint/eslint/issues/3229
+	rxhtmlTag = /<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[^>]*)\/>/gi,
+
+	/* eslint-enable */
+
+	// Support: IE <=10 - 11, Edge 12 - 13
+	// In IE/Edge using regex groups here causes severe slowdowns.
+	// See https://connect.microsoft.com/IE/feedback/details/1736512/
+	rnoInnerhtml = /<script|<style|<link/i,
+
+	// checked="checked" or checked
+	rchecked = /checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,
+	rscriptTypeMasked = /^true\/(.*)/,
+	rcleanScript = /^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g;
+
+function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) {
+	if ( jQuery.nodeName( elem, "table" ) &&
+		jQuery.nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ) {
+
+		return elem.getElementsByTagName( "tbody" )[ 0 ] || elem;
+	}
+
+	return elem;
+}
+
+// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation
+function disableScript( elem ) {
+	elem.type = ( elem.getAttribute( "type" ) !== null ) + "/" + elem.type;
+	return elem;
+}
+function restoreScript( elem ) {
+	var match = rscriptTypeMasked.exec( elem.type );
+
+	if ( match ) {
+		elem.type = match[ 1 ];
+	} else {
+		elem.removeAttribute( "type" );
+	}
+
+	return elem;
+}
+
+function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) {
+	var i, l, type, pdataOld, pdataCur, udataOld, udataCur, events;
+
+	if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// 1. Copy private data: events, handlers, etc.
+	if ( dataPriv.hasData( src ) ) {
+		pdataOld = dataPriv.access( src );
+		pdataCur = dataPriv.set( dest, pdataOld );
+		events = pdataOld.events;
+
+		if ( events ) {
+			delete pdataCur.handle;
+			pdataCur.events = {};
+
+			for ( type in events ) {
+				for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) {
+					jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 2. Copy user data
+	if ( dataUser.hasData( src ) ) {
+		udataOld = dataUser.access( src );
+		udataCur = jQuery.extend( {}, udataOld );
+
+		dataUser.set( dest, udataCur );
+	}
+}
+
+// Fix IE bugs, see support tests
+function fixInput( src, dest ) {
+	var nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+
+	// Fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox or radio button.
+	if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) {
+		dest.checked = src.checked;
+
+	// Fails to return the selected option to the default selected state when cloning options
+	} else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) {
+		dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue;
+	}
+}
+
+function domManip( collection, args, callback, ignored ) {
+
+	// Flatten any nested arrays
+	args = concat.apply( [], args );
+
+	var fragment, first, scripts, hasScripts, node, doc,
+		i = 0,
+		l = collection.length,
+		iNoClone = l - 1,
+		value = args[ 0 ],
+		isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( value );
+
+	// We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit
+	if ( isFunction ||
+			( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" &&
+				!support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) {
+		return collection.each( function( index ) {
+			var self = collection.eq( index );
+			if ( isFunction ) {
+				args[ 0 ] = value.call( this, index, self.html() );
+			}
+			domManip( self, args, callback, ignored );
+		} );
+	}
+
+	if ( l ) {
+		fragment = buildFragment( args, collection[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, collection, ignored );
+		first = fragment.firstChild;
+
+		if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) {
+			fragment = first;
+		}
+
+		// Require either new content or an interest in ignored elements to invoke the callback
+		if ( first || ignored ) {
+			scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript );
+			hasScripts = scripts.length;
+
+			// Use the original fragment for the last item
+			// instead of the first because it can end up
+			// being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070).
+			for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+				node = fragment;
+
+				if ( i !== iNoClone ) {
+					node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true );
+
+					// Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration
+					if ( hasScripts ) {
+
+						// Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only
+						// push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit
+						jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) );
+					}
+				}
+
+				callback.call( collection[ i ], node, i );
+			}
+
+			if ( hasScripts ) {
+				doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument;
+
+				// Reenable scripts
+				jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript );
+
+				// Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion
+				for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) {
+					node = scripts[ i ];
+					if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) &&
+						!dataPriv.access( node, "globalEval" ) &&
+						jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) {
+
+						if ( node.src ) {
+
+							// Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present
+							if ( jQuery._evalUrl ) {
+								jQuery._evalUrl( node.src );
+							}
+						} else {
+							DOMEval( node.textContent.replace( rcleanScript, "" ), doc );
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return collection;
+}
+
+function remove( elem, selector, keepData ) {
+	var node,
+		nodes = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, elem ) : elem,
+		i = 0;
+
+	for ( ; ( node = nodes[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) {
+		if ( !keepData && node.nodeType === 1 ) {
+			jQuery.cleanData( getAll( node ) );
+		}
+
+		if ( node.parentNode ) {
+			if ( keepData && jQuery.contains( node.ownerDocument, node ) ) {
+				setGlobalEval( getAll( node, "script" ) );
+			}
+			node.parentNode.removeChild( node );
+		}
+	}
+
+	return elem;
+}
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+	htmlPrefilter: function( html ) {
+		return html.replace( rxhtmlTag, "<$1></$2>" );
+	},
+
+	clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) {
+		var i, l, srcElements, destElements,
+			clone = elem.cloneNode( true ),
+			inPage = jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem );
+
+		// Fix IE cloning issues
+		if ( !support.noCloneChecked && ( elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11 ) &&
+				!jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) {
+
+			// We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: https://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2
+			destElements = getAll( clone );
+			srcElements = getAll( elem );
+
+			for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) {
+				fixInput( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Copy the events from the original to the clone
+		if ( dataAndEvents ) {
+			if ( deepDataAndEvents ) {
+				srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem );
+				destElements = destElements || getAll( clone );
+
+				for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) {
+					cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] );
+				}
+			} else {
+				cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Preserve script evaluation history
+		destElements = getAll( clone, "script" );
+		if ( destElements.length > 0 ) {
+			setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) );
+		}
+
+		// Return the cloned set
+		return clone;
+	},
+
+	cleanData: function( elems ) {
+		var data, elem, type,
+			special = jQuery.event.special,
+			i = 0;
+
+		for ( ; ( elem = elems[ i ] ) !== undefined; i++ ) {
+			if ( acceptData( elem ) ) {
+				if ( ( data = elem[ dataPriv.expando ] ) ) {
+					if ( data.events ) {
+						for ( type in data.events ) {
+							if ( special[ type ] ) {
+								jQuery.event.remove( elem, type );
+
+							// This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead
+							} else {
+								jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle );
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+
+					// Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove
+					elem[ dataPriv.expando ] = undefined;
+				}
+				if ( elem[ dataUser.expando ] ) {
+
+					// Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+
+					// Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove
+					elem[ dataUser.expando ] = undefined;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	detach: function( selector ) {
+		return remove( this, selector, true );
+	},
+
+	remove: function( selector ) {
+		return remove( this, selector );
+	},
+
+	text: function( value ) {
+		return access( this, function( value ) {
+			return value === undefined ?
+				jQuery.text( this ) :
+				this.empty().each( function() {
+					if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) {
+						this.textContent = value;
+					}
+				} );
+		}, null, value, arguments.length );
+	},
+
+	append: function() {
+		return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) {
+				var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem );
+				target.appendChild( elem );
+			}
+		} );
+	},
+
+	prepend: function() {
+		return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) {
+				var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem );
+				target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild );
+			}
+		} );
+	},
+
+	before: function() {
+		return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.parentNode ) {
+				this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this );
+			}
+		} );
+	},
+
+	after: function() {
+		return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) {
+			if ( this.parentNode ) {
+				this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling );
+			}
+		} );
+	},
+
+	empty: function() {
+		var elem,
+			i = 0;
+
+		for ( ; ( elem = this[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) {
+			if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+
+				// Prevent memory leaks
+				jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) );
+
+				// Remove any remaining nodes
+				elem.textContent = "";
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) {
+		dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents;
+		deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents;
+
+		return this.map( function() {
+			return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents );
+		} );
+	},
+
+	html: function( value ) {
+		return access( this, function( value ) {
+			var elem = this[ 0 ] || {},
+				i = 0,
+				l = this.length;
+
+			if ( value === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+				return elem.innerHTML;
+			}
+
+			// See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML
+			if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) &&
+				!wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) {
+
+				value = jQuery.htmlPrefilter( value );
+
+				try {
+					for ( ; i < l; i++ ) {
+						elem = this[ i ] || {};
+
+						// Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks
+						if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+							jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) );
+							elem.innerHTML = value;
+						}
+					}
+
+					elem = 0;
+
+				// If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method
+				} catch ( e ) {}
+			}
+
+			if ( elem ) {
+				this.empty().append( value );
+			}
+		}, null, value, arguments.length );
+	},
+
+	replaceWith: function() {
+		var ignored = [];
+
+		// Make the changes, replacing each non-ignored context element with the new content
+		return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) {
+			var parent = this.parentNode;
+
+			if ( jQuery.inArray( this, ignored ) < 0 ) {
+				jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) );
+				if ( parent ) {
+					parent.replaceChild( elem, this );
+				}
+			}
+
+		// Force callback invocation
+		}, ignored );
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.each( {
+	appendTo: "append",
+	prependTo: "prepend",
+	insertBefore: "before",
+	insertAfter: "after",
+	replaceAll: "replaceWith"
+}, function( name, original ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) {
+		var elems,
+			ret = [],
+			insert = jQuery( selector ),
+			last = insert.length - 1,
+			i = 0;
+
+		for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) {
+			elems = i === last ? this : this.clone( true );
+			jQuery( insert[ i ] )[ original ]( elems );
+
+			// Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only
+			// .get() because push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit
+			push.apply( ret, elems.get() );
+		}
+
+		return this.pushStack( ret );
+	};
+} );
+var rmargin = ( /^margin/ );
+
+var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" );
+
+var getStyles = function( elem ) {
+
+		// Support: IE <=11 only, Firefox <=30 (#15098, #14150)
+		// IE throws on elements created in popups
+		// FF meanwhile throws on frame elements through "defaultView.getComputedStyle"
+		var view = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView;
+
+		if ( !view || !view.opener ) {
+			view = window;
+		}
+
+		return view.getComputedStyle( elem );
+	};
+
+
+
+( function() {
+
+	// Executing both pixelPosition & boxSizingReliable tests require only one layout
+	// so they're executed at the same time to save the second computation.
+	function computeStyleTests() {
+
+		// This is a singleton, we need to execute it only once
+		if ( !div ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		div.style.cssText =
+			"box-sizing:border-box;" +
+			"position:relative;display:block;" +
+			"margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;" +
+			"top:1%;width:50%";
+		div.innerHTML = "";
+		documentElement.appendChild( container );
+
+		var divStyle = window.getComputedStyle( div );
+		pixelPositionVal = divStyle.top !== "1%";
+
+		// Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Firefox <=3 - 44
+		reliableMarginLeftVal = divStyle.marginLeft === "2px";
+		boxSizingReliableVal = divStyle.width === "4px";
+
+		// Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only
+		// Some styles come back with percentage values, even though they shouldn't
+		div.style.marginRight = "50%";
+		pixelMarginRightVal = divStyle.marginRight === "4px";
+
+		documentElement.removeChild( container );
+
+		// Nullify the div so it wouldn't be stored in the memory and
+		// it will also be a sign that checks already performed
+		div = null;
+	}
+
+	var pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal, pixelMarginRightVal, reliableMarginLeftVal,
+		container = document.createElement( "div" ),
+		div = document.createElement( "div" );
+
+	// Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments
+	if ( !div.style ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// Support: IE <=9 - 11 only
+	// Style of cloned element affects source element cloned (#8908)
+	div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box";
+	div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = "";
+	support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box";
+
+	container.style.cssText = "border:0;width:8px;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px;" +
+		"padding:0;margin-top:1px;position:absolute";
+	container.appendChild( div );
+
+	jQuery.extend( support, {
+		pixelPosition: function() {
+			computeStyleTests();
+			return pixelPositionVal;
+		},
+		boxSizingReliable: function() {
+			computeStyleTests();
+			return boxSizingReliableVal;
+		},
+		pixelMarginRight: function() {
+			computeStyleTests();
+			return pixelMarginRightVal;
+		},
+		reliableMarginLeft: function() {
+			computeStyleTests();
+			return reliableMarginLeftVal;
+		}
+	} );
+} )();
+
+
+function curCSS( elem, name, computed ) {
+	var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret,
+		style = elem.style;
+
+	computed = computed || getStyles( elem );
+
+	// Support: IE <=9 only
+	// getPropertyValue is only needed for .css('filter') (#12537)
+	if ( computed ) {
+		ret = computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ];
+
+		if ( ret === "" && !jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) ) {
+			ret = jQuery.style( elem, name );
+		}
+
+		// A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards"
+		// Android Browser returns percentage for some values,
+		// but width seems to be reliably pixels.
+		// This is against the CSSOM draft spec:
+		// https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-values
+		if ( !support.pixelMarginRight() && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rmargin.test( name ) ) {
+
+			// Remember the original values
+			width = style.width;
+			minWidth = style.minWidth;
+			maxWidth = style.maxWidth;
+
+			// Put in the new values to get a computed value out
+			style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret;
+			ret = computed.width;
+
+			// Revert the changed values
+			style.width = width;
+			style.minWidth = minWidth;
+			style.maxWidth = maxWidth;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ret !== undefined ?
+
+		// Support: IE <=9 - 11 only
+		// IE returns zIndex value as an integer.
+		ret + "" :
+		ret;
+}
+
+
+function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) {
+
+	// Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed.
+	return {
+		get: function() {
+			if ( conditionFn() ) {
+
+				// Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due
+				// to missing dependency), remove it.
+				delete this.get;
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again.
+			return ( this.get = hookFn ).apply( this, arguments );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+
+var
+
+	// Swappable if display is none or starts with table
+	// except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption"
+	// See here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display
+	rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,
+	cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" },
+	cssNormalTransform = {
+		letterSpacing: "0",
+		fontWeight: "400"
+	},
+
+	cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms" ],
+	emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style;
+
+// Return a css property mapped to a potentially vendor prefixed property
+function vendorPropName( name ) {
+
+	// Shortcut for names that are not vendor prefixed
+	if ( name in emptyStyle ) {
+		return name;
+	}
+
+	// Check for vendor prefixed names
+	var capName = name[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 ),
+		i = cssPrefixes.length;
+
+	while ( i-- ) {
+		name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName;
+		if ( name in emptyStyle ) {
+			return name;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ) {
+
+	// Any relative (+/-) values have already been
+	// normalized at this point
+	var matches = rcssNum.exec( value );
+	return matches ?
+
+		// Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks
+		Math.max( 0, matches[ 2 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) :
+		value;
+}
+
+function augmentWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra, isBorderBox, styles ) {
+	var i = extra === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ?
+
+		// If we already have the right measurement, avoid augmentation
+		4 :
+
+		// Otherwise initialize for horizontal or vertical properties
+		name === "width" ? 1 : 0,
+
+		val = 0;
+
+	for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) {
+
+		// Both box models exclude margin, so add it if we want it
+		if ( extra === "margin" ) {
+			val += jQuery.css( elem, extra + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles );
+		}
+
+		if ( isBorderBox ) {
+
+			// border-box includes padding, so remove it if we want content
+			if ( extra === "content" ) {
+				val -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles );
+			}
+
+			// At this point, extra isn't border nor margin, so remove border
+			if ( extra !== "margin" ) {
+				val -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles );
+			}
+		} else {
+
+			// At this point, extra isn't content, so add padding
+			val += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles );
+
+			// At this point, extra isn't content nor padding, so add border
+			if ( extra !== "padding" ) {
+				val += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return val;
+}
+
+function getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra ) {
+
+	// Start with offset property, which is equivalent to the border-box value
+	var val,
+		valueIsBorderBox = true,
+		styles = getStyles( elem ),
+		isBorderBox = jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box";
+
+	// Support: IE <=11 only
+	// Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node
+	// in IE throws an error.
+	if ( elem.getClientRects().length ) {
+		val = elem.getBoundingClientRect()[ name ];
+	}
+
+	// Some non-html elements return undefined for offsetWidth, so check for null/undefined
+	// svg - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=649285
+	// MathML - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=491668
+	if ( val <= 0 || val == null ) {
+
+		// Fall back to computed then uncomputed css if necessary
+		val = curCSS( elem, name, styles );
+		if ( val < 0 || val == null ) {
+			val = elem.style[ name ];
+		}
+
+		// Computed unit is not pixels. Stop here and return.
+		if ( rnumnonpx.test( val ) ) {
+			return val;
+		}
+
+		// Check for style in case a browser which returns unreliable values
+		// for getComputedStyle silently falls back to the reliable elem.style
+		valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox &&
+			( support.boxSizingReliable() || val === elem.style[ name ] );
+
+		// Normalize "", auto, and prepare for extra
+		val = parseFloat( val ) || 0;
+	}
+
+	// Use the active box-sizing model to add/subtract irrelevant styles
+	return ( val +
+		augmentWidthOrHeight(
+			elem,
+			name,
+			extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ),
+			valueIsBorderBox,
+			styles
+		)
+	) + "px";
+}
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+
+	// Add in style property hooks for overriding the default
+	// behavior of getting and setting a style property
+	cssHooks: {
+		opacity: {
+			get: function( elem, computed ) {
+				if ( computed ) {
+
+					// We should always get a number back from opacity
+					var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" );
+					return ret === "" ? "1" : ret;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties
+	cssNumber: {
+		"animationIterationCount": true,
+		"columnCount": true,
+		"fillOpacity": true,
+		"flexGrow": true,
+		"flexShrink": true,
+		"fontWeight": true,
+		"lineHeight": true,
+		"opacity": true,
+		"order": true,
+		"orphans": true,
+		"widows": true,
+		"zIndex": true,
+		"zoom": true
+	},
+
+	// Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before
+	// setting or getting the value
+	cssProps: {
+		"float": "cssFloat"
+	},
+
+	// Get and set the style property on a DOM Node
+	style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) {
+
+		// Don't set styles on text and comment nodes
+		if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Make sure that we're working with the right name
+		var ret, type, hooks,
+			origName = jQuery.camelCase( name ),
+			style = elem.style;
+
+		name = jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] ||
+			( jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] = vendorPropName( origName ) || origName );
+
+		// Gets hook for the prefixed version, then unprefixed version
+		hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ];
+
+		// Check if we're setting a value
+		if ( value !== undefined ) {
+			type = typeof value;
+
+			// Convert "+=" or "-=" to relative numbers (#7345)
+			if ( type === "string" && ( ret = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && ret[ 1 ] ) {
+				value = adjustCSS( elem, name, ret );
+
+				// Fixes bug #9237
+				type = "number";
+			}
+
+			// Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set (#7116)
+			if ( value == null || value !== value ) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// If a number was passed in, add the unit (except for certain CSS properties)
+			if ( type === "number" ) {
+				value += ret && ret[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ? "" : "px" );
+			}
+
+			// background-* props affect original clone's values
+			if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf( "background" ) === 0 ) {
+				style[ name ] = "inherit";
+			}
+
+			// If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value
+			if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) ||
+				( value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra ) ) !== undefined ) {
+
+				style[ name ] = value;
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			// If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there
+			if ( hooks && "get" in hooks &&
+				( ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra ) ) !== undefined ) {
+
+				return ret;
+			}
+
+			// Otherwise just get the value from the style object
+			return style[ name ];
+		}
+	},
+
+	css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) {
+		var val, num, hooks,
+			origName = jQuery.camelCase( name );
+
+		// Make sure that we're working with the right name
+		name = jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] ||
+			( jQuery.cssProps[ origName ] = vendorPropName( origName ) || origName );
+
+		// Try prefixed name followed by the unprefixed name
+		hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ];
+
+		// If a hook was provided get the computed value from there
+		if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) {
+			val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra );
+		}
+
+		// Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that
+		if ( val === undefined ) {
+			val = curCSS( elem, name, styles );
+		}
+
+		// Convert "normal" to computed value
+		if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) {
+			val = cssNormalTransform[ name ];
+		}
+
+		// Make numeric if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric
+		if ( extra === "" || extra ) {
+			num = parseFloat( val );
+			return extra === true || isFinite( num ) ? num || 0 : val;
+		}
+		return val;
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function( i, name ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] = {
+		get: function( elem, computed, extra ) {
+			if ( computed ) {
+
+				// Certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them
+				// but it must have a current display style that would benefit
+				return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) &&
+
+					// Support: Safari 8+
+					// Table columns in Safari have non-zero offsetWidth & zero
+					// getBoundingClientRect().width unless display is changed.
+					// Support: IE <=11 only
+					// Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node
+					// in IE throws an error.
+					( !elem.getClientRects().length || !elem.getBoundingClientRect().width ) ?
+						swap( elem, cssShow, function() {
+							return getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra );
+						} ) :
+						getWidthOrHeight( elem, name, extra );
+			}
+		},
+
+		set: function( elem, value, extra ) {
+			var matches,
+				styles = extra && getStyles( elem ),
+				subtract = extra && augmentWidthOrHeight(
+					elem,
+					name,
+					extra,
+					jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box",
+					styles
+				);
+
+			// Convert to pixels if value adjustment is needed
+			if ( subtract && ( matches = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) &&
+				( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) !== "px" ) {
+
+				elem.style[ name ] = value;
+				value = jQuery.css( elem, name );
+			}
+
+			return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract );
+		}
+	};
+} );
+
+jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginLeft,
+	function( elem, computed ) {
+		if ( computed ) {
+			return ( parseFloat( curCSS( elem, "marginLeft" ) ) ||
+				elem.getBoundingClientRect().left -
+					swap( elem, { marginLeft: 0 }, function() {
+						return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left;
+					} )
+				) + "px";
+		}
+	}
+);
+
+// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties
+jQuery.each( {
+	margin: "",
+	padding: "",
+	border: "Width"
+}, function( prefix, suffix ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = {
+		expand: function( value ) {
+			var i = 0,
+				expanded = {},
+
+				// Assumes a single number if not a string
+				parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split( " " ) : [ value ];
+
+			for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) {
+				expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] =
+					parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ];
+			}
+
+			return expanded;
+		}
+	};
+
+	if ( !rmargin.test( prefix ) ) {
+		jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber;
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	css: function( name, value ) {
+		return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) {
+			var styles, len,
+				map = {},
+				i = 0;
+
+			if ( jQuery.isArray( name ) ) {
+				styles = getStyles( elem );
+				len = name.length;
+
+				for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
+					map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles );
+				}
+
+				return map;
+			}
+
+			return value !== undefined ?
+				jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) :
+				jQuery.css( elem, name );
+		}, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
+	}
+} );
+
+
+function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) {
+	return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing );
+}
+jQuery.Tween = Tween;
+
+Tween.prototype = {
+	constructor: Tween,
+	init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) {
+		this.elem = elem;
+		this.prop = prop;
+		this.easing = easing || jQuery.easing._default;
+		this.options = options;
+		this.start = this.now = this.cur();
+		this.end = end;
+		this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" );
+	},
+	cur: function() {
+		var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ];
+
+		return hooks && hooks.get ?
+			hooks.get( this ) :
+			Tween.propHooks._default.get( this );
+	},
+	run: function( percent ) {
+		var eased,
+			hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ];
+
+		if ( this.options.duration ) {
+			this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ](
+				percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration
+			);
+		} else {
+			this.pos = eased = percent;
+		}
+		this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start;
+
+		if ( this.options.step ) {
+			this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this );
+		}
+
+		if ( hooks && hooks.set ) {
+			hooks.set( this );
+		} else {
+			Tween.propHooks._default.set( this );
+		}
+		return this;
+	}
+};
+
+Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype;
+
+Tween.propHooks = {
+	_default: {
+		get: function( tween ) {
+			var result;
+
+			// Use a property on the element directly when it is not a DOM element,
+			// or when there is no matching style property that exists.
+			if ( tween.elem.nodeType !== 1 ||
+				tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null && tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null ) {
+				return tween.elem[ tween.prop ];
+			}
+
+			// Passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically
+			// attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails.
+			// Simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float;
+			// complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as-is.
+			result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" );
+
+			// Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0.
+			return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result;
+		},
+		set: function( tween ) {
+
+			// Use step hook for back compat.
+			// Use cssHook if its there.
+			// Use .style if available and use plain properties where available.
+			if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) {
+				jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween );
+			} else if ( tween.elem.nodeType === 1 &&
+				( tween.elem.style[ jQuery.cssProps[ tween.prop ] ] != null ||
+					jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] ) ) {
+				jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit );
+			} else {
+				tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+// Support: IE <=9 only
+// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes
+Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = {
+	set: function( tween ) {
+		if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) {
+			tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now;
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.easing = {
+	linear: function( p ) {
+		return p;
+	},
+	swing: function( p ) {
+		return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2;
+	},
+	_default: "swing"
+};
+
+jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init;
+
+// Back compat <1.8 extension point
+jQuery.fx.step = {};
+
+
+
+
+var
+	fxNow, timerId,
+	rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,
+	rrun = /queueHooks$/;
+
+function raf() {
+	if ( timerId ) {
+		window.requestAnimationFrame( raf );
+		jQuery.fx.tick();
+	}
+}
+
+// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously
+function createFxNow() {
+	window.setTimeout( function() {
+		fxNow = undefined;
+	} );
+	return ( fxNow = jQuery.now() );
+}
+
+// Generate parameters to create a standard animation
+function genFx( type, includeWidth ) {
+	var which,
+		i = 0,
+		attrs = { height: type };
+
+	// If we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values,
+	// otherwise step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right
+	includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0;
+	for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 - includeWidth ) {
+		which = cssExpand[ i ];
+		attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type;
+	}
+
+	if ( includeWidth ) {
+		attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type;
+	}
+
+	return attrs;
+}
+
+function createTween( value, prop, animation ) {
+	var tween,
+		collection = ( Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( Animation.tweeners[ "*" ] ),
+		index = 0,
+		length = collection.length;
+	for ( ; index < length; index++ ) {
+		if ( ( tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value ) ) ) {
+
+			// We're done with this property
+			return tween;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) {
+	var prop, value, toggle, hooks, oldfire, propTween, restoreDisplay, display,
+		isBox = "width" in props || "height" in props,
+		anim = this,
+		orig = {},
+		style = elem.style,
+		hidden = elem.nodeType && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ),
+		dataShow = dataPriv.get( elem, "fxshow" );
+
+	// Queue-skipping animations hijack the fx hooks
+	if ( !opts.queue ) {
+		hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" );
+		if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) {
+			hooks.unqueued = 0;
+			oldfire = hooks.empty.fire;
+			hooks.empty.fire = function() {
+				if ( !hooks.unqueued ) {
+					oldfire();
+				}
+			};
+		}
+		hooks.unqueued++;
+
+		anim.always( function() {
+
+			// Ensure the complete handler is called before this completes
+			anim.always( function() {
+				hooks.unqueued--;
+				if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) {
+					hooks.empty.fire();
+				}
+			} );
+		} );
+	}
+
+	// Detect show/hide animations
+	for ( prop in props ) {
+		value = props[ prop ];
+		if ( rfxtypes.test( value ) ) {
+			delete props[ prop ];
+			toggle = toggle || value === "toggle";
+			if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) {
+
+				// Pretend to be hidden if this is a "show" and
+				// there is still data from a stopped show/hide
+				if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) {
+					hidden = true;
+
+				// Ignore all other no-op show/hide data
+				} else {
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Bail out if this is a no-op like .hide().hide()
+	propTween = !jQuery.isEmptyObject( props );
+	if ( !propTween && jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// Restrict "overflow" and "display" styles during box animations
+	if ( isBox && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+
+		// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 13
+		// Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not infer the shorthand
+		// from identically-valued overflowX and overflowY
+		opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ];
+
+		// Identify a display type, preferring old show/hide data over the CSS cascade
+		restoreDisplay = dataShow && dataShow.display;
+		if ( restoreDisplay == null ) {
+			restoreDisplay = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" );
+		}
+		display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" );
+		if ( display === "none" ) {
+			if ( restoreDisplay ) {
+				display = restoreDisplay;
+			} else {
+
+				// Get nonempty value(s) by temporarily forcing visibility
+				showHide( [ elem ], true );
+				restoreDisplay = elem.style.display || restoreDisplay;
+				display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" );
+				showHide( [ elem ] );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Animate inline elements as inline-block
+		if ( display === "inline" || display === "inline-block" && restoreDisplay != null ) {
+			if ( jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) {
+
+				// Restore the original display value at the end of pure show/hide animations
+				if ( !propTween ) {
+					anim.done( function() {
+						style.display = restoreDisplay;
+					} );
+					if ( restoreDisplay == null ) {
+						display = style.display;
+						restoreDisplay = display === "none" ? "" : display;
+					}
+				}
+				style.display = "inline-block";
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( opts.overflow ) {
+		style.overflow = "hidden";
+		anim.always( function() {
+			style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ];
+			style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ];
+			style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ];
+		} );
+	}
+
+	// Implement show/hide animations
+	propTween = false;
+	for ( prop in orig ) {
+
+		// General show/hide setup for this element animation
+		if ( !propTween ) {
+			if ( dataShow ) {
+				if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) {
+					hidden = dataShow.hidden;
+				}
+			} else {
+				dataShow = dataPriv.access( elem, "fxshow", { display: restoreDisplay } );
+			}
+
+			// Store hidden/visible for toggle so `.stop().toggle()` "reverses"
+			if ( toggle ) {
+				dataShow.hidden = !hidden;
+			}
+
+			// Show elements before animating them
+			if ( hidden ) {
+				showHide( [ elem ], true );
+			}
+
+			/* eslint-disable no-loop-func */
+
+			anim.done( function() {
+
+			/* eslint-enable no-loop-func */
+
+				// The final step of a "hide" animation is actually hiding the element
+				if ( !hidden ) {
+					showHide( [ elem ] );
+				}
+				dataPriv.remove( elem, "fxshow" );
+				for ( prop in orig ) {
+					jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] );
+				}
+			} );
+		}
+
+		// Per-property setup
+		propTween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim );
+		if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) {
+			dataShow[ prop ] = propTween.start;
+			if ( hidden ) {
+				propTween.end = propTween.start;
+				propTween.start = 0;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) {
+	var index, name, easing, value, hooks;
+
+	// camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass
+	for ( index in props ) {
+		name = jQuery.camelCase( index );
+		easing = specialEasing[ name ];
+		value = props[ index ];
+		if ( jQuery.isArray( value ) ) {
+			easing = value[ 1 ];
+			value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ];
+		}
+
+		if ( index !== name ) {
+			props[ name ] = value;
+			delete props[ index ];
+		}
+
+		hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ];
+		if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) {
+			value = hooks.expand( value );
+			delete props[ name ];
+
+			// Not quite $.extend, this won't overwrite existing keys.
+			// Reusing 'index' because we have the correct "name"
+			for ( index in value ) {
+				if ( !( index in props ) ) {
+					props[ index ] = value[ index ];
+					specialEasing[ index ] = easing;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			specialEasing[ name ] = easing;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function Animation( elem, properties, options ) {
+	var result,
+		stopped,
+		index = 0,
+		length = Animation.prefilters.length,
+		deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() {
+
+			// Don't match elem in the :animated selector
+			delete tick.elem;
+		} ),
+		tick = function() {
+			if ( stopped ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(),
+				remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ),
+
+				// Support: Android 2.3 only
+				// Archaic crash bug won't allow us to use `1 - ( 0.5 || 0 )` (#12497)
+				temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0,
+				percent = 1 - temp,
+				index = 0,
+				length = animation.tweens.length;
+
+			for ( ; index < length; index++ ) {
+				animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent );
+			}
+
+			deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ] );
+
+			if ( percent < 1 && length ) {
+				return remaining;
+			} else {
+				deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] );
+				return false;
+			}
+		},
+		animation = deferred.promise( {
+			elem: elem,
+			props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ),
+			opts: jQuery.extend( true, {
+				specialEasing: {},
+				easing: jQuery.easing._default
+			}, options ),
+			originalProperties: properties,
+			originalOptions: options,
+			startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(),
+			duration: options.duration,
+			tweens: [],
+			createTween: function( prop, end ) {
+				var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end,
+						animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing );
+				animation.tweens.push( tween );
+				return tween;
+			},
+			stop: function( gotoEnd ) {
+				var index = 0,
+
+					// If we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens
+					// otherwise we skip this part
+					length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0;
+				if ( stopped ) {
+					return this;
+				}
+				stopped = true;
+				for ( ; index < length; index++ ) {
+					animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 );
+				}
+
+				// Resolve when we played the last frame; otherwise, reject
+				if ( gotoEnd ) {
+					deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] );
+					deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] );
+				} else {
+					deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] );
+				}
+				return this;
+			}
+		} ),
+		props = animation.props;
+
+	propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing );
+
+	for ( ; index < length; index++ ) {
+		result = Animation.prefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts );
+		if ( result ) {
+			if ( jQuery.isFunction( result.stop ) ) {
+				jQuery._queueHooks( animation.elem, animation.opts.queue ).stop =
+					jQuery.proxy( result.stop, result );
+			}
+			return result;
+		}
+	}
+
+	jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation );
+
+	if ( jQuery.isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) {
+		animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation );
+	}
+
+	jQuery.fx.timer(
+		jQuery.extend( tick, {
+			elem: elem,
+			anim: animation,
+			queue: animation.opts.queue
+		} )
+	);
+
+	// attach callbacks from options
+	return animation.progress( animation.opts.progress )
+		.done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete )
+		.fail( animation.opts.fail )
+		.always( animation.opts.always );
+}
+
+jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, {
+
+	tweeners: {
+		"*": [ function( prop, value ) {
+			var tween = this.createTween( prop, value );
+			adjustCSS( tween.elem, prop, rcssNum.exec( value ), tween );
+			return tween;
+		} ]
+	},
+
+	tweener: function( props, callback ) {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( props ) ) {
+			callback = props;
+			props = [ "*" ];
+		} else {
+			props = props.match( rnotwhite );
+		}
+
+		var prop,
+			index = 0,
+			length = props.length;
+
+		for ( ; index < length; index++ ) {
+			prop = props[ index ];
+			Animation.tweeners[ prop ] = Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [];
+			Animation.tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback );
+		}
+	},
+
+	prefilters: [ defaultPrefilter ],
+
+	prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) {
+		if ( prepend ) {
+			Animation.prefilters.unshift( callback );
+		} else {
+			Animation.prefilters.push( callback );
+		}
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) {
+	var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : {
+		complete: fn || !fn && easing ||
+			jQuery.isFunction( speed ) && speed,
+		duration: speed,
+		easing: fn && easing || easing && !jQuery.isFunction( easing ) && easing
+	};
+
+	// Go to the end state if fx are off or if document is hidden
+	if ( jQuery.fx.off || document.hidden ) {
+		opt.duration = 0;
+
+	} else {
+		opt.duration = typeof opt.duration === "number" ?
+			opt.duration : opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ?
+				jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ] : jQuery.fx.speeds._default;
+	}
+
+	// Normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx"
+	if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) {
+		opt.queue = "fx";
+	}
+
+	// Queueing
+	opt.old = opt.complete;
+
+	opt.complete = function() {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( opt.old ) ) {
+			opt.old.call( this );
+		}
+
+		if ( opt.queue ) {
+			jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue );
+		}
+	};
+
+	return opt;
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) {
+
+		// Show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0
+		return this.filter( isHiddenWithinTree ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show()
+
+			// Animate to the value specified
+			.end().animate( { opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback );
+	},
+	animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) {
+		var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ),
+			optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ),
+			doAnimation = function() {
+
+				// Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost
+				var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall );
+
+				// Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately
+				if ( empty || dataPriv.get( this, "finish" ) ) {
+					anim.stop( true );
+				}
+			};
+			doAnimation.finish = doAnimation;
+
+		return empty || optall.queue === false ?
+			this.each( doAnimation ) :
+			this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation );
+	},
+	stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) {
+		var stopQueue = function( hooks ) {
+			var stop = hooks.stop;
+			delete hooks.stop;
+			stop( gotoEnd );
+		};
+
+		if ( typeof type !== "string" ) {
+			gotoEnd = clearQueue;
+			clearQueue = type;
+			type = undefined;
+		}
+		if ( clearQueue && type !== false ) {
+			this.queue( type || "fx", [] );
+		}
+
+		return this.each( function() {
+			var dequeue = true,
+				index = type != null && type + "queueHooks",
+				timers = jQuery.timers,
+				data = dataPriv.get( this );
+
+			if ( index ) {
+				if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) {
+					stopQueue( data[ index ] );
+				}
+			} else {
+				for ( index in data ) {
+					if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) {
+						stopQueue( data[ index ] );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) {
+				if ( timers[ index ].elem === this &&
+					( type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type ) ) {
+
+					timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd );
+					dequeue = false;
+					timers.splice( index, 1 );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced.
+			// Timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which
+			// will dequeue but only if they were gotoEnd.
+			if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) {
+				jQuery.dequeue( this, type );
+			}
+		} );
+	},
+	finish: function( type ) {
+		if ( type !== false ) {
+			type = type || "fx";
+		}
+		return this.each( function() {
+			var index,
+				data = dataPriv.get( this ),
+				queue = data[ type + "queue" ],
+				hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ],
+				timers = jQuery.timers,
+				length = queue ? queue.length : 0;
+
+			// Enable finishing flag on private data
+			data.finish = true;
+
+			// Empty the queue first
+			jQuery.queue( this, type, [] );
+
+			if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) {
+				hooks.stop.call( this, true );
+			}
+
+			// Look for any active animations, and finish them
+			for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) {
+				if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) {
+					timers[ index ].anim.stop( true );
+					timers.splice( index, 1 );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Look for any animations in the old queue and finish them
+			for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) {
+				if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) {
+					queue[ index ].finish.call( this );
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Turn off finishing flag
+			delete data.finish;
+		} );
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.each( [ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( i, name ) {
+	var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ];
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) {
+		return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ?
+			cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) :
+			this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback );
+	};
+} );
+
+// Generate shortcuts for custom animations
+jQuery.each( {
+	slideDown: genFx( "show" ),
+	slideUp: genFx( "hide" ),
+	slideToggle: genFx( "toggle" ),
+	fadeIn: { opacity: "show" },
+	fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" },
+	fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" }
+}, function( name, props ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) {
+		return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback );
+	};
+} );
+
+jQuery.timers = [];
+jQuery.fx.tick = function() {
+	var timer,
+		i = 0,
+		timers = jQuery.timers;
+
+	fxNow = jQuery.now();
+
+	for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) {
+		timer = timers[ i ];
+
+		// Checks the timer has not already been removed
+		if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) {
+			timers.splice( i--, 1 );
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( !timers.length ) {
+		jQuery.fx.stop();
+	}
+	fxNow = undefined;
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) {
+	jQuery.timers.push( timer );
+	if ( timer() ) {
+		jQuery.fx.start();
+	} else {
+		jQuery.timers.pop();
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.interval = 13;
+jQuery.fx.start = function() {
+	if ( !timerId ) {
+		timerId = window.requestAnimationFrame ?
+			window.requestAnimationFrame( raf ) :
+			window.setInterval( jQuery.fx.tick, jQuery.fx.interval );
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.stop = function() {
+	if ( window.cancelAnimationFrame ) {
+		window.cancelAnimationFrame( timerId );
+	} else {
+		window.clearInterval( timerId );
+	}
+
+	timerId = null;
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.speeds = {
+	slow: 600,
+	fast: 200,
+
+	// Default speed
+	_default: 400
+};
+
+
+// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission.
+// https://web.archive.org/web/20100324014747/http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/
+jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) {
+	time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time;
+	type = type || "fx";
+
+	return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) {
+		var timeout = window.setTimeout( next, time );
+		hooks.stop = function() {
+			window.clearTimeout( timeout );
+		};
+	} );
+};
+
+
+( function() {
+	var input = document.createElement( "input" ),
+		select = document.createElement( "select" ),
+		opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement( "option" ) );
+
+	input.type = "checkbox";
+
+	// Support: Android <=4.3 only
+	// Default value for a checkbox should be "on"
+	support.checkOn = input.value !== "";
+
+	// Support: IE <=11 only
+	// Must access selectedIndex to make default options select
+	support.optSelected = opt.selected;
+
+	// Support: IE <=11 only
+	// An input loses its value after becoming a radio
+	input = document.createElement( "input" );
+	input.value = "t";
+	input.type = "radio";
+	support.radioValue = input.value === "t";
+} )();
+
+
+var boolHook,
+	attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	attr: function( name, value ) {
+		return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
+	},
+
+	removeAttr: function( name ) {
+		return this.each( function() {
+			jQuery.removeAttr( this, name );
+		} );
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+	attr: function( elem, name, value ) {
+		var ret, hooks,
+			nType = elem.nodeType;
+
+		// Don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes
+		if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported
+		if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) {
+			return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value );
+		}
+
+		// Attribute hooks are determined by the lowercase version
+		// Grab necessary hook if one is defined
+		if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) {
+			hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name.toLowerCase() ] ||
+				( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : undefined );
+		}
+
+		if ( value !== undefined ) {
+			if ( value === null ) {
+				jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name );
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if ( hooks && "set" in hooks &&
+				( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) {
+				return ret;
+			}
+
+			elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" );
+			return value;
+		}
+
+		if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) {
+			return ret;
+		}
+
+		ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name );
+
+		// Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined
+		return ret == null ? undefined : ret;
+	},
+
+	attrHooks: {
+		type: {
+			set: function( elem, value ) {
+				if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" &&
+					jQuery.nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) {
+					var val = elem.value;
+					elem.setAttribute( "type", value );
+					if ( val ) {
+						elem.value = val;
+					}
+					return value;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	},
+
+	removeAttr: function( elem, value ) {
+		var name,
+			i = 0,
+			attrNames = value && value.match( rnotwhite );
+
+		if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) {
+			while ( ( name = attrNames[ i++ ] ) ) {
+				elem.removeAttribute( name );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+} );
+
+// Hooks for boolean attributes
+boolHook = {
+	set: function( elem, value, name ) {
+		if ( value === false ) {
+
+			// Remove boolean attributes when set to false
+			jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name );
+		} else {
+			elem.setAttribute( name, name );
+		}
+		return name;
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( i, name ) {
+	var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr;
+
+	attrHandle[ name ] = function( elem, name, isXML ) {
+		var ret, handle,
+			lowercaseName = name.toLowerCase();
+
+		if ( !isXML ) {
+
+			// Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter
+			handle = attrHandle[ lowercaseName ];
+			attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = ret;
+			ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ?
+				lowercaseName :
+				null;
+			attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = handle;
+		}
+		return ret;
+	};
+} );
+
+
+
+
+var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,
+	rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	prop: function( name, value ) {
+		return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 );
+	},
+
+	removeProp: function( name ) {
+		return this.each( function() {
+			delete this[ jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name ];
+		} );
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+	prop: function( elem, name, value ) {
+		var ret, hooks,
+			nType = elem.nodeType;
+
+		// Don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes
+		if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) {
+
+			// Fix name and attach hooks
+			name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name;
+			hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ];
+		}
+
+		if ( value !== undefined ) {
+			if ( hooks && "set" in hooks &&
+				( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) {
+				return ret;
+			}
+
+			return ( elem[ name ] = value );
+		}
+
+		if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) {
+			return ret;
+		}
+
+		return elem[ name ];
+	},
+
+	propHooks: {
+		tabIndex: {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+
+				// Support: IE <=9 - 11 only
+				// elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the
+				// correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set
+				// https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233347/http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/
+				// Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072)
+				var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" );
+
+				return tabindex ?
+					parseInt( tabindex, 10 ) :
+					rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) ||
+						rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && elem.href ?
+							0 :
+							-1;
+			}
+		}
+	},
+
+	propFix: {
+		"for": "htmlFor",
+		"class": "className"
+	}
+} );
+
+// Support: IE <=11 only
+// Accessing the selectedIndex property
+// forces the browser to respect setting selected
+// on the option
+// The getter ensures a default option is selected
+// when in an optgroup
+if ( !support.optSelected ) {
+	jQuery.propHooks.selected = {
+		get: function( elem ) {
+			var parent = elem.parentNode;
+			if ( parent && parent.parentNode ) {
+				parent.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+			}
+			return null;
+		},
+		set: function( elem ) {
+			var parent = elem.parentNode;
+			if ( parent ) {
+				parent.selectedIndex;
+
+				if ( parent.parentNode ) {
+					parent.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+jQuery.each( [
+	"tabIndex",
+	"readOnly",
+	"maxLength",
+	"cellSpacing",
+	"cellPadding",
+	"rowSpan",
+	"colSpan",
+	"useMap",
+	"frameBorder",
+	"contentEditable"
+], function() {
+	jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this;
+} );
+
+
+
+
+var rclass = /[\t\r\n\f]/g;
+
+function getClass( elem ) {
+	return elem.getAttribute && elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || "";
+}
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	addClass: function( value ) {
+		var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue,
+			i = 0;
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			return this.each( function( j ) {
+				jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) );
+			} );
+		}
+
+		if ( typeof value === "string" && value ) {
+			classes = value.match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+			while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) {
+				curValue = getClass( elem );
+				cur = elem.nodeType === 1 &&
+					( " " + curValue + " " ).replace( rclass, " " );
+
+				if ( cur ) {
+					j = 0;
+					while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) {
+						if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) {
+							cur += clazz + " ";
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering.
+					finalValue = jQuery.trim( cur );
+					if ( curValue !== finalValue ) {
+						elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	removeClass: function( value ) {
+		var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue,
+			i = 0;
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			return this.each( function( j ) {
+				jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) );
+			} );
+		}
+
+		if ( !arguments.length ) {
+			return this.attr( "class", "" );
+		}
+
+		if ( typeof value === "string" && value ) {
+			classes = value.match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+			while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) {
+				curValue = getClass( elem );
+
+				// This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass)
+				cur = elem.nodeType === 1 &&
+					( " " + curValue + " " ).replace( rclass, " " );
+
+				if ( cur ) {
+					j = 0;
+					while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) {
+
+						// Remove *all* instances
+						while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) > -1 ) {
+							cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " );
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering.
+					finalValue = jQuery.trim( cur );
+					if ( curValue !== finalValue ) {
+						elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue );
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) {
+		var type = typeof value;
+
+		if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && type === "string" ) {
+			return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value );
+		}
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) ) {
+			return this.each( function( i ) {
+				jQuery( this ).toggleClass(
+					value.call( this, i, getClass( this ), stateVal ),
+					stateVal
+				);
+			} );
+		}
+
+		return this.each( function() {
+			var className, i, self, classNames;
+
+			if ( type === "string" ) {
+
+				// Toggle individual class names
+				i = 0;
+				self = jQuery( this );
+				classNames = value.match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+				while ( ( className = classNames[ i++ ] ) ) {
+
+					// Check each className given, space separated list
+					if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) {
+						self.removeClass( className );
+					} else {
+						self.addClass( className );
+					}
+				}
+
+			// Toggle whole class name
+			} else if ( value === undefined || type === "boolean" ) {
+				className = getClass( this );
+				if ( className ) {
+
+					// Store className if set
+					dataPriv.set( this, "__className__", className );
+				}
+
+				// If the element has a class name or if we're passed `false`,
+				// then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it).
+				// Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything),
+				// falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored.
+				if ( this.setAttribute ) {
+					this.setAttribute( "class",
+						className || value === false ?
+						"" :
+						dataPriv.get( this, "__className__" ) || ""
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		} );
+	},
+
+	hasClass: function( selector ) {
+		var className, elem,
+			i = 0;
+
+		className = " " + selector + " ";
+		while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) {
+			if ( elem.nodeType === 1 &&
+				( " " + getClass( elem ) + " " ).replace( rclass, " " )
+					.indexOf( className ) > -1
+			) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+} );
+
+
+
+
+var rreturn = /\r/g,
+	rspaces = /[\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g;
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	val: function( value ) {
+		var hooks, ret, isFunction,
+			elem = this[ 0 ];
+
+		if ( !arguments.length ) {
+			if ( elem ) {
+				hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] ||
+					jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ];
+
+				if ( hooks &&
+					"get" in hooks &&
+					( ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" ) ) !== undefined
+				) {
+					return ret;
+				}
+
+				ret = elem.value;
+
+				return typeof ret === "string" ?
+
+					// Handle most common string cases
+					ret.replace( rreturn, "" ) :
+
+					// Handle cases where value is null/undef or number
+					ret == null ? "" : ret;
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( value );
+
+		return this.each( function( i ) {
+			var val;
+
+			if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if ( isFunction ) {
+				val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() );
+			} else {
+				val = value;
+			}
+
+			// Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string
+			if ( val == null ) {
+				val = "";
+
+			} else if ( typeof val === "number" ) {
+				val += "";
+
+			} else if ( jQuery.isArray( val ) ) {
+				val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) {
+					return value == null ? "" : value + "";
+				} );
+			}
+
+			hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ];
+
+			// If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting
+			if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) {
+				this.value = val;
+			}
+		} );
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+	valHooks: {
+		option: {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+
+				var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" );
+				return val != null ?
+					val :
+
+					// Support: IE <=10 - 11 only
+					// option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858)
+					// Strip and collapse whitespace
+					// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-whitespace
+					jQuery.trim( jQuery.text( elem ) ).replace( rspaces, " " );
+			}
+		},
+		select: {
+			get: function( elem ) {
+				var value, option,
+					options = elem.options,
+					index = elem.selectedIndex,
+					one = elem.type === "select-one",
+					values = one ? null : [],
+					max = one ? index + 1 : options.length,
+					i = index < 0 ?
+						max :
+						one ? index : 0;
+
+				// Loop through all the selected options
+				for ( ; i < max; i++ ) {
+					option = options[ i ];
+
+					// Support: IE <=9 only
+					// IE8-9 doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551)
+					if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) &&
+
+							// Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup
+							!option.disabled &&
+							( !option.parentNode.disabled ||
+								!jQuery.nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) {
+
+						// Get the specific value for the option
+						value = jQuery( option ).val();
+
+						// We don't need an array for one selects
+						if ( one ) {
+							return value;
+						}
+
+						// Multi-Selects return an array
+						values.push( value );
+					}
+				}
+
+				return values;
+			},
+
+			set: function( elem, value ) {
+				var optionSet, option,
+					options = elem.options,
+					values = jQuery.makeArray( value ),
+					i = options.length;
+
+				while ( i-- ) {
+					option = options[ i ];
+
+					/* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */
+
+					if ( option.selected =
+						jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) > -1
+					) {
+						optionSet = true;
+					}
+
+					/* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */
+				}
+
+				// Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set
+				if ( !optionSet ) {
+					elem.selectedIndex = -1;
+				}
+				return values;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+} );
+
+// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter
+jQuery.each( [ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() {
+	jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = {
+		set: function( elem, value ) {
+			if ( jQuery.isArray( value ) ) {
+				return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery( elem ).val(), value ) > -1 );
+			}
+		}
+	};
+	if ( !support.checkOn ) {
+		jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) {
+			return elem.getAttribute( "value" ) === null ? "on" : elem.value;
+		};
+	}
+} );
+
+
+
+
+// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion
+
+
+var rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/;
+
+jQuery.extend( jQuery.event, {
+
+	trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) {
+
+		var i, cur, tmp, bubbleType, ontype, handle, special,
+			eventPath = [ elem || document ],
+			type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event,
+			namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split( "." ) : [];
+
+		cur = tmp = elem = elem || document;
+
+		// Don't do events on text and comment nodes
+		if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now
+		if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( type.indexOf( "." ) > -1 ) {
+
+			// Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle()
+			namespaces = type.split( "." );
+			type = namespaces.shift();
+			namespaces.sort();
+		}
+		ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 && "on" + type;
+
+		// Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string
+		event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ?
+			event :
+			new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event );
+
+		// Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true)
+		event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3;
+		event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." );
+		event.rnamespace = event.namespace ?
+			new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ) :
+			null;
+
+		// Clean up the event in case it is being reused
+		event.result = undefined;
+		if ( !event.target ) {
+			event.target = elem;
+		}
+
+		// Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list
+		data = data == null ?
+			[ event ] :
+			jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] );
+
+		// Allow special events to draw outside the lines
+		special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {};
+		if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951)
+		// Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724)
+		if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {
+
+			bubbleType = special.delegateType || type;
+			if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) {
+				cur = cur.parentNode;
+			}
+			for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) {
+				eventPath.push( cur );
+				tmp = cur;
+			}
+
+			// Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM)
+			if ( tmp === ( elem.ownerDocument || document ) ) {
+				eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Fire handlers on the event path
+		i = 0;
+		while ( ( cur = eventPath[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) {
+
+			event.type = i > 1 ?
+				bubbleType :
+				special.bindType || type;
+
+			// jQuery handler
+			handle = ( dataPriv.get( cur, "events" ) || {} )[ event.type ] &&
+				dataPriv.get( cur, "handle" );
+			if ( handle ) {
+				handle.apply( cur, data );
+			}
+
+			// Native handler
+			handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ];
+			if ( handle && handle.apply && acceptData( cur ) ) {
+				event.result = handle.apply( cur, data );
+				if ( event.result === false ) {
+					event.preventDefault();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		event.type = type;
+
+		// If nobody prevented the default action, do it now
+		if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) {
+
+			if ( ( !special._default ||
+				special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false ) &&
+				acceptData( elem ) ) {
+
+				// Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name as the event.
+				// Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170)
+				if ( ontype && jQuery.isFunction( elem[ type ] ) && !jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {
+
+					// Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method
+					tmp = elem[ ontype ];
+
+					if ( tmp ) {
+						elem[ ontype ] = null;
+					}
+
+					// Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above
+					jQuery.event.triggered = type;
+					elem[ type ]();
+					jQuery.event.triggered = undefined;
+
+					if ( tmp ) {
+						elem[ ontype ] = tmp;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return event.result;
+	},
+
+	// Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one
+	// Used only for `focus(in | out)` events
+	simulate: function( type, elem, event ) {
+		var e = jQuery.extend(
+			new jQuery.Event(),
+			event,
+			{
+				type: type,
+				isSimulated: true
+			}
+		);
+
+		jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem );
+	}
+
+} );
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+
+	trigger: function( type, data ) {
+		return this.each( function() {
+			jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this );
+		} );
+	},
+	triggerHandler: function( type, data ) {
+		var elem = this[ 0 ];
+		if ( elem ) {
+			return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true );
+		}
+	}
+} );
+
+
+jQuery.each( ( "blur focus focusin focusout resize scroll click dblclick " +
+	"mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave " +
+	"change select submit keydown keypress keyup contextmenu" ).split( " " ),
+	function( i, name ) {
+
+	// Handle event binding
+	jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( data, fn ) {
+		return arguments.length > 0 ?
+			this.on( name, null, data, fn ) :
+			this.trigger( name );
+	};
+} );
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	hover: function( fnOver, fnOut ) {
+		return this.mouseenter( fnOver ).mouseleave( fnOut || fnOver );
+	}
+} );
+
+
+
+
+support.focusin = "onfocusin" in window;
+
+
+// Support: Firefox <=44
+// Firefox doesn't have focus(in | out) events
+// Related ticket - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=687787
+//
+// Support: Chrome <=48 - 49, Safari <=9.0 - 9.1
+// focus(in | out) events fire after focus & blur events,
+// which is spec violation - http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-focusevent-event-order
+// Related ticket - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=449857
+if ( !support.focusin ) {
+	jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) {
+
+		// Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout
+		var handler = function( event ) {
+			jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ) );
+		};
+
+		jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = {
+			setup: function() {
+				var doc = this.ownerDocument || this,
+					attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix );
+
+				if ( !attaches ) {
+					doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true );
+				}
+				dataPriv.access( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 );
+			},
+			teardown: function() {
+				var doc = this.ownerDocument || this,
+					attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ) - 1;
+
+				if ( !attaches ) {
+					doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true );
+					dataPriv.remove( doc, fix );
+
+				} else {
+					dataPriv.access( doc, fix, attaches );
+				}
+			}
+		};
+	} );
+}
+var location = window.location;
+
+var nonce = jQuery.now();
+
+var rquery = ( /\?/ );
+
+
+
+// Cross-browser xml parsing
+jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) {
+	var xml;
+	if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	// Support: IE 9 - 11 only
+	// IE throws on parseFromString with invalid input.
+	try {
+		xml = ( new window.DOMParser() ).parseFromString( data, "text/xml" );
+	} catch ( e ) {
+		xml = undefined;
+	}
+
+	if ( !xml || xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" ).length ) {
+		jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + data );
+	}
+	return xml;
+};
+
+
+var
+	rbracket = /\[\]$/,
+	rCRLF = /\r?\n/g,
+	rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,
+	rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;
+
+function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) {
+	var name;
+
+	if ( jQuery.isArray( obj ) ) {
+
+		// Serialize array item.
+		jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) {
+			if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) {
+
+				// Treat each array item as a scalar.
+				add( prefix, v );
+
+			} else {
+
+				// Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index.
+				buildParams(
+					prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" && v != null ? i : "" ) + "]",
+					v,
+					traditional,
+					add
+				);
+			}
+		} );
+
+	} else if ( !traditional && jQuery.type( obj ) === "object" ) {
+
+		// Serialize object item.
+		for ( name in obj ) {
+			buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add );
+		}
+
+	} else {
+
+		// Serialize scalar item.
+		add( prefix, obj );
+	}
+}
+
+// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of
+// key/values into a query string
+jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) {
+	var prefix,
+		s = [],
+		add = function( key, valueOrFunction ) {
+
+			// If value is a function, invoke it and use its return value
+			var value = jQuery.isFunction( valueOrFunction ) ?
+				valueOrFunction() :
+				valueOrFunction;
+
+			s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" +
+				encodeURIComponent( value == null ? "" : value );
+		};
+
+	// If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements.
+	if ( jQuery.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) {
+
+		// Serialize the form elements
+		jQuery.each( a, function() {
+			add( this.name, this.value );
+		} );
+
+	} else {
+
+		// If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older
+		// did it), otherwise encode params recursively.
+		for ( prefix in a ) {
+			buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Return the resulting serialization
+	return s.join( "&" );
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	serialize: function() {
+		return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() );
+	},
+	serializeArray: function() {
+		return this.map( function() {
+
+			// Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements
+			var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" );
+			return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this;
+		} )
+		.filter( function() {
+			var type = this.type;
+
+			// Use .is( ":disabled" ) so that fieldset[disabled] works
+			return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) &&
+				rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) &&
+				( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) );
+		} )
+		.map( function( i, elem ) {
+			var val = jQuery( this ).val();
+
+			return val == null ?
+				null :
+				jQuery.isArray( val ) ?
+					jQuery.map( val, function( val ) {
+						return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) };
+					} ) :
+					{ name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) };
+		} ).get();
+	}
+} );
+
+
+var
+	r20 = /%20/g,
+	rhash = /#.*$/,
+	rts = /([?&])_=[^&]*/,
+	rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/mg,
+
+	// #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection
+	rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,
+	rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,
+	rprotocol = /^\/\//,
+
+	/* Prefilters
+	 * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example)
+	 * 2) These are called:
+	 *    - BEFORE asking for a transport
+	 *    - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true)
+	 * 3) key is the dataType
+	 * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used
+	 * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed
+	 */
+	prefilters = {},
+
+	/* Transports bindings
+	 * 1) key is the dataType
+	 * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used
+	 * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed
+	 */
+	transports = {},
+
+	// Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression
+	allTypes = "*/".concat( "*" ),
+
+	// Anchor tag for parsing the document origin
+	originAnchor = document.createElement( "a" );
+	originAnchor.href = location.href;
+
+// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport
+function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) {
+
+	// dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*"
+	return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) {
+
+		if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) {
+			func = dataTypeExpression;
+			dataTypeExpression = "*";
+		}
+
+		var dataType,
+			i = 0,
+			dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnotwhite ) || [];
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( func ) ) {
+
+			// For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression
+			while ( ( dataType = dataTypes[ i++ ] ) ) {
+
+				// Prepend if requested
+				if ( dataType[ 0 ] === "+" ) {
+					dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*";
+					( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).unshift( func );
+
+				// Otherwise append
+				} else {
+					( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).push( func );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports
+function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) {
+
+	var inspected = {},
+		seekingTransport = ( structure === transports );
+
+	function inspect( dataType ) {
+		var selected;
+		inspected[ dataType ] = true;
+		jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) {
+			var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR );
+			if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" &&
+				!seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) {
+
+				options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport );
+				inspect( dataTypeOrTransport );
+				return false;
+			} else if ( seekingTransport ) {
+				return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport );
+			}
+		} );
+		return selected;
+	}
+
+	return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" );
+}
+
+// A special extend for ajax options
+// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended)
+// Fixes #9887
+function ajaxExtend( target, src ) {
+	var key, deep,
+		flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {};
+
+	for ( key in src ) {
+		if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) {
+			( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ];
+		}
+	}
+	if ( deep ) {
+		jQuery.extend( true, target, deep );
+	}
+
+	return target;
+}
+
+/* Handles responses to an ajax request:
+ * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType)
+ * - returns the corresponding response
+ */
+function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) {
+
+	var ct, type, finalDataType, firstDataType,
+		contents = s.contents,
+		dataTypes = s.dataTypes;
+
+	// Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process
+	while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) {
+		dataTypes.shift();
+		if ( ct === undefined ) {
+			ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check if we're dealing with a known content-type
+	if ( ct ) {
+		for ( type in contents ) {
+			if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) {
+				dataTypes.unshift( type );
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType
+	if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) {
+		finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ];
+	} else {
+
+		// Try convertible dataTypes
+		for ( type in responses ) {
+			if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ) {
+				finalDataType = type;
+				break;
+			}
+			if ( !firstDataType ) {
+				firstDataType = type;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Or just use first one
+		finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType;
+	}
+
+	// If we found a dataType
+	// We add the dataType to the list if needed
+	// and return the corresponding response
+	if ( finalDataType ) {
+		if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) {
+			dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType );
+		}
+		return responses[ finalDataType ];
+	}
+}
+
+/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response
+ * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance
+ */
+function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) {
+	var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev,
+		converters = {},
+
+		// Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion
+		dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice();
+
+	// Create converters map with lowercased keys
+	if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) {
+		for ( conv in s.converters ) {
+			converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ];
+		}
+	}
+
+	current = dataTypes.shift();
+
+	// Convert to each sequential dataType
+	while ( current ) {
+
+		if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) {
+			jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response;
+		}
+
+		// Apply the dataFilter if provided
+		if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) {
+			response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType );
+		}
+
+		prev = current;
+		current = dataTypes.shift();
+
+		if ( current ) {
+
+			// There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto
+			if ( current === "*" ) {
+
+				current = prev;
+
+			// Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current
+			} else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) {
+
+				// Seek a direct converter
+				conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ];
+
+				// If none found, seek a pair
+				if ( !conv ) {
+					for ( conv2 in converters ) {
+
+						// If conv2 outputs current
+						tmp = conv2.split( " " );
+						if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) {
+
+							// If prev can be converted to accepted input
+							conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] ||
+								converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ];
+							if ( conv ) {
+
+								// Condense equivalence converters
+								if ( conv === true ) {
+									conv = converters[ conv2 ];
+
+								// Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType
+								} else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) {
+									current = tmp[ 0 ];
+									dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] );
+								}
+								break;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Apply converter (if not an equivalence)
+				if ( conv !== true ) {
+
+					// Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them
+					if ( conv && s.throws ) {
+						response = conv( response );
+					} else {
+						try {
+							response = conv( response );
+						} catch ( e ) {
+							return {
+								state: "parsererror",
+								error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current
+							};
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return { state: "success", data: response };
+}
+
+jQuery.extend( {
+
+	// Counter for holding the number of active queries
+	active: 0,
+
+	// Last-Modified header cache for next request
+	lastModified: {},
+	etag: {},
+
+	ajaxSettings: {
+		url: location.href,
+		type: "GET",
+		isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( location.protocol ),
+		global: true,
+		processData: true,
+		async: true,
+		contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",
+
+		/*
+		timeout: 0,
+		data: null,
+		dataType: null,
+		username: null,
+		password: null,
+		cache: null,
+		throws: false,
+		traditional: false,
+		headers: {},
+		*/
+
+		accepts: {
+			"*": allTypes,
+			text: "text/plain",
+			html: "text/html",
+			xml: "application/xml, text/xml",
+			json: "application/json, text/javascript"
+		},
+
+		contents: {
+			xml: /\bxml\b/,
+			html: /\bhtml/,
+			json: /\bjson\b/
+		},
+
+		responseFields: {
+			xml: "responseXML",
+			text: "responseText",
+			json: "responseJSON"
+		},
+
+		// Data converters
+		// Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space
+		converters: {
+
+			// Convert anything to text
+			"* text": String,
+
+			// Text to html (true = no transformation)
+			"text html": true,
+
+			// Evaluate text as a json expression
+			"text json": JSON.parse,
+
+			// Parse text as xml
+			"text xml": jQuery.parseXML
+		},
+
+		// For options that shouldn't be deep extended:
+		// you can add your own custom options here if
+		// and when you create one that shouldn't be
+		// deep extended (see ajaxExtend)
+		flatOptions: {
+			url: true,
+			context: true
+		}
+	},
+
+	// Creates a full fledged settings object into target
+	// with both ajaxSettings and settings fields.
+	// If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings.
+	ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) {
+		return settings ?
+
+			// Building a settings object
+			ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) :
+
+			// Extending ajaxSettings
+			ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target );
+	},
+
+	ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ),
+	ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ),
+
+	// Main method
+	ajax: function( url, options ) {
+
+		// If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature
+		if ( typeof url === "object" ) {
+			options = url;
+			url = undefined;
+		}
+
+		// Force options to be an object
+		options = options || {};
+
+		var transport,
+
+			// URL without anti-cache param
+			cacheURL,
+
+			// Response headers
+			responseHeadersString,
+			responseHeaders,
+
+			// timeout handle
+			timeoutTimer,
+
+			// Url cleanup var
+			urlAnchor,
+
+			// Request state (becomes false upon send and true upon completion)
+			completed,
+
+			// To know if global events are to be dispatched
+			fireGlobals,
+
+			// Loop variable
+			i,
+
+			// uncached part of the url
+			uncached,
+
+			// Create the final options object
+			s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ),
+
+			// Callbacks context
+			callbackContext = s.context || s,
+
+			// Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection
+			globalEventContext = s.context &&
+				( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ?
+					jQuery( callbackContext ) :
+					jQuery.event,
+
+			// Deferreds
+			deferred = jQuery.Deferred(),
+			completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ),
+
+			// Status-dependent callbacks
+			statusCode = s.statusCode || {},
+
+			// Headers (they are sent all at once)
+			requestHeaders = {},
+			requestHeadersNames = {},
+
+			// Default abort message
+			strAbort = "canceled",
+
+			// Fake xhr
+			jqXHR = {
+				readyState: 0,
+
+				// Builds headers hashtable if needed
+				getResponseHeader: function( key ) {
+					var match;
+					if ( completed ) {
+						if ( !responseHeaders ) {
+							responseHeaders = {};
+							while ( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) {
+								responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] = match[ 2 ];
+							}
+						}
+						match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() ];
+					}
+					return match == null ? null : match;
+				},
+
+				// Raw string
+				getAllResponseHeaders: function() {
+					return completed ? responseHeadersString : null;
+				},
+
+				// Caches the header
+				setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) {
+					if ( completed == null ) {
+						name = requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] =
+							requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] || name;
+						requestHeaders[ name ] = value;
+					}
+					return this;
+				},
+
+				// Overrides response content-type header
+				overrideMimeType: function( type ) {
+					if ( completed == null ) {
+						s.mimeType = type;
+					}
+					return this;
+				},
+
+				// Status-dependent callbacks
+				statusCode: function( map ) {
+					var code;
+					if ( map ) {
+						if ( completed ) {
+
+							// Execute the appropriate callbacks
+							jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] );
+						} else {
+
+							// Lazy-add the new callbacks in a way that preserves old ones
+							for ( code in map ) {
+								statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ];
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					return this;
+				},
+
+				// Cancel the request
+				abort: function( statusText ) {
+					var finalText = statusText || strAbort;
+					if ( transport ) {
+						transport.abort( finalText );
+					}
+					done( 0, finalText );
+					return this;
+				}
+			};
+
+		// Attach deferreds
+		deferred.promise( jqXHR );
+
+		// Add protocol if not provided (prefilters might expect it)
+		// Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature)
+		// We also use the url parameter if available
+		s.url = ( ( url || s.url || location.href ) + "" )
+			.replace( rprotocol, location.protocol + "//" );
+
+		// Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004
+		s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type;
+
+		// Extract dataTypes list
+		s.dataTypes = ( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnotwhite ) || [ "" ];
+
+		// A cross-domain request is in order when the origin doesn't match the current origin.
+		if ( s.crossDomain == null ) {
+			urlAnchor = document.createElement( "a" );
+
+			// Support: IE <=8 - 11, Edge 12 - 13
+			// IE throws exception on accessing the href property if url is malformed,
+			// e.g. http://example.com:80x/
+			try {
+				urlAnchor.href = s.url;
+
+				// Support: IE <=8 - 11 only
+				// Anchor's host property isn't correctly set when s.url is relative
+				urlAnchor.href = urlAnchor.href;
+				s.crossDomain = originAnchor.protocol + "//" + originAnchor.host !==
+					urlAnchor.protocol + "//" + urlAnchor.host;
+			} catch ( e ) {
+
+				// If there is an error parsing the URL, assume it is crossDomain,
+				// it can be rejected by the transport if it is invalid
+				s.crossDomain = true;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Convert data if not already a string
+		if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) {
+			s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional );
+		}
+
+		// Apply prefilters
+		inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR );
+
+		// If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there
+		if ( completed ) {
+			return jqXHR;
+		}
+
+		// We can fire global events as of now if asked to
+		// Don't fire events if jQuery.event is undefined in an AMD-usage scenario (#15118)
+		fireGlobals = jQuery.event && s.global;
+
+		// Watch for a new set of requests
+		if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) {
+			jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" );
+		}
+
+		// Uppercase the type
+		s.type = s.type.toUpperCase();
+
+		// Determine if request has content
+		s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type );
+
+		// Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since
+		// and/or If-None-Match header later on
+		// Remove hash to simplify url manipulation
+		cacheURL = s.url.replace( rhash, "" );
+
+		// More options handling for requests with no content
+		if ( !s.hasContent ) {
+
+			// Remember the hash so we can put it back
+			uncached = s.url.slice( cacheURL.length );
+
+			// If data is available, append data to url
+			if ( s.data ) {
+				cacheURL += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data;
+
+				// #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry
+				delete s.data;
+			}
+
+			// Add anti-cache in uncached url if needed
+			if ( s.cache === false ) {
+				cacheURL = cacheURL.replace( rts, "" );
+				uncached = ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ( nonce++ ) + uncached;
+			}
+
+			// Put hash and anti-cache on the URL that will be requested (gh-1732)
+			s.url = cacheURL + uncached;
+
+		// Change '%20' to '+' if this is encoded form body content (gh-2658)
+		} else if ( s.data && s.processData &&
+			( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 ) {
+			s.data = s.data.replace( r20, "+" );
+		}
+
+		// Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode.
+		if ( s.ifModified ) {
+			if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) {
+				jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] );
+			}
+			if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) {
+				jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Set the correct header, if data is being sent
+		if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) {
+			jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType );
+		}
+
+		// Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType
+		jqXHR.setRequestHeader(
+			"Accept",
+			s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ?
+				s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] +
+					( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) :
+				s.accepts[ "*" ]
+		);
+
+		// Check for headers option
+		for ( i in s.headers ) {
+			jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] );
+		}
+
+		// Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort
+		if ( s.beforeSend &&
+			( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || completed ) ) {
+
+			// Abort if not done already and return
+			return jqXHR.abort();
+		}
+
+		// Aborting is no longer a cancellation
+		strAbort = "abort";
+
+		// Install callbacks on deferreds
+		completeDeferred.add( s.complete );
+		jqXHR.done( s.success );
+		jqXHR.fail( s.error );
+
+		// Get transport
+		transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR );
+
+		// If no transport, we auto-abort
+		if ( !transport ) {
+			done( -1, "No Transport" );
+		} else {
+			jqXHR.readyState = 1;
+
+			// Send global event
+			if ( fireGlobals ) {
+				globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] );
+			}
+
+			// If request was aborted inside ajaxSend, stop there
+			if ( completed ) {
+				return jqXHR;
+			}
+
+			// Timeout
+			if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) {
+				timeoutTimer = window.setTimeout( function() {
+					jqXHR.abort( "timeout" );
+				}, s.timeout );
+			}
+
+			try {
+				completed = false;
+				transport.send( requestHeaders, done );
+			} catch ( e ) {
+
+				// Rethrow post-completion exceptions
+				if ( completed ) {
+					throw e;
+				}
+
+				// Propagate others as results
+				done( -1, e );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Callback for when everything is done
+		function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) {
+			var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified,
+				statusText = nativeStatusText;
+
+			// Ignore repeat invocations
+			if ( completed ) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			completed = true;
+
+			// Clear timeout if it exists
+			if ( timeoutTimer ) {
+				window.clearTimeout( timeoutTimer );
+			}
+
+			// Dereference transport for early garbage collection
+			// (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used)
+			transport = undefined;
+
+			// Cache response headers
+			responseHeadersString = headers || "";
+
+			// Set readyState
+			jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0;
+
+			// Determine if successful
+			isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304;
+
+			// Get response data
+			if ( responses ) {
+				response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses );
+			}
+
+			// Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set)
+			response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess );
+
+			// If successful, handle type chaining
+			if ( isSuccess ) {
+
+				// Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode.
+				if ( s.ifModified ) {
+					modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Last-Modified" );
+					if ( modified ) {
+						jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified;
+					}
+					modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "etag" );
+					if ( modified ) {
+						jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// if no content
+				if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) {
+					statusText = "nocontent";
+
+				// if not modified
+				} else if ( status === 304 ) {
+					statusText = "notmodified";
+
+				// If we have data, let's convert it
+				} else {
+					statusText = response.state;
+					success = response.data;
+					error = response.error;
+					isSuccess = !error;
+				}
+			} else {
+
+				// Extract error from statusText and normalize for non-aborts
+				error = statusText;
+				if ( status || !statusText ) {
+					statusText = "error";
+					if ( status < 0 ) {
+						status = 0;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Set data for the fake xhr object
+			jqXHR.status = status;
+			jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + "";
+
+			// Success/Error
+			if ( isSuccess ) {
+				deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] );
+			} else {
+				deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] );
+			}
+
+			// Status-dependent callbacks
+			jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode );
+			statusCode = undefined;
+
+			if ( fireGlobals ) {
+				globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError",
+					[ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] );
+			}
+
+			// Complete
+			completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] );
+
+			if ( fireGlobals ) {
+				globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] );
+
+				// Handle the global AJAX counter
+				if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) {
+					jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return jqXHR;
+	},
+
+	getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) {
+		return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" );
+	},
+
+	getScript: function( url, callback ) {
+		return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" );
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( i, method ) {
+	jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+
+		// Shift arguments if data argument was omitted
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+			type = type || callback;
+			callback = data;
+			data = undefined;
+		}
+
+		// The url can be an options object (which then must have .url)
+		return jQuery.ajax( jQuery.extend( {
+			url: url,
+			type: method,
+			dataType: type,
+			data: data,
+			success: callback
+		}, jQuery.isPlainObject( url ) && url ) );
+	};
+} );
+
+
+jQuery._evalUrl = function( url ) {
+	return jQuery.ajax( {
+		url: url,
+
+		// Make this explicit, since user can override this through ajaxSetup (#11264)
+		type: "GET",
+		dataType: "script",
+		cache: true,
+		async: false,
+		global: false,
+		"throws": true
+	} );
+};
+
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	wrapAll: function( html ) {
+		var wrap;
+
+		if ( this[ 0 ] ) {
+			if ( jQuery.isFunction( html ) ) {
+				html = html.call( this[ 0 ] );
+			}
+
+			// The elements to wrap the target around
+			wrap = jQuery( html, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument ).eq( 0 ).clone( true );
+
+			if ( this[ 0 ].parentNode ) {
+				wrap.insertBefore( this[ 0 ] );
+			}
+
+			wrap.map( function() {
+				var elem = this;
+
+				while ( elem.firstElementChild ) {
+					elem = elem.firstElementChild;
+				}
+
+				return elem;
+			} ).append( this );
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	wrapInner: function( html ) {
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( html ) ) {
+			return this.each( function( i ) {
+				jQuery( this ).wrapInner( html.call( this, i ) );
+			} );
+		}
+
+		return this.each( function() {
+			var self = jQuery( this ),
+				contents = self.contents();
+
+			if ( contents.length ) {
+				contents.wrapAll( html );
+
+			} else {
+				self.append( html );
+			}
+		} );
+	},
+
+	wrap: function( html ) {
+		var isFunction = jQuery.isFunction( html );
+
+		return this.each( function( i ) {
+			jQuery( this ).wrapAll( isFunction ? html.call( this, i ) : html );
+		} );
+	},
+
+	unwrap: function( selector ) {
+		this.parent( selector ).not( "body" ).each( function() {
+			jQuery( this ).replaceWith( this.childNodes );
+		} );
+		return this;
+	}
+} );
+
+
+jQuery.expr.pseudos.hidden = function( elem ) {
+	return !jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible( elem );
+};
+jQuery.expr.pseudos.visible = function( elem ) {
+	return !!( elem.offsetWidth || elem.offsetHeight || elem.getClientRects().length );
+};
+
+
+
+
+jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr = function() {
+	try {
+		return new window.XMLHttpRequest();
+	} catch ( e ) {}
+};
+
+var xhrSuccessStatus = {
+
+		// File protocol always yields status code 0, assume 200
+		0: 200,
+
+		// Support: IE <=9 only
+		// #1450: sometimes IE returns 1223 when it should be 204
+		1223: 204
+	},
+	xhrSupported = jQuery.ajaxSettings.xhr();
+
+support.cors = !!xhrSupported && ( "withCredentials" in xhrSupported );
+support.ajax = xhrSupported = !!xhrSupported;
+
+jQuery.ajaxTransport( function( options ) {
+	var callback, errorCallback;
+
+	// Cross domain only allowed if supported through XMLHttpRequest
+	if ( support.cors || xhrSupported && !options.crossDomain ) {
+		return {
+			send: function( headers, complete ) {
+				var i,
+					xhr = options.xhr();
+
+				xhr.open(
+					options.type,
+					options.url,
+					options.async,
+					options.username,
+					options.password
+				);
+
+				// Apply custom fields if provided
+				if ( options.xhrFields ) {
+					for ( i in options.xhrFields ) {
+						xhr[ i ] = options.xhrFields[ i ];
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Override mime type if needed
+				if ( options.mimeType && xhr.overrideMimeType ) {
+					xhr.overrideMimeType( options.mimeType );
+				}
+
+				// X-Requested-With header
+				// For cross-domain requests, seeing as conditions for a preflight are
+				// akin to a jigsaw puzzle, we simply never set it to be sure.
+				// (it can always be set on a per-request basis or even using ajaxSetup)
+				// For same-domain requests, won't change header if already provided.
+				if ( !options.crossDomain && !headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] ) {
+					headers[ "X-Requested-With" ] = "XMLHttpRequest";
+				}
+
+				// Set headers
+				for ( i in headers ) {
+					xhr.setRequestHeader( i, headers[ i ] );
+				}
+
+				// Callback
+				callback = function( type ) {
+					return function() {
+						if ( callback ) {
+							callback = errorCallback = xhr.onload =
+								xhr.onerror = xhr.onabort = xhr.onreadystatechange = null;
+
+							if ( type === "abort" ) {
+								xhr.abort();
+							} else if ( type === "error" ) {
+
+								// Support: IE <=9 only
+								// On a manual native abort, IE9 throws
+								// errors on any property access that is not readyState
+								if ( typeof xhr.status !== "number" ) {
+									complete( 0, "error" );
+								} else {
+									complete(
+
+										// File: protocol always yields status 0; see #8605, #14207
+										xhr.status,
+										xhr.statusText
+									);
+								}
+							} else {
+								complete(
+									xhrSuccessStatus[ xhr.status ] || xhr.status,
+									xhr.statusText,
+
+									// Support: IE <=9 only
+									// IE9 has no XHR2 but throws on binary (trac-11426)
+									// For XHR2 non-text, let the caller handle it (gh-2498)
+									( xhr.responseType || "text" ) !== "text"  ||
+									typeof xhr.responseText !== "string" ?
+										{ binary: xhr.response } :
+										{ text: xhr.responseText },
+									xhr.getAllResponseHeaders()
+								);
+							}
+						}
+					};
+				};
+
+				// Listen to events
+				xhr.onload = callback();
+				errorCallback = xhr.onerror = callback( "error" );
+
+				// Support: IE 9 only
+				// Use onreadystatechange to replace onabort
+				// to handle uncaught aborts
+				if ( xhr.onabort !== undefined ) {
+					xhr.onabort = errorCallback;
+				} else {
+					xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
+
+						// Check readyState before timeout as it changes
+						if ( xhr.readyState === 4 ) {
+
+							// Allow onerror to be called first,
+							// but that will not handle a native abort
+							// Also, save errorCallback to a variable
+							// as xhr.onerror cannot be accessed
+							window.setTimeout( function() {
+								if ( callback ) {
+									errorCallback();
+								}
+							} );
+						}
+					};
+				}
+
+				// Create the abort callback
+				callback = callback( "abort" );
+
+				try {
+
+					// Do send the request (this may raise an exception)
+					xhr.send( options.hasContent && options.data || null );
+				} catch ( e ) {
+
+					// #14683: Only rethrow if this hasn't been notified as an error yet
+					if ( callback ) {
+						throw e;
+					}
+				}
+			},
+
+			abort: function() {
+				if ( callback ) {
+					callback();
+				}
+			}
+		};
+	}
+} );
+
+
+
+
+// Prevent auto-execution of scripts when no explicit dataType was provided (See gh-2432)
+jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) {
+	if ( s.crossDomain ) {
+		s.contents.script = false;
+	}
+} );
+
+// Install script dataType
+jQuery.ajaxSetup( {
+	accepts: {
+		script: "text/javascript, application/javascript, " +
+			"application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"
+	},
+	contents: {
+		script: /\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/
+	},
+	converters: {
+		"text script": function( text ) {
+			jQuery.globalEval( text );
+			return text;
+		}
+	}
+} );
+
+// Handle cache's special case and crossDomain
+jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "script", function( s ) {
+	if ( s.cache === undefined ) {
+		s.cache = false;
+	}
+	if ( s.crossDomain ) {
+		s.type = "GET";
+	}
+} );
+
+// Bind script tag hack transport
+jQuery.ajaxTransport( "script", function( s ) {
+
+	// This transport only deals with cross domain requests
+	if ( s.crossDomain ) {
+		var script, callback;
+		return {
+			send: function( _, complete ) {
+				script = jQuery( "<script>" ).prop( {
+					charset: s.scriptCharset,
+					src: s.url
+				} ).on(
+					"load error",
+					callback = function( evt ) {
+						script.remove();
+						callback = null;
+						if ( evt ) {
+							complete( evt.type === "error" ? 404 : 200, evt.type );
+						}
+					}
+				);
+
+				// Use native DOM manipulation to avoid our domManip AJAX trickery
+				document.head.appendChild( script[ 0 ] );
+			},
+			abort: function() {
+				if ( callback ) {
+					callback();
+				}
+			}
+		};
+	}
+} );
+
+
+
+
+var oldCallbacks = [],
+	rjsonp = /(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;
+
+// Default jsonp settings
+jQuery.ajaxSetup( {
+	jsonp: "callback",
+	jsonpCallback: function() {
+		var callback = oldCallbacks.pop() || ( jQuery.expando + "_" + ( nonce++ ) );
+		this[ callback ] = true;
+		return callback;
+	}
+} );
+
+// Detect, normalize options and install callbacks for jsonp requests
+jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( "json jsonp", function( s, originalSettings, jqXHR ) {
+
+	var callbackName, overwritten, responseContainer,
+		jsonProp = s.jsonp !== false && ( rjsonp.test( s.url ) ?
+			"url" :
+			typeof s.data === "string" &&
+				( s.contentType || "" )
+					.indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 &&
+				rjsonp.test( s.data ) && "data"
+		);
+
+	// Handle iff the expected data type is "jsonp" or we have a parameter to set
+	if ( jsonProp || s.dataTypes[ 0 ] === "jsonp" ) {
+
+		// Get callback name, remembering preexisting value associated with it
+		callbackName = s.jsonpCallback = jQuery.isFunction( s.jsonpCallback ) ?
+			s.jsonpCallback() :
+			s.jsonpCallback;
+
+		// Insert callback into url or form data
+		if ( jsonProp ) {
+			s[ jsonProp ] = s[ jsonProp ].replace( rjsonp, "$1" + callbackName );
+		} else if ( s.jsonp !== false ) {
+			s.url += ( rquery.test( s.url ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.jsonp + "=" + callbackName;
+		}
+
+		// Use data converter to retrieve json after script execution
+		s.converters[ "script json" ] = function() {
+			if ( !responseContainer ) {
+				jQuery.error( callbackName + " was not called" );
+			}
+			return responseContainer[ 0 ];
+		};
+
+		// Force json dataType
+		s.dataTypes[ 0 ] = "json";
+
+		// Install callback
+		overwritten = window[ callbackName ];
+		window[ callbackName ] = function() {
+			responseContainer = arguments;
+		};
+
+		// Clean-up function (fires after converters)
+		jqXHR.always( function() {
+
+			// If previous value didn't exist - remove it
+			if ( overwritten === undefined ) {
+				jQuery( window ).removeProp( callbackName );
+
+			// Otherwise restore preexisting value
+			} else {
+				window[ callbackName ] = overwritten;
+			}
+
+			// Save back as free
+			if ( s[ callbackName ] ) {
+
+				// Make sure that re-using the options doesn't screw things around
+				s.jsonpCallback = originalSettings.jsonpCallback;
+
+				// Save the callback name for future use
+				oldCallbacks.push( callbackName );
+			}
+
+			// Call if it was a function and we have a response
+			if ( responseContainer && jQuery.isFunction( overwritten ) ) {
+				overwritten( responseContainer[ 0 ] );
+			}
+
+			responseContainer = overwritten = undefined;
+		} );
+
+		// Delegate to script
+		return "script";
+	}
+} );
+
+
+
+
+// Support: Safari 8 only
+// In Safari 8 documents created via document.implementation.createHTMLDocument
+// collapse sibling forms: the second one becomes a child of the first one.
+// Because of that, this security measure has to be disabled in Safari 8.
+// https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=137337
+support.createHTMLDocument = ( function() {
+	var body = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument( "" ).body;
+	body.innerHTML = "<form></form><form></form>";
+	return body.childNodes.length === 2;
+} )();
+
+
+// Argument "data" should be string of html
+// context (optional): If specified, the fragment will be created in this context,
+// defaults to document
+// keepScripts (optional): If true, will include scripts passed in the html string
+jQuery.parseHTML = function( data, context, keepScripts ) {
+	if ( typeof data !== "string" ) {
+		return [];
+	}
+	if ( typeof context === "boolean" ) {
+		keepScripts = context;
+		context = false;
+	}
+
+	var base, parsed, scripts;
+
+	if ( !context ) {
+
+		// Stop scripts or inline event handlers from being executed immediately
+		// by using document.implementation
+		if ( support.createHTMLDocument ) {
+			context = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument( "" );
+
+			// Set the base href for the created document
+			// so any parsed elements with URLs
+			// are based on the document's URL (gh-2965)
+			base = context.createElement( "base" );
+			base.href = document.location.href;
+			context.head.appendChild( base );
+		} else {
+			context = document;
+		}
+	}
+
+	parsed = rsingleTag.exec( data );
+	scripts = !keepScripts && [];
+
+	// Single tag
+	if ( parsed ) {
+		return [ context.createElement( parsed[ 1 ] ) ];
+	}
+
+	parsed = buildFragment( [ data ], context, scripts );
+
+	if ( scripts && scripts.length ) {
+		jQuery( scripts ).remove();
+	}
+
+	return jQuery.merge( [], parsed.childNodes );
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Load a url into a page
+ */
+jQuery.fn.load = function( url, params, callback ) {
+	var selector, type, response,
+		self = this,
+		off = url.indexOf( " " );
+
+	if ( off > -1 ) {
+		selector = jQuery.trim( url.slice( off ) );
+		url = url.slice( 0, off );
+	}
+
+	// If it's a function
+	if ( jQuery.isFunction( params ) ) {
+
+		// We assume that it's the callback
+		callback = params;
+		params = undefined;
+
+	// Otherwise, build a param string
+	} else if ( params && typeof params === "object" ) {
+		type = "POST";
+	}
+
+	// If we have elements to modify, make the request
+	if ( self.length > 0 ) {
+		jQuery.ajax( {
+			url: url,
+
+			// If "type" variable is undefined, then "GET" method will be used.
+			// Make value of this field explicit since
+			// user can override it through ajaxSetup method
+			type: type || "GET",
+			dataType: "html",
+			data: params
+		} ).done( function( responseText ) {
+
+			// Save response for use in complete callback
+			response = arguments;
+
+			self.html( selector ?
+
+				// If a selector was specified, locate the right elements in a dummy div
+				// Exclude scripts to avoid IE 'Permission Denied' errors
+				jQuery( "<div>" ).append( jQuery.parseHTML( responseText ) ).find( selector ) :
+
+				// Otherwise use the full result
+				responseText );
+
+		// If the request succeeds, this function gets "data", "status", "jqXHR"
+		// but they are ignored because response was set above.
+		// If it fails, this function gets "jqXHR", "status", "error"
+		} ).always( callback && function( jqXHR, status ) {
+			self.each( function() {
+				callback.apply( this, response || [ jqXHR.responseText, status, jqXHR ] );
+			} );
+		} );
+	}
+
+	return this;
+};
+
+
+
+
+// Attach a bunch of functions for handling common AJAX events
+jQuery.each( [
+	"ajaxStart",
+	"ajaxStop",
+	"ajaxComplete",
+	"ajaxError",
+	"ajaxSuccess",
+	"ajaxSend"
+], function( i, type ) {
+	jQuery.fn[ type ] = function( fn ) {
+		return this.on( type, fn );
+	};
+} );
+
+
+
+
+jQuery.expr.pseudos.animated = function( elem ) {
+	return jQuery.grep( jQuery.timers, function( fn ) {
+		return elem === fn.elem;
+	} ).length;
+};
+
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Gets a window from an element
+ */
+function getWindow( elem ) {
+	return jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ? elem : elem.nodeType === 9 && elem.defaultView;
+}
+
+jQuery.offset = {
+	setOffset: function( elem, options, i ) {
+		var curPosition, curLeft, curCSSTop, curTop, curOffset, curCSSLeft, calculatePosition,
+			position = jQuery.css( elem, "position" ),
+			curElem = jQuery( elem ),
+			props = {};
+
+		// Set position first, in-case top/left are set even on static elem
+		if ( position === "static" ) {
+			elem.style.position = "relative";
+		}
+
+		curOffset = curElem.offset();
+		curCSSTop = jQuery.css( elem, "top" );
+		curCSSLeft = jQuery.css( elem, "left" );
+		calculatePosition = ( position === "absolute" || position === "fixed" ) &&
+			( curCSSTop + curCSSLeft ).indexOf( "auto" ) > -1;
+
+		// Need to be able to calculate position if either
+		// top or left is auto and position is either absolute or fixed
+		if ( calculatePosition ) {
+			curPosition = curElem.position();
+			curTop = curPosition.top;
+			curLeft = curPosition.left;
+
+		} else {
+			curTop = parseFloat( curCSSTop ) || 0;
+			curLeft = parseFloat( curCSSLeft ) || 0;
+		}
+
+		if ( jQuery.isFunction( options ) ) {
+
+			// Use jQuery.extend here to allow modification of coordinates argument (gh-1848)
+			options = options.call( elem, i, jQuery.extend( {}, curOffset ) );
+		}
+
+		if ( options.top != null ) {
+			props.top = ( options.top - curOffset.top ) + curTop;
+		}
+		if ( options.left != null ) {
+			props.left = ( options.left - curOffset.left ) + curLeft;
+		}
+
+		if ( "using" in options ) {
+			options.using.call( elem, props );
+
+		} else {
+			curElem.css( props );
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+	offset: function( options ) {
+
+		// Preserve chaining for setter
+		if ( arguments.length ) {
+			return options === undefined ?
+				this :
+				this.each( function( i ) {
+					jQuery.offset.setOffset( this, options, i );
+				} );
+		}
+
+		var docElem, win, rect, doc,
+			elem = this[ 0 ];
+
+		if ( !elem ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Support: IE <=11 only
+		// Running getBoundingClientRect on a
+		// disconnected node in IE throws an error
+		if ( !elem.getClientRects().length ) {
+			return { top: 0, left: 0 };
+		}
+
+		rect = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+		// Make sure element is not hidden (display: none)
+		if ( rect.width || rect.height ) {
+			doc = elem.ownerDocument;
+			win = getWindow( doc );
+			docElem = doc.documentElement;
+
+			return {
+				top: rect.top + win.pageYOffset - docElem.clientTop,
+				left: rect.left + win.pageXOffset - docElem.clientLeft
+			};
+		}
+
+		// Return zeros for disconnected and hidden elements (gh-2310)
+		return rect;
+	},
+
+	position: function() {
+		if ( !this[ 0 ] ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		var offsetParent, offset,
+			elem = this[ 0 ],
+			parentOffset = { top: 0, left: 0 };
+
+		// Fixed elements are offset from window (parentOffset = {top:0, left: 0},
+		// because it is its only offset parent
+		if ( jQuery.css( elem, "position" ) === "fixed" ) {
+
+			// Assume getBoundingClientRect is there when computed position is fixed
+			offset = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+		} else {
+
+			// Get *real* offsetParent
+			offsetParent = this.offsetParent();
+
+			// Get correct offsets
+			offset = this.offset();
+			if ( !jQuery.nodeName( offsetParent[ 0 ], "html" ) ) {
+				parentOffset = offsetParent.offset();
+			}
+
+			// Add offsetParent borders
+			parentOffset = {
+				top: parentOffset.top + jQuery.css( offsetParent[ 0 ], "borderTopWidth", true ),
+				left: parentOffset.left + jQuery.css( offsetParent[ 0 ], "borderLeftWidth", true )
+			};
+		}
+
+		// Subtract parent offsets and element margins
+		return {
+			top: offset.top - parentOffset.top - jQuery.css( elem, "marginTop", true ),
+			left: offset.left - parentOffset.left - jQuery.css( elem, "marginLeft", true )
+		};
+	},
+
+	// This method will return documentElement in the following cases:
+	// 1) For the element inside the iframe without offsetParent, this method will return
+	//    documentElement of the parent window
+	// 2) For the hidden or detached element
+	// 3) For body or html element, i.e. in case of the html node - it will return itself
+	//
+	// but those exceptions were never presented as a real life use-cases
+	// and might be considered as more preferable results.
+	//
+	// This logic, however, is not guaranteed and can change at any point in the future
+	offsetParent: function() {
+		return this.map( function() {
+			var offsetParent = this.offsetParent;
+
+			while ( offsetParent && jQuery.css( offsetParent, "position" ) === "static" ) {
+				offsetParent = offsetParent.offsetParent;
+			}
+
+			return offsetParent || documentElement;
+		} );
+	}
+} );
+
+// Create scrollLeft and scrollTop methods
+jQuery.each( { scrollLeft: "pageXOffset", scrollTop: "pageYOffset" }, function( method, prop ) {
+	var top = "pageYOffset" === prop;
+
+	jQuery.fn[ method ] = function( val ) {
+		return access( this, function( elem, method, val ) {
+			var win = getWindow( elem );
+
+			if ( val === undefined ) {
+				return win ? win[ prop ] : elem[ method ];
+			}
+
+			if ( win ) {
+				win.scrollTo(
+					!top ? val : win.pageXOffset,
+					top ? val : win.pageYOffset
+				);
+
+			} else {
+				elem[ method ] = val;
+			}
+		}, method, val, arguments.length );
+	};
+} );
+
+// Support: Safari <=7 - 9.1, Chrome <=37 - 49
+// Add the top/left cssHooks using jQuery.fn.position
+// Webkit bug: https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=29084
+// Blink bug: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=589347
+// getComputedStyle returns percent when specified for top/left/bottom/right;
+// rather than make the css module depend on the offset module, just check for it here
+jQuery.each( [ "top", "left" ], function( i, prop ) {
+	jQuery.cssHooks[ prop ] = addGetHookIf( support.pixelPosition,
+		function( elem, computed ) {
+			if ( computed ) {
+				computed = curCSS( elem, prop );
+
+				// If curCSS returns percentage, fallback to offset
+				return rnumnonpx.test( computed ) ?
+					jQuery( elem ).position()[ prop ] + "px" :
+					computed;
+			}
+		}
+	);
+} );
+
+
+// Create innerHeight, innerWidth, height, width, outerHeight and outerWidth methods
+jQuery.each( { Height: "height", Width: "width" }, function( name, type ) {
+	jQuery.each( { padding: "inner" + name, content: type, "": "outer" + name },
+		function( defaultExtra, funcName ) {
+
+		// Margin is only for outerHeight, outerWidth
+		jQuery.fn[ funcName ] = function( margin, value ) {
+			var chainable = arguments.length && ( defaultExtra || typeof margin !== "boolean" ),
+				extra = defaultExtra || ( margin === true || value === true ? "margin" : "border" );
+
+			return access( this, function( elem, type, value ) {
+				var doc;
+
+				if ( jQuery.isWindow( elem ) ) {
+
+					// $( window ).outerWidth/Height return w/h including scrollbars (gh-1729)
+					return funcName.indexOf( "outer" ) === 0 ?
+						elem[ "inner" + name ] :
+						elem.document.documentElement[ "client" + name ];
+				}
+
+				// Get document width or height
+				if ( elem.nodeType === 9 ) {
+					doc = elem.documentElement;
+
+					// Either scroll[Width/Height] or offset[Width/Height] or client[Width/Height],
+					// whichever is greatest
+					return Math.max(
+						elem.body[ "scroll" + name ], doc[ "scroll" + name ],
+						elem.body[ "offset" + name ], doc[ "offset" + name ],
+						doc[ "client" + name ]
+					);
+				}
+
+				return value === undefined ?
+
+					// Get width or height on the element, requesting but not forcing parseFloat
+					jQuery.css( elem, type, extra ) :
+
+					// Set width or height on the element
+					jQuery.style( elem, type, value, extra );
+			}, type, chainable ? margin : undefined, chainable );
+		};
+	} );
+} );
+
+
+jQuery.fn.extend( {
+
+	bind: function( types, data, fn ) {
+		return this.on( types, null, data, fn );
+	},
+	unbind: function( types, fn ) {
+		return this.off( types, null, fn );
+	},
+
+	delegate: function( selector, types, data, fn ) {
+		return this.on( types, selector, data, fn );
+	},
+	undelegate: function( selector, types, fn ) {
+
+		// ( namespace ) or ( selector, types [, fn] )
+		return arguments.length === 1 ?
+			this.off( selector, "**" ) :
+			this.off( types, selector || "**", fn );
+	}
+} );
+
+jQuery.parseJSON = JSON.parse;
+
+
+
+
+// Register as a named AMD module, since jQuery can be concatenated with other
+// files that may use define, but not via a proper concatenation script that
+// understands anonymous AMD modules. A named AMD is safest and most robust
+// way to register. Lowercase jquery is used because AMD module names are
+// derived from file names, and jQuery is normally delivered in a lowercase
+// file name. Do this after creating the global so that if an AMD module wants
+// to call noConflict to hide this version of jQuery, it will work.
+
+// Note that for maximum portability, libraries that are not jQuery should
+// declare themselves as anonymous modules, and avoid setting a global if an
+// AMD loader is present. jQuery is a special case. For more information, see
+// https://github.com/jrburke/requirejs/wiki/Updating-existing-libraries#wiki-anon
+
+if ( typeof define === "function" && define.amd ) {
+	define( "jquery", [], function() {
+		return jQuery;
+	} );
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+var
+
+	// Map over jQuery in case of overwrite
+	_jQuery = window.jQuery,
+
+	// Map over the $ in case of overwrite
+	_$ = window.$;
+
+jQuery.noConflict = function( deep ) {
+	if ( window.$ === jQuery ) {
+		window.$ = _$;
+	}
+
+	if ( deep && window.jQuery === jQuery ) {
+		window.jQuery = _jQuery;
+	}
+
+	return jQuery;
+};
+
+// Expose jQuery and $ identifiers, even in AMD
+// (#7102#comment:10, https://github.com/jquery/jquery/pull/557)
+// and CommonJS for browser emulators (#13566)
+if ( !noGlobal ) {
+	window.jQuery = window.$ = jQuery;
+}
+
+
+return jQuery;
+} );
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/jquery.js b/user_guide/_static/jquery.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6a6a99e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/jquery.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/*! jQuery v3.1.0 | (c) jQuery Foundation | jquery.org/license */
+!function(a,b){"use strict";"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=a.document?b(a,!0):function(a){if(!a.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return b(a)}:b(a)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(a,b){"use strict";var c=[],d=a.document,e=Object.getPrototypeOf,f=c.slice,g=c.concat,h=c.push,i=c.indexOf,j={},k=j.toString,l=j.hasOwnProperty,m=l.toString,n=m.call(Object),o={};function p(a,b){b=b||d;var c=b.createElement("script");c.text=a,b.head.appendChild(c).parentNode.removeChild(c)}var q="3.1.0",r=function(a,b){return new r.fn.init(a,b)},s=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,t=/^-ms-/,u=/-([a-z])/g,v=function(a,b){return b.toUpperCase()};r.fn=r.prototype={jquery:q,constructor:r,length:0,toArray:function(){return f.call(this)},get:function(a){return null!=a?a<0?this[a+this.length]:this[a]:f.call(this)},pushStack:function(a){var b=r.merge(this.constructor(),a);return b.prevObject=this,b},each:function(a){return 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diff --git a/user_guide/_static/js/oldtheme.js b/user_guide/_static/js/oldtheme.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60520cc3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/js/oldtheme.js
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+$( document ).ready(function() {
+    // Shift nav in mobile when clicking the menu.
+    $(document).on('click', "[data-toggle='wy-nav-top']", function() {
+      $("[data-toggle='wy-nav-shift']").toggleClass("shift");
+      $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift");
+    });
+    // Close menu when you click a link.
+    $(document).on('click', ".wy-menu-vertical .current ul li a", function() {
+      $("[data-toggle='wy-nav-shift']").removeClass("shift");
+      $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift");
+    });
+    $(document).on('click', "[data-toggle='rst-current-version']", function() {
+      $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift-up");
+    });  
+    // Make tables responsive
+    $("table.docutils:not(.field-list)").wrap("<div class='wy-table-responsive'></div>");
+});
+
+window.SphinxRtdTheme = (function (jquery) {
+    var stickyNav = (function () {
+        var navBar,
+            win,
+            stickyNavCssClass = 'stickynav',
+            applyStickNav = function () {
+                if (navBar.height() <= win.height()) {
+                    navBar.addClass(stickyNavCssClass);
+                } else {
+                    navBar.removeClass(stickyNavCssClass);
+                }
+            },
+            enable = function () {
+                applyStickNav();
+                win.on('resize', applyStickNav);
+            },
+            init = function () {
+                navBar = jquery('nav.wy-nav-side:first');
+                win    = jquery(window);
+            };
+        jquery(init);
+        return {
+            enable : enable
+        };
+    }());
+    return {
+        StickyNav : stickyNav
+    };
+}($));
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/js/theme.js b/user_guide/_static/js/theme.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..081d77bdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/js/theme.js
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+$(document).ready(function () {
+    // Shift nav in mobile when clicking the menu.
+    $(document).on('click', "[data-toggle='wy-nav-top']", function () {
+        $("[data-toggle='wy-nav-shift']").toggleClass("shift");
+        $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift");
+    });
+    // Close menu when you click a link.
+    $(document).on('click', ".wy-menu-vertical .current ul li a", function () {
+        $("[data-toggle='wy-nav-shift']").removeClass("shift");
+        $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift");
+    });
+    $(document).on('click', "[data-toggle='rst-current-version']", function () {
+        $("[data-toggle='rst-versions']").toggleClass("shift-up");
+    });
+    // Make tables responsive
+    $("table.docutils:not(.field-list)").wrap("<div class='wy-table-responsive'></div>");
+    // ---
+    // START DOC MODIFICATION BY RUFNEX
+    // v1.0 04.02.2015
+    // Add ToogleButton to get FullWidth-View by Johannes Gamperl codeigniter.de
+
+    $('#openToc').click(function () {
+        $('#nav').slideToggle();
+    });
+    $('#closeMe').toggle(
+        function ()
+        {
+            setCookie('ciNav', 'yes', 365);
+            $('#nav2').show();
+            $('#topMenu').remove();
+            $('body').css({background: 'none'});
+            $('.wy-nav-content-wrap').css({background: 'none', 'margin-left': 0});
+            $('.wy-breadcrumbs').append('<div style="float:right;"><div style="float:left;" id="topMenu">' + $('.wy-form').parent().html() + '</div></div>');
+            $('.wy-nav-side').toggle();
+        },
+        function ()
+        {
+            setCookie('ciNav', 'no', 365);
+            $('#topMenu').remove();
+            $('#nav').hide();
+            $('#nav2').hide();
+            $('body').css({background: '#edf0f2;'});
+            $('.wy-nav-content-wrap').css({background: 'none repeat scroll 0 0 #fcfcfc;', 'margin-left': '300px'});
+            $('.wy-nav-side').show();
+        }
+    );
+    if (getCookie('ciNav') == 'yes')
+    {
+        $('#closeMe').trigger('click');
+        //$('#nav').slideToggle();
+    }
+    // END MODIFICATION ---
+
+});
+
+// Rufnex Cookie functions
+function setCookie(cname, cvalue, exdays) {
+    // expire the old cookie if existed to avoid multiple cookies with the same name
+    if  (getCookie(cname)) {
+        document.cookie = cname + "=;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT";
+    }
+    var d = new Date();
+    d.setTime(d.getTime() + (exdays * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000));
+    var expires = "expires=" + d.toGMTString();
+    document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires + "; path=/";
+}
+function getCookie(cname) {
+    var name = cname + "=";
+    var ca = document.cookie.split(';');
+    for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) {
+        var c = ca[i];
+        while (c.charAt(0) == ' ')
+            c = c.substring(1);
+        if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) {
+            return c.substring(name.length, c.length);
+        }
+    }
+    return '';
+}
+// End
+
+// resize window
+$(window).on('resize', function(){
+    // show side nav on small screens when pulldown is enabled
+    if (getCookie('ciNav') == 'yes' && $(window).width() <= 768) { // 768px is the tablet size defined by the theme
+        $('.wy-nav-side').show();
+    }
+    // changing css with jquery seems to override the default css media query
+    // change margin
+    else if (getCookie('ciNav') == 'no' && $(window).width() <= 768) {
+        $('.wy-nav-content-wrap').css({'margin-left': 0});
+    }
+    // hide side nav on large screens when pulldown is enabled
+    else if (getCookie('ciNav') == 'yes' && $(window).width() > 768) {
+        $('.wy-nav-side').hide();
+    }
+    // change margin
+    else if (getCookie('ciNav') == 'no' && $(window).width() > 768) {
+        $('.wy-nav-content-wrap').css({'margin-left': '300px'});
+    }
+});
+
+window.SphinxRtdTheme = (function (jquery) {
+    var stickyNav = (function () {
+        var navBar,
+                win,
+                stickyNavCssClass = 'stickynav',
+                applyStickNav = function () {
+                    if (navBar.height() <= win.height()) {
+                        navBar.addClass(stickyNavCssClass);
+                    } else {
+                        navBar.removeClass(stickyNavCssClass);
+                    }
+                },
+                enable = function () {
+                    applyStickNav();
+                    win.on('resize', applyStickNav);
+                },
+                init = function () {
+                    navBar = jquery('nav.wy-nav-side:first');
+                    win = jquery(window);
+                };
+        jquery(init);
+        return {
+            enable: enable
+        };
+    }());
+    return {
+        StickyNav: stickyNav
+    };
+}($));
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/minus.png b/user_guide/_static/minus.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d96755fda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/minus.png
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/plus.png b/user_guide/_static/plus.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7107cec93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/plus.png
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/pygments.css b/user_guide/_static/pygments.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..723676477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/pygments.css
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+.highlight .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
+.highlight  { background: #ffffff; }
+.highlight .c { color: #999988; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
+.highlight .err { color: #a61717; background-color: #e3d2d2 } /* Error */
+.highlight .k { font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
+.highlight .o { font-weight: bold } /* Operator */
+.highlight .ch { color: #999988; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
+.highlight .cm { color: #999988; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
+.highlight .cp { color: #999999; font-weight: bold } /* Comment.Preproc */
+.highlight .cpf { color: #999988; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
+.highlight .c1 { color: #999988; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
+.highlight .cs { color: #999999; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */
+.highlight .gd { color: #000000; background-color: #ffdddd } /* Generic.Deleted */
+.highlight .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
+.highlight .gr { color: #aa0000 } /* Generic.Error */
+.highlight .gh { color: #999999 } /* Generic.Heading */
+.highlight .gi { color: #000000; background-color: #ddffdd } /* Generic.Inserted */
+.highlight .go { color: #888888 } /* Generic.Output */
+.highlight .gp { color: #555555 } /* Generic.Prompt */
+.highlight .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
+.highlight .gu { color: #aaaaaa } /* Generic.Subheading */
+.highlight .gt { color: #aa0000 } /* Generic.Traceback */
+.highlight .kc { font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
+.highlight .kd { font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
+.highlight .kn { font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
+.highlight .kp { font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
+.highlight .kr { font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
+.highlight .kt { color: #445588; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Type */
+.highlight .m { color: #009999 } /* Literal.Number */
+.highlight .s { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String */
+.highlight .na { color: #008080 } /* Name.Attribute */
+.highlight .nb { color: #999999 } /* Name.Builtin */
+.highlight .nc { color: #445588; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */
+.highlight .no { color: #008080 } /* Name.Constant */
+.highlight .ni { color: #800080 } /* Name.Entity */
+.highlight .ne { color: #990000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */
+.highlight .nf { color: #990000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Function */
+.highlight .nn { color: #555555 } /* Name.Namespace */
+.highlight .nt { color: #000080 } /* Name.Tag */
+.highlight .nv { color: #008080 } /* Name.Variable */
+.highlight .ow { font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
+.highlight .w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
+.highlight .mb { color: #009999 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
+.highlight .mf { color: #009999 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
+.highlight .mh { color: #009999 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
+.highlight .mi { color: #009999 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
+.highlight .mo { color: #009999 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
+.highlight .sb { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
+.highlight .sc { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String.Char */
+.highlight .sd { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String.Doc */
+.highlight .s2 { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String.Double */
+.highlight .se { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String.Escape */
+.highlight .sh { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
+.highlight .si { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
+.highlight .sx { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String.Other */
+.highlight .sr { color: #808000 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
+.highlight .s1 { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String.Single */
+.highlight .ss { color: #bb8844 } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
+.highlight .bp { color: #999999 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
+.highlight .vc { color: #008080 } /* Name.Variable.Class */
+.highlight .vg { color: #008080 } /* Name.Variable.Global */
+.highlight .vi { color: #008080 } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
+.highlight .il { color: #009999 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/searchtools.js b/user_guide/_static/searchtools.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c82157380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/searchtools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,758 @@
+/*
+ * searchtools.js_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for the full-text search.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2017 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+
+/* Non-minified version JS is _stemmer.js if file is provided */ 
+/**
+ * Porter Stemmer
+ */
+var Stemmer = function() {
+
+  var step2list = {
+    ational: 'ate',
+    tional: 'tion',
+    enci: 'ence',
+    anci: 'ance',
+    izer: 'ize',
+    bli: 'ble',
+    alli: 'al',
+    entli: 'ent',
+    eli: 'e',
+    ousli: 'ous',
+    ization: 'ize',
+    ation: 'ate',
+    ator: 'ate',
+    alism: 'al',
+    iveness: 'ive',
+    fulness: 'ful',
+    ousness: 'ous',
+    aliti: 'al',
+    iviti: 'ive',
+    biliti: 'ble',
+    logi: 'log'
+  };
+
+  var step3list = {
+    icate: 'ic',
+    ative: '',
+    alize: 'al',
+    iciti: 'ic',
+    ical: 'ic',
+    ful: '',
+    ness: ''
+  };
+
+  var c = "[^aeiou]";          // consonant
+  var v = "[aeiouy]";          // vowel
+  var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*";    // consonant sequence
+  var V = v + "[aeiou]*";      // vowel sequence
+
+  var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C;                      // [C]VC... is m>0
+  var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$";    // [C]VC[V] is m=1
+  var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C;              // [C]VCVC... is m>1
+  var s_v   = "^(" + C + ")?" + v;                         // vowel in stem
+
+  this.stemWord = function (w) {
+    var stem;
+    var suffix;
+    var firstch;
+    var origword = w;
+
+    if (w.length < 3)
+      return w;
+
+    var re;
+    var re2;
+    var re3;
+    var re4;
+
+    firstch = w.substr(0,1);
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);
+
+    // Step 1a
+    re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;
+
+    if (re.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re,"$1$2");
+    else if (re2.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2");
+
+    // Step 1b
+    re = /^(.+?)eed$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(fp[1])) {
+        re = /.$/;
+        w = w.replace(re,"");
+      }
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re2 = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re2.test(stem)) {
+        w = stem;
+        re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;
+        re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$");
+        re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+        if (re2.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+        else if (re3.test(w)) {
+          re = /.$/;
+          w = w.replace(re,"");
+        }
+        else if (re4.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Step 1c
+    re = /^(.+?)y$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + "i";
+    }
+
+    // Step 2
+    re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step2list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 3
+    re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step3list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 4
+    re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1] + fp[2];
+      re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re2.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+
+    // Step 5
+    re = /^(.+?)e$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      re2 = new RegExp(meq1);
+      re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+      if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem))))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    re = /ll$/;
+    re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+    if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {
+      re = /.$/;
+      w = w.replace(re,"");
+    }
+
+    // and turn initial Y back to y
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);
+    return w;
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Simple result scoring code.
+ */
+var Scorer = {
+  // Implement the following function to further tweak the score for each result
+  // The function takes a result array [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+  // and returns the new score.
+  /*
+  score: function(result) {
+    return result[4];
+  },
+  */
+
+  // query matches the full name of an object
+  objNameMatch: 11,
+  // or matches in the last dotted part of the object name
+  objPartialMatch: 6,
+  // Additive scores depending on the priority of the object
+  objPrio: {0:  15,   // used to be importantResults
+            1:  5,   // used to be objectResults
+            2: -5},  // used to be unimportantResults
+  //  Used when the priority is not in the mapping.
+  objPrioDefault: 0,
+
+  // query found in title
+  title: 15,
+  // query found in terms
+  term: 5
+};
+
+
+
+
+
+var splitChars = (function() {
+    var result = {};
+    var singles = [96, 180, 187, 191, 215, 247, 749, 885, 903, 907, 909, 930, 1014, 1648,
+         1748, 1809, 2416, 2473, 2481, 2526, 2601, 2609, 2612, 2615, 2653, 2702,
+         2706, 2729, 2737, 2740, 2857, 2865, 2868, 2910, 2928, 2948, 2961, 2971,
+         2973, 3085, 3089, 3113, 3124, 3213, 3217, 3241, 3252, 3295, 3341, 3345,
+         3369, 3506, 3516, 3633, 3715, 3721, 3736, 3744, 3748, 3750, 3756, 3761,
+         3781, 3912, 4239, 4347, 4681, 4695, 4697, 4745, 4785, 4799, 4801, 4823,
+         4881, 5760, 5901, 5997, 6313, 7405, 8024, 8026, 8028, 8030, 8117, 8125,
+         8133, 8181, 8468, 8485, 8487, 8489, 8494, 8527, 11311, 11359, 11687, 11695,
+         11703, 11711, 11719, 11727, 11735, 12448, 12539, 43010, 43014, 43019, 43587,
+         43696, 43713, 64286, 64297, 64311, 64317, 64319, 64322, 64325, 65141];
+    var i, j, start, end;
+    for (i = 0; i < singles.length; i++) {
+        result[singles[i]] = true;
+    }
+    var ranges = [[0, 47], [58, 64], [91, 94], [123, 169], [171, 177], [182, 184], [706, 709],
+         [722, 735], [741, 747], [751, 879], [888, 889], [894, 901], [1154, 1161],
+         [1318, 1328], [1367, 1368], [1370, 1376], [1416, 1487], [1515, 1519], [1523, 1568],
+         [1611, 1631], [1642, 1645], [1750, 1764], [1767, 1773], [1789, 1790], [1792, 1807],
+         [1840, 1868], [1958, 1968], [1970, 1983], [2027, 2035], [2038, 2041], [2043, 2047],
+         [2070, 2073], [2075, 2083], [2085, 2087], [2089, 2307], [2362, 2364], [2366, 2383],
+         [2385, 2391], [2402, 2405], [2419, 2424], [2432, 2436], [2445, 2446], [2449, 2450],
+         [2483, 2485], [2490, 2492], [2494, 2509], [2511, 2523], [2530, 2533], [2546, 2547],
+         [2554, 2564], [2571, 2574], [2577, 2578], [2618, 2648], [2655, 2661], [2672, 2673],
+         [2677, 2692], [2746, 2748], [2750, 2767], [2769, 2783], [2786, 2789], [2800, 2820],
+         [2829, 2830], [2833, 2834], [2874, 2876], [2878, 2907], [2914, 2917], [2930, 2946],
+         [2955, 2957], [2966, 2968], [2976, 2978], [2981, 2983], [2987, 2989], [3002, 3023],
+         [3025, 3045], [3059, 3076], [3130, 3132], [3134, 3159], [3162, 3167], [3170, 3173],
+         [3184, 3191], [3199, 3204], [3258, 3260], [3262, 3293], [3298, 3301], [3312, 3332],
+         [3386, 3388], [3390, 3423], [3426, 3429], [3446, 3449], [3456, 3460], [3479, 3481],
+         [3518, 3519], [3527, 3584], [3636, 3647], [3655, 3663], [3674, 3712], [3717, 3718],
+         [3723, 3724], [3726, 3731], [3752, 3753], [3764, 3772], [3774, 3775], [3783, 3791],
+         [3802, 3803], [3806, 3839], [3841, 3871], [3892, 3903], [3949, 3975], [3980, 4095],
+         [4139, 4158], [4170, 4175], [4182, 4185], [4190, 4192], [4194, 4196], [4199, 4205],
+         [4209, 4212], [4226, 4237], [4250, 4255], [4294, 4303], [4349, 4351], [4686, 4687],
+         [4702, 4703], [4750, 4751], [4790, 4791], [4806, 4807], [4886, 4887], [4955, 4968],
+         [4989, 4991], [5008, 5023], [5109, 5120], [5741, 5742], [5787, 5791], [5867, 5869],
+         [5873, 5887], [5906, 5919], [5938, 5951], [5970, 5983], [6001, 6015], [6068, 6102],
+         [6104, 6107], [6109, 6111], [6122, 6127], [6138, 6159], [6170, 6175], [6264, 6271],
+         [6315, 6319], [6390, 6399], [6429, 6469], [6510, 6511], [6517, 6527], [6572, 6592],
+         [6600, 6607], [6619, 6655], [6679, 6687], [6741, 6783], [6794, 6799], [6810, 6822],
+         [6824, 6916], [6964, 6980], [6988, 6991], [7002, 7042], [7073, 7085], [7098, 7167],
+         [7204, 7231], [7242, 7244], [7294, 7400], [7410, 7423], [7616, 7679], [7958, 7959],
+         [7966, 7967], [8006, 8007], [8014, 8015], [8062, 8063], [8127, 8129], [8141, 8143],
+         [8148, 8149], [8156, 8159], [8173, 8177], [8189, 8303], [8306, 8307], [8314, 8318],
+         [8330, 8335], [8341, 8449], [8451, 8454], [8456, 8457], [8470, 8472], [8478, 8483],
+         [8506, 8507], [8512, 8516], [8522, 8525], [8586, 9311], [9372, 9449], [9472, 10101],
+         [10132, 11263], [11493, 11498], [11503, 11516], [11518, 11519], [11558, 11567],
+         [11622, 11630], [11632, 11647], [11671, 11679], [11743, 11822], [11824, 12292],
+         [12296, 12320], [12330, 12336], [12342, 12343], [12349, 12352], [12439, 12444],
+         [12544, 12548], [12590, 12592], [12687, 12689], [12694, 12703], [12728, 12783],
+         [12800, 12831], [12842, 12880], [12896, 12927], [12938, 12976], [12992, 13311],
+         [19894, 19967], [40908, 40959], [42125, 42191], [42238, 42239], [42509, 42511],
+         [42540, 42559], [42592, 42593], [42607, 42622], [42648, 42655], [42736, 42774],
+         [42784, 42785], [42889, 42890], [42893, 43002], [43043, 43055], [43062, 43071],
+         [43124, 43137], [43188, 43215], [43226, 43249], [43256, 43258], [43260, 43263],
+         [43302, 43311], [43335, 43359], [43389, 43395], [43443, 43470], [43482, 43519],
+         [43561, 43583], [43596, 43599], [43610, 43615], [43639, 43641], [43643, 43647],
+         [43698, 43700], [43703, 43704], [43710, 43711], [43715, 43738], [43742, 43967],
+         [44003, 44015], [44026, 44031], [55204, 55215], [55239, 55242], [55292, 55295],
+         [57344, 63743], [64046, 64047], [64110, 64111], [64218, 64255], [64263, 64274],
+         [64280, 64284], [64434, 64466], [64830, 64847], [64912, 64913], [64968, 65007],
+         [65020, 65135], [65277, 65295], [65306, 65312], [65339, 65344], [65371, 65381],
+         [65471, 65473], [65480, 65481], [65488, 65489], [65496, 65497]];
+    for (i = 0; i < ranges.length; i++) {
+        start = ranges[i][0];
+        end = ranges[i][1];
+        for (j = start; j <= end; j++) {
+            result[j] = true;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+})();
+
+function splitQuery(query) {
+    var result = [];
+    var start = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < query.length; i++) {
+        if (splitChars[query.charCodeAt(i)]) {
+            if (start !== -1) {
+                result.push(query.slice(start, i));
+                start = -1;
+            }
+        } else if (start === -1) {
+            start = i;
+        }
+    }
+    if (start !== -1) {
+        result.push(query.slice(start));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Search Module
+ */
+var Search = {
+
+  _index : null,
+  _queued_query : null,
+  _pulse_status : -1,
+
+  init : function() {
+      var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+      if (params.q) {
+          var query = params.q[0];
+          $('input[name="q"]')[0].value = query;
+          this.performSearch(query);
+      }
+  },
+
+  loadIndex : function(url) {
+    $.ajax({type: "GET", url: url, data: null,
+            dataType: "script", cache: true,
+            complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+              if (textstatus != "success") {
+                document.getElementById("searchindexloader").src = url;
+              }
+            }});
+  },
+
+  setIndex : function(index) {
+    var q;
+    this._index = index;
+    if ((q = this._queued_query) !== null) {
+      this._queued_query = null;
+      Search.query(q);
+    }
+  },
+
+  hasIndex : function() {
+      return this._index !== null;
+  },
+
+  deferQuery : function(query) {
+      this._queued_query = query;
+  },
+
+  stopPulse : function() {
+      this._pulse_status = 0;
+  },
+
+  startPulse : function() {
+    if (this._pulse_status >= 0)
+        return;
+    function pulse() {
+      var i;
+      Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4;
+      var dotString = '';
+      for (i = 0; i < Search._pulse_status; i++)
+        dotString += '.';
+      Search.dots.text(dotString);
+      if (Search._pulse_status > -1)
+        window.setTimeout(pulse, 500);
+    }
+    pulse();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * perform a search for something (or wait until index is loaded)
+   */
+  performSearch : function(query) {
+    // create the required interface elements
+    this.out = $('#search-results');
+    this.title = $('<h2>' + _('Searching') + '</h2>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.dots = $('<span></span>').appendTo(this.title);
+    this.status = $('<p style="display: none"></p>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.output = $('<ul class="search"/>').appendTo(this.out);
+
+    $('#search-progress').text(_('Preparing search...'));
+    this.startPulse();
+
+    // index already loaded, the browser was quick!
+    if (this.hasIndex())
+      this.query(query);
+    else
+      this.deferQuery(query);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * execute search (requires search index to be loaded)
+   */
+  query : function(query) {
+    var i;
+    var stopwords = ["a","and","are","as","at","be","but","by","for","if","in","into","is","it","near","no","not","of","on","or","such","that","the","their","then","there","these","they","this","to","was","will","with"];
+
+    // stem the searchterms and add them to the correct list
+    var stemmer = new Stemmer();
+    var searchterms = [];
+    var excluded = [];
+    var hlterms = [];
+    var tmp = splitQuery(query);
+    var objectterms = [];
+    for (i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+      if (tmp[i] !== "") {
+          objectterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+
+      if ($u.indexOf(stopwords, tmp[i].toLowerCase()) != -1 || tmp[i].match(/^\d+$/) ||
+          tmp[i] === "") {
+        // skip this "word"
+        continue;
+      }
+      // stem the word
+      var word = stemmer.stemWord(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      // prevent stemmer from cutting word smaller than two chars
+      if(word.length < 3 && tmp[i].length >= 3) {
+        word = tmp[i];
+      }
+      var toAppend;
+      // select the correct list
+      if (word[0] == '-') {
+        toAppend = excluded;
+        word = word.substr(1);
+      }
+      else {
+        toAppend = searchterms;
+        hlterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+      // only add if not already in the list
+      if (!$u.contains(toAppend, word))
+        toAppend.push(word);
+    }
+    var highlightstring = '?highlight=' + $.urlencode(hlterms.join(" "));
+
+    // console.debug('SEARCH: searching for:');
+    // console.info('required: ', searchterms);
+    // console.info('excluded: ', excluded);
+
+    // prepare search
+    var terms = this._index.terms;
+    var titleterms = this._index.titleterms;
+
+    // array of [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+    var results = [];
+    $('#search-progress').empty();
+
+    // lookup as object
+    for (i = 0; i < objectterms.length; i++) {
+      var others = [].concat(objectterms.slice(0, i),
+                             objectterms.slice(i+1, objectterms.length));
+      results = results.concat(this.performObjectSearch(objectterms[i], others));
+    }
+
+    // lookup as search terms in fulltext
+    results = results.concat(this.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, terms, titleterms));
+
+    // let the scorer override scores with a custom scoring function
+    if (Scorer.score) {
+      for (i = 0; i < results.length; i++)
+        results[i][4] = Scorer.score(results[i]);
+    }
+
+    // now sort the results by score (in opposite order of appearance, since the
+    // display function below uses pop() to retrieve items) and then
+    // alphabetically
+    results.sort(function(a, b) {
+      var left = a[4];
+      var right = b[4];
+      if (left > right) {
+        return 1;
+      } else if (left < right) {
+        return -1;
+      } else {
+        // same score: sort alphabetically
+        left = a[1].toLowerCase();
+        right = b[1].toLowerCase();
+        return (left > right) ? -1 : ((left < right) ? 1 : 0);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // for debugging
+    //Search.lastresults = results.slice();  // a copy
+    //console.info('search results:', Search.lastresults);
+
+    // print the results
+    var resultCount = results.length;
+    function displayNextItem() {
+      // results left, load the summary and display it
+      if (results.length) {
+        var item = results.pop();
+        var listItem = $('<li style="display:none"></li>');
+        if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX === '') {
+          // dirhtml builder
+          var dirname = item[0] + '/';
+          if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) {
+            dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length-6);
+          } else if (dirname == 'index/') {
+            dirname = '';
+          }
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + dirname +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        } else {
+          // normal html builders
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        }
+        if (item[3]) {
+          listItem.append($('<span> (' + item[3] + ')</span>'));
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        } else if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.HAS_SOURCE) {
+          var suffix = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.SOURCELINK_SUFFIX;
+          $.ajax({url: DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '_sources/' + item[5] + (item[5].slice(-suffix.length) === suffix ? '' : suffix),
+                  dataType: "text",
+                  complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+                    var data = jqxhr.responseText;
+                    if (data !== '' && data !== undefined) {
+                      listItem.append(Search.makeSearchSummary(data, searchterms, hlterms));
+                    }
+                    Search.output.append(listItem);
+                    listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+                      displayNextItem();
+                    });
+                  }});
+        } else {
+          // no source available, just display title
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      // search finished, update title and status message
+      else {
+        Search.stopPulse();
+        Search.title.text(_('Search Results'));
+        if (!resultCount)
+          Search.status.text(_('Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you\'ve selected enough categories.'));
+        else
+            Search.status.text(_('Search finished, found %s page(s) matching the search query.').replace('%s', resultCount));
+        Search.status.fadeIn(500);
+      }
+    }
+    displayNextItem();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for object names
+   */
+  performObjectSearch : function(object, otherterms) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var docnames = this._index.docnames;
+    var objects = this._index.objects;
+    var objnames = this._index.objnames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i;
+    var results = [];
+
+    for (var prefix in objects) {
+      for (var name in objects[prefix]) {
+        var fullname = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + name;
+        if (fullname.toLowerCase().indexOf(object) > -1) {
+          var score = 0;
+          var parts = fullname.split('.');
+          // check for different match types: exact matches of full name or
+          // "last name" (i.e. last dotted part)
+          if (fullname == object || parts[parts.length - 1] == object) {
+            score += Scorer.objNameMatch;
+          // matches in last name
+          } else if (parts[parts.length - 1].indexOf(object) > -1) {
+            score += Scorer.objPartialMatch;
+          }
+          var match = objects[prefix][name];
+          var objname = objnames[match[1]][2];
+          var title = titles[match[0]];
+          // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be
+          // found in the name/title/description
+          if (otherterms.length > 0) {
+            var haystack = (prefix + ' ' + name + ' ' +
+                            objname + ' ' + title).toLowerCase();
+            var allfound = true;
+            for (i = 0; i < otherterms.length; i++) {
+              if (haystack.indexOf(otherterms[i]) == -1) {
+                allfound = false;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!allfound) {
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          var descr = objname + _(', in ') + title;
+
+          var anchor = match[3];
+          if (anchor === '')
+            anchor = fullname;
+          else if (anchor == '-')
+            anchor = objnames[match[1]][1] + '-' + fullname;
+          // add custom score for some objects according to scorer
+          if (Scorer.objPrio.hasOwnProperty(match[2])) {
+            score += Scorer.objPrio[match[2]];
+          } else {
+            score += Scorer.objPrioDefault;
+          }
+          results.push([docnames[match[0]], fullname, '#'+anchor, descr, score, filenames[match[0]]]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for full-text terms in the index
+   */
+  performTermsSearch : function(searchterms, excluded, terms, titleterms) {
+    var docnames = this._index.docnames;
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i, j, file;
+    var fileMap = {};
+    var scoreMap = {};
+    var results = [];
+
+    // perform the search on the required terms
+    for (i = 0; i < searchterms.length; i++) {
+      var word = searchterms[i];
+      var files = [];
+      var _o = [
+        {files: terms[word], score: Scorer.term},
+        {files: titleterms[word], score: Scorer.title}
+      ];
+
+      // no match but word was a required one
+      if ($u.every(_o, function(o){return o.files === undefined;})) {
+        break;
+      }
+      // found search word in contents
+      $u.each(_o, function(o) {
+        var _files = o.files;
+        if (_files === undefined)
+          return
+
+        if (_files.length === undefined)
+          _files = [_files];
+        files = files.concat(_files);
+
+        // set score for the word in each file to Scorer.term
+        for (j = 0; j < _files.length; j++) {
+          file = _files[j];
+          if (!(file in scoreMap))
+            scoreMap[file] = {}
+          scoreMap[file][word] = o.score;
+        }
+      });
+
+      // create the mapping
+      for (j = 0; j < files.length; j++) {
+        file = files[j];
+        if (file in fileMap)
+          fileMap[file].push(word);
+        else
+          fileMap[file] = [word];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms
+    for (file in fileMap) {
+      var valid = true;
+
+      // check if all requirements are matched
+      if (fileMap[file].length != searchterms.length)
+          continue;
+
+      // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the search result
+      for (i = 0; i < excluded.length; i++) {
+        if (terms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+            titleterms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+            $u.contains(terms[excluded[i]] || [], file) ||
+            $u.contains(titleterms[excluded[i]] || [], file)) {
+          valid = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // if we have still a valid result we can add it to the result list
+      if (valid) {
+        // select one (max) score for the file.
+        // for better ranking, we should calculate ranking by using words statistics like basic tf-idf...
+        var score = $u.max($u.map(fileMap[file], function(w){return scoreMap[file][w]}));
+        results.push([docnames[file], titles[file], '', null, score, filenames[file]]);
+      }
+    }
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to return a node containing the
+   * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list
+   * of stemmed words, hlwords is the list of normal, unstemmed
+   * words. the first one is used to find the occurrence, the
+   * latter for highlighting it.
+   */
+  makeSearchSummary : function(text, keywords, hlwords) {
+    var textLower = text.toLowerCase();
+    var start = 0;
+    $.each(keywords, function() {
+      var i = textLower.indexOf(this.toLowerCase());
+      if (i > -1)
+        start = i;
+    });
+    start = Math.max(start - 120, 0);
+    var excerpt = ((start > 0) ? '...' : '') +
+      $.trim(text.substr(start, 240)) +
+      ((start + 240 - text.length) ? '...' : '');
+    var rv = $('<div class="context"></div>').text(excerpt);
+    $.each(hlwords, function() {
+      rv = rv.highlightText(this, 'highlighted');
+    });
+    return rv;
+  }
+};
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Search.init();
+});
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/underscore-1.3.1.js b/user_guide/_static/underscore-1.3.1.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..208d4cd89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/underscore-1.3.1.js
@@ -0,0 +1,999 @@
+//     Underscore.js 1.3.1
+//     (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+//     Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
+//     Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
+//     Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
+
+(function() {
+
+  // Baseline setup
+  // --------------
+
+  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server.
+  var root = this;
+
+  // Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
+  var previousUnderscore = root._;
+
+  // Establish the object that gets returned to break out of a loop iteration.
+  var breaker = {};
+
+  // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
+  var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
+
+  // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
+  var slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
+      unshift          = ArrayProto.unshift,
+      toString         = ObjProto.toString,
+      hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
+
+  // All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
+  // are declared here.
+  var
+    nativeForEach      = ArrayProto.forEach,
+    nativeMap          = ArrayProto.map,
+    nativeReduce       = ArrayProto.reduce,
+    nativeReduceRight  = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
+    nativeFilter       = ArrayProto.filter,
+    nativeEvery        = ArrayProto.every,
+    nativeSome         = ArrayProto.some,
+    nativeIndexOf      = ArrayProto.indexOf,
+    nativeLastIndexOf  = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
+    nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
+    nativeKeys         = Object.keys,
+    nativeBind         = FuncProto.bind;
+
+  // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
+  var _ = function(obj) { return new wrapper(obj); };
+
+  // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
+  // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
+  // the browser, add `_` as a global object via a string identifier,
+  // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
+  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+    if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+      exports = module.exports = _;
+    }
+    exports._ = _;
+  } else {
+    root['_'] = _;
+  }
+
+  // Current version.
+  _.VERSION = '1.3.1';
+
+  // Collection Functions
+  // --------------------
+
+  // The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
+  // Handles objects with the built-in `forEach`, arrays, and raw objects.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `forEach` if available.
+  var each = _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (obj == null) return;
+    if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
+      obj.forEach(iterator, context);
+    } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
+      for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {
+        if (i in obj && iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (var key in obj) {
+        if (_.has(obj, key)) {
+          if (iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj) === breaker) return;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `map` if available.
+  _.map = _.collect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      results[results.length] = iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
+    });
+    if (obj.length === +obj.length) results.length = obj.length;
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
+  // or `foldl`. Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduce` if available.
+  _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
+    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
+    if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) {
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+      return initial ? obj.reduce(iterator, memo) : obj.reduce(iterator);
+    }
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!initial) {
+        memo = value;
+        initial = true;
+      } else {
+        memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
+      }
+    });
+    if (!initial) throw new TypeError('Reduce of empty array with no initial value');
+    return memo;
+  };
+
+  // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduceRight` if available.
+  _.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
+    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
+    if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) {
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+      return initial ? obj.reduceRight(iterator, memo) : obj.reduceRight(iterator);
+    }
+    var reversed = _.toArray(obj).reverse();
+    if (context && !initial) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+    return initial ? _.reduce(reversed, iterator, memo, context) : _.reduce(reversed, iterator);
+  };
+
+  // Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
+  _.find = _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var result;
+    any(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
+        result = value;
+        return true;
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `filter` if available.
+  // Aliased as `select`.
+  _.filter = _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
+    });
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
+  _.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
+    });
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `every` if available.
+  // Aliased as `all`.
+  _.every = _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var result = true;
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `some` if available.
+  // Aliased as `any`.
+  var any = _.some = _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
+    var result = false;
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
+    });
+    return !!result;
+  };
+
+  // Determine if a given value is included in the array or object using `===`.
+  // Aliased as `contains`.
+  _.include = _.contains = function(obj, target) {
+    var found = false;
+    if (obj == null) return found;
+    if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
+    found = any(obj, function(value) {
+      return value === target;
+    });
+    return found;
+  };
+
+  // Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
+  _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return _.map(obj, function(value) {
+      return (_.isFunction(method) ? method || value : value[method]).apply(value, args);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
+  _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
+    return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
+  };
+
+  // Return the maximum element or (element-based computation).
+  _.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
+    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return -Infinity;
+    var result = {computed : -Infinity};
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
+      computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
+    });
+    return result.value;
+  };
+
+  // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
+  _.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
+    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return Infinity;
+    var result = {computed : Infinity};
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
+      computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
+    });
+    return result.value;
+  };
+
+  // Shuffle an array.
+  _.shuffle = function(obj) {
+    var shuffled = [], rand;
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (index == 0) {
+        shuffled[0] = value;
+      } else {
+        rand = Math.floor(Math.random() * (index + 1));
+        shuffled[index] = shuffled[rand];
+        shuffled[rand] = value;
+      }
+    });
+    return shuffled;
+  };
+
+  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
+  _.sortBy = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      return {
+        value : value,
+        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
+      };
+    }).sort(function(left, right) {
+      var a = left.criteria, b = right.criteria;
+      return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
+    }), 'value');
+  };
+
+  // Groups the object's values by a criterion. Pass either a string attribute
+  // to group by, or a function that returns the criterion.
+  _.groupBy = function(obj, val) {
+    var result = {};
+    var iterator = _.isFunction(val) ? val : function(obj) { return obj[val]; };
+    each(obj, function(value, index) {
+      var key = iterator(value, index);
+      (result[key] || (result[key] = [])).push(value);
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Use a comparator function to figure out at what index an object should
+  // be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
+  _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator) {
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
+    var low = 0, high = array.length;
+    while (low < high) {
+      var mid = (low + high) >> 1;
+      iterator(array[mid]) < iterator(obj) ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
+    }
+    return low;
+  };
+
+  // Safely convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
+  _.toArray = function(iterable) {
+    if (!iterable)                return [];
+    if (iterable.toArray)         return iterable.toArray();
+    if (_.isArray(iterable))      return slice.call(iterable);
+    if (_.isArguments(iterable))  return slice.call(iterable);
+    return _.values(iterable);
+  };
+
+  // Return the number of elements in an object.
+  _.size = function(obj) {
+    return _.toArray(obj).length;
+  };
+
+  // Array Functions
+  // ---------------
+
+  // Get the first element of an array. Passing **n** will return the first N
+  // values in the array. Aliased as `head`. The **guard** check allows it to work
+  // with `_.map`.
+  _.first = _.head = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return (n != null) && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
+  };
+
+  // Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especcialy useful on
+  // the arguments object. Passing **n** will return all the values in
+  // the array, excluding the last N. The **guard** check allows it to work with
+  // `_.map`.
+  _.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, 0, array.length - ((n == null) || guard ? 1 : n));
+  };
+
+  // Get the last element of an array. Passing **n** will return the last N
+  // values in the array. The **guard** check allows it to work with `_.map`.
+  _.last = function(array, n, guard) {
+    if ((n != null) && !guard) {
+      return slice.call(array, Math.max(array.length - n, 0));
+    } else {
+      return array[array.length - 1];
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail`.
+  // Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an **index** will return
+  // the rest of the values in the array from that index onward. The **guard**
+  // check allows it to work with `_.map`.
+  _.rest = _.tail = function(array, index, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, (index == null) || guard ? 1 : index);
+  };
+
+  // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
+  _.compact = function(array) {
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !!value; });
+  };
+
+  // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
+  _.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
+    return _.reduce(array, function(memo, value) {
+      if (_.isArray(value)) return memo.concat(shallow ? value : _.flatten(value));
+      memo[memo.length] = value;
+      return memo;
+    }, []);
+  };
+
+  // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
+  _.without = function(array) {
+    return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+  };
+
+  // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
+  // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
+  // Aliased as `unique`.
+  _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iterator) {
+    var initial = iterator ? _.map(array, iterator) : array;
+    var result = [];
+    _.reduce(initial, function(memo, el, i) {
+      if (0 == i || (isSorted === true ? _.last(memo) != el : !_.include(memo, el))) {
+        memo[memo.length] = el;
+        result[result.length] = array[i];
+      }
+      return memo;
+    }, []);
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
+  // the passed-in arrays.
+  _.union = function() {
+    return _.uniq(_.flatten(arguments, true));
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
+  // passed-in arrays. (Aliased as "intersect" for back-compat.)
+  _.intersection = _.intersect = function(array) {
+    var rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
+      return _.every(rest, function(other) {
+        return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
+      });
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Take the difference between one array and a number of other arrays.
+  // Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
+  _.difference = function(array) {
+    var rest = _.flatten(slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.include(rest, value); });
+  };
+
+  // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
+  // an index go together.
+  _.zip = function() {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments);
+    var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
+    var results = new Array(length);
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) results[i] = _.pluck(args, "" + i);
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, **MSIE**),
+  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurrence of an
+  // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `indexOf` if available.
+  // If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
+  // for **isSorted** to use binary search.
+  _.indexOf = function(array, item, isSorted) {
+    if (array == null) return -1;
+    var i, l;
+    if (isSorted) {
+      i = _.sortedIndex(array, item);
+      return array[i] === item ? i : -1;
+    }
+    if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item);
+    for (i = 0, l = array.length; i < l; i++) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
+    return -1;
+  };
+
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `lastIndexOf` if available.
+  _.lastIndexOf = function(array, item) {
+    if (array == null) return -1;
+    if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) return array.lastIndexOf(item);
+    var i = array.length;
+    while (i--) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
+    return -1;
+  };
+
+  // Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
+  // the native Python `range()` function. See
+  // [the Python documentation](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range).
+  _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
+    if (arguments.length <= 1) {
+      stop = start || 0;
+      start = 0;
+    }
+    step = arguments[2] || 1;
+
+    var len = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
+    var idx = 0;
+    var range = new Array(len);
+
+    while(idx < len) {
+      range[idx++] = start;
+      start += step;
+    }
+
+    return range;
+  };
+
+  // Function (ahem) Functions
+  // ------------------
+
+  // Reusable constructor function for prototype setting.
+  var ctor = function(){};
+
+  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
+  // optionally). Binding with arguments is also known as `curry`.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if available.
+  // We check for `func.bind` first, to fail fast when `func` is undefined.
+  _.bind = function bind(func, context) {
+    var bound, args;
+    if (func.bind === nativeBind && nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    if (!_.isFunction(func)) throw new TypeError;
+    args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return bound = function() {
+      if (!(this instanceof bound)) return func.apply(context, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      ctor.prototype = func.prototype;
+      var self = new ctor;
+      var result = func.apply(self, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      if (Object(result) === result) return result;
+      return self;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
+  // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
+  _.bindAll = function(obj) {
+    var funcs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    if (funcs.length == 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
+    each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
+  _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
+    var memo = {};
+    hasher || (hasher = _.identity);
+    return function() {
+      var key = hasher.apply(this, arguments);
+      return _.has(memo, key) ? memo[key] : (memo[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
+  // it with the arguments supplied.
+  _.delay = function(func, wait) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(func, args); }, wait);
+  };
+
+  // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
+  // cleared.
+  _.defer = function(func) {
+    return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(slice.call(arguments, 1)));
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
+  // during a given window of time.
+  _.throttle = function(func, wait) {
+    var context, args, timeout, throttling, more;
+    var whenDone = _.debounce(function(){ more = throttling = false; }, wait);
+    return function() {
+      context = this; args = arguments;
+      var later = function() {
+        timeout = null;
+        if (more) func.apply(context, args);
+        whenDone();
+      };
+      if (!timeout) timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
+      if (throttling) {
+        more = true;
+      } else {
+        func.apply(context, args);
+      }
+      whenDone();
+      throttling = true;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not
+  // be triggered. The function will be called after it stops being called for
+  // N milliseconds.
+  _.debounce = function(func, wait) {
+    var timeout;
+    return function() {
+      var context = this, args = arguments;
+      var later = function() {
+        timeout = null;
+        func.apply(context, args);
+      };
+      clearTimeout(timeout);
+      timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
+  // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
+  _.once = function(func) {
+    var ran = false, memo;
+    return function() {
+      if (ran) return memo;
+      ran = true;
+      return memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
+  // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
+  // conditionally execute the original function.
+  _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
+    return function() {
+      var args = [func].concat(slice.call(arguments, 0));
+      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
+  // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
+  _.compose = function() {
+    var funcs = arguments;
+    return function() {
+      var args = arguments;
+      for (var i = funcs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
+      }
+      return args[0];
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will only be executed after being called N times.
+  _.after = function(times, func) {
+    if (times <= 0) return func();
+    return function() {
+      if (--times < 1) { return func.apply(this, arguments); }
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Object Functions
+  // ----------------
+
+  // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
+  _.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
+    if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
+    var keys = [];
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key;
+    return keys;
+  };
+
+  // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
+  _.values = function(obj) {
+    return _.map(obj, _.identity);
+  };
+
+  // Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
+  // Aliased as `methods`
+  _.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
+    var names = [];
+    for (var key in obj) {
+      if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
+    }
+    return names.sort();
+  };
+
+  // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
+  _.extend = function(obj) {
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        obj[prop] = source[prop];
+      }
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Fill in a given object with default properties.
+  _.defaults = function(obj) {
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        if (obj[prop] == null) obj[prop] = source[prop];
+      }
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
+  _.clone = function(obj) {
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
+    return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
+  };
+
+  // Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
+  // The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in
+  // order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
+  _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
+    interceptor(obj);
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Internal recursive comparison function.
+  function eq(a, b, stack) {
+    // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
+    // See the Harmony `egal` proposal: http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal.
+    if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
+    // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
+    if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
+    // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
+    if (a._chain) a = a._wrapped;
+    if (b._chain) b = b._wrapped;
+    // Invoke a custom `isEqual` method if one is provided.
+    if (a.isEqual && _.isFunction(a.isEqual)) return a.isEqual(b);
+    if (b.isEqual && _.isFunction(b.isEqual)) return b.isEqual(a);
+    // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
+    var className = toString.call(a);
+    if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
+    switch (className) {
+      // Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
+      case '[object String]':
+        // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
+        // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
+        return a == String(b);
+      case '[object Number]':
+        // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
+        // other numeric values.
+        return a != +a ? b != +b : (a == 0 ? 1 / a == 1 / b : a == +b);
+      case '[object Date]':
+      case '[object Boolean]':
+        // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
+        // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
+        // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
+        return +a == +b;
+      // RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
+      case '[object RegExp]':
+        return a.source == b.source &&
+               a.global == b.global &&
+               a.multiline == b.multiline &&
+               a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
+    }
+    if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
+    // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
+    // structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
+    var length = stack.length;
+    while (length--) {
+      // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
+      // unique nested structures.
+      if (stack[length] == a) return true;
+    }
+    // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
+    stack.push(a);
+    var size = 0, result = true;
+    // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
+    if (className == '[object Array]') {
+      // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
+      size = a.length;
+      result = size == b.length;
+      if (result) {
+        // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
+        while (size--) {
+          // Ensure commutative equality for sparse arrays.
+          if (!(result = size in a == size in b && eq(a[size], b[size], stack))) break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent.
+      if ('constructor' in a != 'constructor' in b || a.constructor != b.constructor) return false;
+      // Deep compare objects.
+      for (var key in a) {
+        if (_.has(a, key)) {
+          // Count the expected number of properties.
+          size++;
+          // Deep compare each member.
+          if (!(result = _.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], stack))) break;
+        }
+      }
+      // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
+      if (result) {
+        for (key in b) {
+          if (_.has(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
+        }
+        result = !size;
+      }
+    }
+    // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
+    stack.pop();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
+  _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
+    return eq(a, b, []);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given array, string, or object empty?
+  // An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
+  _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
+    if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) return false;
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a DOM element?
+  _.isElement = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj && obj.nodeType == 1);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value an array?
+  // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
+  _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable an object?
+  _.isObject = function(obj) {
+    return obj === Object(obj);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable an arguments object?
+  _.isArguments = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Arguments]';
+  };
+  if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
+    _.isArguments = function(obj) {
+      return !!(obj && _.has(obj, 'callee'));
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Is a given value a function?
+  _.isFunction = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Function]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a string?
+  _.isString = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object String]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a number?
+  _.isNumber = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Number]';
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value `NaN`?
+  _.isNaN = function(obj) {
+    // `NaN` is the only value for which `===` is not reflexive.
+    return obj !== obj;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a boolean?
+  _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
+    return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) == '[object Boolean]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a date?
+  _.isDate = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Date]';
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value a regular expression?
+  _.isRegExp = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object RegExp]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value equal to null?
+  _.isNull = function(obj) {
+    return obj === null;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable undefined?
+  _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
+    return obj === void 0;
+  };
+
+  // Has own property?
+  _.has = function(obj, key) {
+    return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
+  };
+
+  // Utility Functions
+  // -----------------
+
+  // Run Underscore.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `_` variable to its
+  // previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
+  _.noConflict = function() {
+    root._ = previousUnderscore;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
+  _.identity = function(value) {
+    return value;
+  };
+
+  // Run a function **n** times.
+  _.times = function (n, iterator, context) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) iterator.call(context, i);
+  };
+
+  // Escape a string for HTML interpolation.
+  _.escape = function(string) {
+    return (''+string).replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;').replace(/"/g, '&quot;').replace(/'/g, '&#x27;').replace(/\//g,'&#x2F;');
+  };
+
+  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object, ensuring that
+  // they're correctly added to the OOP wrapper as well.
+  _.mixin = function(obj) {
+    each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
+      addToWrapper(name, _[name] = obj[name]);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
+  // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
+  var idCounter = 0;
+  _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
+    var id = idCounter++;
+    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
+  };
+
+  // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
+  // following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
+  _.templateSettings = {
+    evaluate    : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    escape      : /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g
+  };
+
+  // When customizing `templateSettings`, if you don't want to define an
+  // interpolation, evaluation or escaping regex, we need one that is
+  // guaranteed not to match.
+  var noMatch = /.^/;
+
+  // Within an interpolation, evaluation, or escaping, remove HTML escaping
+  // that had been previously added.
+  var unescape = function(code) {
+    return code.replace(/\\\\/g, '\\').replace(/\\'/g, "'");
+  };
+
+  // JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
+  // Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
+  // and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
+  _.template = function(str, data) {
+    var c  = _.templateSettings;
+    var tmpl = 'var __p=[],print=function(){__p.push.apply(__p,arguments);};' +
+      'with(obj||{}){__p.push(\'' +
+      str.replace(/\\/g, '\\\\')
+         .replace(/'/g, "\\'")
+         .replace(c.escape || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "',_.escape(" + unescape(code) + "),'";
+         })
+         .replace(c.interpolate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "'," + unescape(code) + ",'";
+         })
+         .replace(c.evaluate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "');" + unescape(code).replace(/[\r\n\t]/g, ' ') + ";__p.push('";
+         })
+         .replace(/\r/g, '\\r')
+         .replace(/\n/g, '\\n')
+         .replace(/\t/g, '\\t')
+         + "');}return __p.join('');";
+    var func = new Function('obj', '_', tmpl);
+    if (data) return func(data, _);
+    return function(data) {
+      return func.call(this, data, _);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Add a "chain" function, which will delegate to the wrapper.
+  _.chain = function(obj) {
+    return _(obj).chain();
+  };
+
+  // The OOP Wrapper
+  // ---------------
+
+  // If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
+  // can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
+  // underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
+  var wrapper = function(obj) { this._wrapped = obj; };
+
+  // Expose `wrapper.prototype` as `_.prototype`
+  _.prototype = wrapper.prototype;
+
+  // Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
+  var result = function(obj, chain) {
+    return chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
+  };
+
+  // A method to easily add functions to the OOP wrapper.
+  var addToWrapper = function(name, func) {
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      var args = slice.call(arguments);
+      unshift.call(args, this._wrapped);
+      return result(func.apply(_, args), this._chain);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
+  _.mixin(_);
+
+  // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
+  each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      var wrapped = this._wrapped;
+      method.apply(wrapped, arguments);
+      var length = wrapped.length;
+      if ((name == 'shift' || name == 'splice') && length === 0) delete wrapped[0];
+      return result(wrapped, this._chain);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
+  each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      return result(method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments), this._chain);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
+  wrapper.prototype.chain = function() {
+    this._chain = true;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
+  wrapper.prototype.value = function() {
+    return this._wrapped;
+  };
+
+}).call(this);
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/underscore.js b/user_guide/_static/underscore.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b55f32be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/underscore.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Underscore.js 1.3.1
+// (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+// Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
+// Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
+// Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+// For all details and documentation:
+// http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
+(function(){function q(a,c,d){if(a===c)return a!==0||1/a==1/c;if(a==null||c==null)return a===c;if(a._chain)a=a._wrapped;if(c._chain)c=c._wrapped;if(a.isEqual&&b.isFunction(a.isEqual))return a.isEqual(c);if(c.isEqual&&b.isFunction(c.isEqual))return c.isEqual(a);var e=l.call(a);if(e!=l.call(c))return false;switch(e){case "[object String]":return a==String(c);case "[object Number]":return a!=+a?c!=+c:a==0?1/a==1/c:a==+c;case "[object Date]":case "[object Boolean]":return+a==+c;case "[object RegExp]":return a.source==
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+b.isArguments=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Arguments]"};if(!b.isArguments(arguments))b.isArguments=function(a){return!(!a||!b.has(a,"callee"))};b.isFunction=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Function]"};b.isString=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object String]"};b.isNumber=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Number]"};b.isNaN=function(a){return a!==a};b.isBoolean=function(a){return a===true||a===false||l.call(a)=="[object Boolean]"};b.isDate=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Date]"};
+b.isRegExp=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object RegExp]"};b.isNull=function(a){return a===null};b.isUndefined=function(a){return a===void 0};b.has=function(a,b){return I.call(a,b)};b.noConflict=function(){r._=G;return this};b.identity=function(a){return a};b.times=function(a,b,d){for(var e=0;e<a;e++)b.call(d,e)};b.escape=function(a){return(""+a).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;").replace(/"/g,"&quot;").replace(/'/g,"&#x27;").replace(/\//g,"&#x2F;")};b.mixin=function(a){j(b.functions(a),
+function(c){K(c,b[c]=a[c])})};var L=0;b.uniqueId=function(a){var b=L++;return a?a+b:b};b.templateSettings={evaluate:/<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,interpolate:/<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,escape:/<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g};var t=/.^/,u=function(a){return a.replace(/\\\\/g,"\\").replace(/\\'/g,"'")};b.template=function(a,c){var d=b.templateSettings,d="var __p=[],print=function(){__p.push.apply(__p,arguments);};with(obj||{}){__p.push('"+a.replace(/\\/g,"\\\\").replace(/'/g,"\\'").replace(d.escape||t,function(a,b){return"',_.escape("+
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diff --git a/user_guide/_static/up-pressed.png b/user_guide/_static/up-pressed.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acee3b68e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/up-pressed.png
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/up.png b/user_guide/_static/up.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a940a7da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/up.png
diff --git a/user_guide/_static/websupport.js b/user_guide/_static/websupport.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53f6a4525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/_static/websupport.js
@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+/*
+ * websupport.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * sphinx.websupport utilities for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2017 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+(function($) {
+  $.fn.autogrow = function() {
+    return this.each(function() {
+    var textarea = this;
+
+    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+
+    $(textarea)
+      .focus(function() {
+        textarea.interval = setInterval(function() {
+          $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+        }, 500);
+      })
+      .blur(function() {
+        clearInterval(textarea.interval);
+      });
+    });
+  };
+
+  $.fn.autogrow.resize = function(textarea) {
+    var lineHeight = parseInt($(textarea).css('line-height'), 10);
+    var lines = textarea.value.split('\n');
+    var columns = textarea.cols;
+    var lineCount = 0;
+    $.each(lines, function() {
+      lineCount += Math.ceil(this.length / columns) || 1;
+    });
+    var height = lineHeight * (lineCount + 1);
+    $(textarea).css('height', height);
+  };
+})(jQuery);
+
+(function($) {
+  var comp, by;
+
+  function init() {
+    initEvents();
+    initComparator();
+  }
+
+  function initEvents() {
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.comment-close', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.vote', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      handleVote($(this));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.reply', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      openReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.close-reply', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      closeReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.sort-option', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      handleReSort($(this));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.show-proposal', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      showProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.hide-proposal', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hideProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.show-propose-change', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      showProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.hide-propose-change', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hideProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.accept-comment', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      acceptComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.delete-comment', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      deleteComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", 'a.comment-markup', function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      toggleCommentMarkupBox($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set comp, which is a comparator function used for sorting and
+   * inserting comments into the list.
+   */
+  function setComparator() {
+    // If the first three letters are "asc", sort in ascending order
+    // and remove the prefix.
+    if (by.substring(0,3) == 'asc') {
+      var i = by.substring(3);
+      comp = function(a, b) { return a[i] - b[i]; };
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise sort in descending order.
+      comp = function(a, b) { return b[by] - a[by]; };
+    }
+
+    // Reset link styles and format the selected sort option.
+    $('a.sel').attr('href', '#').removeClass('sel');
+    $('a.by' + by).removeAttr('href').addClass('sel');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a comp function. If the user has preferences stored in
+   * the sortBy cookie, use those, otherwise use the default.
+   */
+  function initComparator() {
+    by = 'rating'; // Default to sort by rating.
+    // If the sortBy cookie is set, use that instead.
+    if (document.cookie.length > 0) {
+      var start = document.cookie.indexOf('sortBy=');
+      if (start != -1) {
+        start = start + 7;
+        var end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", start);
+        if (end == -1) {
+          end = document.cookie.length;
+          by = unescape(document.cookie.substring(start, end));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    setComparator();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Show a comment div.
+   */
+  function show(id) {
+    $('#ao' + id).hide();
+    $('#ah' + id).show();
+    var context = $.extend({id: id}, opts);
+    var popup = $(renderTemplate(popupTemplate, context)).hide();
+    popup.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').hide();
+    popup.find('a.by' + by).addClass('sel');
+    var form = popup.find('#cf' + id);
+    form.submit(function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      addComment(form);
+    });
+    $('#s' + id).after(popup);
+    popup.slideDown('fast', function() {
+      getComments(id);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Hide a comment div.
+   */
+  function hide(id) {
+    $('#ah' + id).hide();
+    $('#ao' + id).show();
+    var div = $('#sc' + id);
+    div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+      div.remove();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform an ajax request to get comments for a node
+   * and insert the comments into the comments tree.
+   */
+  function getComments(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+     type: 'GET',
+     url: opts.getCommentsURL,
+     data: {node: id},
+     success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+       var ul = $('#cl' + id);
+       var speed = 100;
+       $('#cf' + id)
+         .find('textarea[name="proposal"]')
+         .data('source', data.source);
+
+       if (data.comments.length === 0) {
+         ul.html('<li>No comments yet.</li>');
+         ul.data('empty', true);
+       } else {
+         // If there are comments, sort them and put them in the list.
+         var comments = sortComments(data.comments);
+         speed = data.comments.length * 100;
+         appendComments(comments, ul);
+         ul.data('empty', false);
+       }
+       $('#cn' + id).slideUp(speed + 200);
+       ul.slideDown(speed);
+     },
+     error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+       showError('Oops, there was a problem retrieving the comments.');
+     },
+     dataType: 'json'
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a comment via ajax and insert the comment into the comment tree.
+   */
+  function addComment(form) {
+    var node_id = form.find('input[name="node"]').val();
+    var parent_id = form.find('input[name="parent"]').val();
+    var text = form.find('textarea[name="comment"]').val();
+    var proposal = form.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').val();
+
+    if (text == '') {
+      showError('Please enter a comment.');
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Disable the form that is being submitted.
+    form.find('textarea,input').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
+
+    // Send the comment to the server.
+    $.ajax({
+      type: "POST",
+      url: opts.addCommentURL,
+      dataType: 'json',
+      data: {
+        node: node_id,
+        parent: parent_id,
+        text: text,
+        proposal: proposal
+      },
+      success: function(data, textStatus, error) {
+        // Reset the form.
+        if (node_id) {
+          hideProposeChange(node_id);
+        }
+        form.find('textarea')
+          .val('')
+          .add(form.find('input'))
+          .removeAttr('disabled');
+	var ul = $('#cl' + (node_id || parent_id));
+        if (ul.data('empty')) {
+          $(ul).empty();
+          ul.data('empty', false);
+        }
+        insertComment(data.comment);
+        var ao = $('#ao' + node_id);
+        ao.find('img').attr({'src': opts.commentBrightImage});
+        if (node_id) {
+          // if this was a "root" comment, remove the commenting box
+          // (the user can get it back by reopening the comment popup)
+          $('#ca' + node_id).slideUp();
+        }
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        form.find('textarea,input').removeAttr('disabled');
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem adding the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively append comments to the main comment list and children
+   * lists, creating the comment tree.
+   */
+  function appendComments(comments, ul) {
+    $.each(comments, function() {
+      var div = createCommentDiv(this);
+      ul.append($(document.createElement('li')).html(div));
+      appendComments(this.children, div.find('ul.comment-children'));
+      // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+      this.children = null;
+      div.data('comment', this);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * After adding a new comment, it must be inserted in the correct
+   * location in the comment tree.
+   */
+  function insertComment(comment) {
+    var div = createCommentDiv(comment);
+
+    // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+    comment.children = null;
+    div.data('comment', comment);
+
+    var ul = $('#cl' + (comment.node || comment.parent));
+    var siblings = getChildren(ul);
+
+    var li = $(document.createElement('li'));
+    li.hide();
+
+    // Determine where in the parents children list to insert this comment.
+    for(i=0; i < siblings.length; i++) {
+      if (comp(comment, siblings[i]) <= 0) {
+        $('#cd' + siblings[i].id)
+          .parent()
+          .before(li.html(div));
+        li.slideDown('fast');
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If we get here, this comment rates lower than all the others,
+    // or it is the only comment in the list.
+    ul.append(li.html(div));
+    li.slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function acceptComment(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+      type: 'POST',
+      url: opts.acceptCommentURL,
+      data: {id: id},
+      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+        $('#cm' + id).fadeOut('fast');
+        $('#cd' + id).removeClass('moderate');
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem accepting the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function deleteComment(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+      type: 'POST',
+      url: opts.deleteCommentURL,
+      data: {id: id},
+      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+        var div = $('#cd' + id);
+        if (data == 'delete') {
+          // Moderator mode: remove the comment and all children immediately
+          div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+            div.remove();
+          });
+          return;
+        }
+        // User mode: only mark the comment as deleted
+        div
+          .find('span.user-id:first')
+          .text('[deleted]').end()
+          .find('div.comment-text:first')
+          .text('[deleted]').end()
+          .find('#cm' + id + ', #dc' + id + ', #ac' + id + ', #rc' + id +
+                ', #sp' + id + ', #hp' + id + ', #cr' + id + ', #rl' + id)
+          .remove();
+        var comment = div.data('comment');
+        comment.username = '[deleted]';
+        comment.text = '[deleted]';
+        div.data('comment', comment);
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem deleting the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function showProposal(id) {
+    $('#sp' + id).hide();
+    $('#hp' + id).show();
+    $('#pr' + id).slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function hideProposal(id) {
+    $('#hp' + id).hide();
+    $('#sp' + id).show();
+    $('#pr' + id).slideUp('fast');
+  }
+
+  function showProposeChange(id) {
+    $('#pc' + id).hide();
+    $('#hc' + id).show();
+    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+    textarea.val(textarea.data('source'));
+    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea[0]);
+    textarea.slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function hideProposeChange(id) {
+    $('#hc' + id).hide();
+    $('#pc' + id).show();
+    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+    textarea.val('').removeAttr('disabled');
+    textarea.slideUp('fast');
+  }
+
+  function toggleCommentMarkupBox(id) {
+    $('#mb' + id).toggle();
+  }
+
+  /** Handle when the user clicks on a sort by link. */
+  function handleReSort(link) {
+    var classes = link.attr('class').split(/\s+/);
+    for (var i=0; i<classes.length; i++) {
+      if (classes[i] != 'sort-option') {
+	by = classes[i].substring(2);
+      }
+    }
+    setComparator();
+    // Save/update the sortBy cookie.
+    var expiration = new Date();
+    expiration.setDate(expiration.getDate() + 365);
+    document.cookie= 'sortBy=' + escape(by) +
+                     ';expires=' + expiration.toUTCString();
+    $('ul.comment-ul').each(function(index, ul) {
+      var comments = getChildren($(ul), true);
+      comments = sortComments(comments);
+      appendComments(comments, $(ul).empty());
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Function to process a vote when a user clicks an arrow.
+   */
+  function handleVote(link) {
+    if (!opts.voting) {
+      showError("You'll need to login to vote.");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    var id = link.attr('id');
+    if (!id) {
+      // Didn't click on one of the voting arrows.
+      return;
+    }
+    // If it is an unvote, the new vote value is 0,
+    // Otherwise it's 1 for an upvote, or -1 for a downvote.
+    var value = 0;
+    if (id.charAt(1) != 'u') {
+      value = id.charAt(0) == 'u' ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    // The data to be sent to the server.
+    var d = {
+      comment_id: id.substring(2),
+      value: value
+    };
+
+    // Swap the vote and unvote links.
+    link.hide();
+    $('#' + id.charAt(0) + (id.charAt(1) == 'u' ? 'v' : 'u') + d.comment_id)
+      .show();
+
+    // The div the comment is displayed in.
+    var div = $('div#cd' + d.comment_id);
+    var data = div.data('comment');
+
+    // If this is not an unvote, and the other vote arrow has
+    // already been pressed, unpress it.
+    if ((d.value !== 0) && (data.vote === d.value * -1)) {
+      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'u' + d.comment_id).hide();
+      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'v' + d.comment_id).show();
+    }
+
+    // Update the comments rating in the local data.
+    data.rating += (data.vote === 0) ? d.value : (d.value - data.vote);
+    data.vote = d.value;
+    div.data('comment', data);
+
+    // Change the rating text.
+    div.find('.rating:first')
+      .text(data.rating + ' point' + (data.rating == 1 ? '' : 's'));
+
+    // Send the vote information to the server.
+    $.ajax({
+      type: "POST",
+      url: opts.processVoteURL,
+      data: d,
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem casting that vote.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Open a reply form used to reply to an existing comment.
+   */
+  function openReply(id) {
+    // Swap out the reply link for the hide link
+    $('#rl' + id).hide();
+    $('#cr' + id).show();
+
+    // Add the reply li to the children ul.
+    var div = $(renderTemplate(replyTemplate, {id: id})).hide();
+    $('#cl' + id)
+      .prepend(div)
+      // Setup the submit handler for the reply form.
+      .find('#rf' + id)
+      .submit(function(event) {
+        event.preventDefault();
+        addComment($('#rf' + id));
+        closeReply(id);
+      })
+      .find('input[type=button]')
+      .click(function() {
+        closeReply(id);
+      });
+    div.slideDown('fast', function() {
+      $('#rf' + id).find('textarea').focus();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Close the reply form opened with openReply.
+   */
+  function closeReply(id) {
+    // Remove the reply div from the DOM.
+    $('#rd' + id).slideUp('fast', function() {
+      $(this).remove();
+    });
+
+    // Swap out the hide link for the reply link
+    $('#cr' + id).hide();
+    $('#rl' + id).show();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively sort a tree of comments using the comp comparator.
+   */
+  function sortComments(comments) {
+    comments.sort(comp);
+    $.each(comments, function() {
+      this.children = sortComments(this.children);
+    });
+    return comments;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the children comments from a ul. If recursive is true,
+   * recursively include childrens' children.
+   */
+  function getChildren(ul, recursive) {
+    var children = [];
+    ul.children().children("[id^='cd']")
+      .each(function() {
+        var comment = $(this).data('comment');
+        if (recursive)
+          comment.children = getChildren($(this).find('#cl' + comment.id), true);
+        children.push(comment);
+      });
+    return children;
+  }
+
+  /** Create a div to display a comment in. */
+  function createCommentDiv(comment) {
+    if (!comment.displayed && !opts.moderator) {
+      return $('<div class="moderate">Thank you!  Your comment will show up '
+               + 'once it is has been approved by a moderator.</div>');
+    }
+    // Prettify the comment rating.
+    comment.pretty_rating = comment.rating + ' point' +
+      (comment.rating == 1 ? '' : 's');
+    // Make a class (for displaying not yet moderated comments differently)
+    comment.css_class = comment.displayed ? '' : ' moderate';
+    // Create a div for this comment.
+    var context = $.extend({}, opts, comment);
+    var div = $(renderTemplate(commentTemplate, context));
+
+    // If the user has voted on this comment, highlight the correct arrow.
+    if (comment.vote) {
+      var direction = (comment.vote == 1) ? 'u' : 'd';
+      div.find('#' + direction + 'v' + comment.id).hide();
+      div.find('#' + direction + 'u' + comment.id).show();
+    }
+
+    if (opts.moderator || comment.text != '[deleted]') {
+      div.find('a.reply').show();
+      if (comment.proposal_diff)
+        div.find('#sp' + comment.id).show();
+      if (opts.moderator && !comment.displayed)
+        div.find('#cm' + comment.id).show();
+      if (opts.moderator || (opts.username == comment.username))
+        div.find('#dc' + comment.id).show();
+    }
+    return div;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A simple template renderer. Placeholders such as <%id%> are replaced
+   * by context['id'] with items being escaped. Placeholders such as <#id#>
+   * are not escaped.
+   */
+  function renderTemplate(template, context) {
+    var esc = $(document.createElement('div'));
+
+    function handle(ph, escape) {
+      var cur = context;
+      $.each(ph.split('.'), function() {
+        cur = cur[this];
+      });
+      return escape ? esc.text(cur || "").html() : cur;
+    }
+
+    return template.replace(/<([%#])([\w\.]*)\1>/g, function() {
+      return handle(arguments[2], arguments[1] == '%' ? true : false);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Flash an error message briefly. */
+  function showError(message) {
+    $(document.createElement('div')).attr({'class': 'popup-error'})
+      .append($(document.createElement('div'))
+               .attr({'class': 'error-message'}).text(message))
+      .appendTo('body')
+      .fadeIn("slow")
+      .delay(2000)
+      .fadeOut("slow");
+  }
+
+  /** Add a link the user uses to open the comments popup. */
+  $.fn.comment = function() {
+    return this.each(function() {
+      var id = $(this).attr('id').substring(1);
+      var count = COMMENT_METADATA[id];
+      var title = count + ' comment' + (count == 1 ? '' : 's');
+      var image = count > 0 ? opts.commentBrightImage : opts.commentImage;
+      var addcls = count == 0 ? ' nocomment' : '';
+      $(this)
+        .append(
+          $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
+            href: '#',
+            'class': 'sphinx-comment-open' + addcls,
+            id: 'ao' + id
+          })
+            .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
+              src: image,
+              alt: 'comment',
+              title: title
+            }))
+            .click(function(event) {
+              event.preventDefault();
+              show($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+            })
+        )
+        .append(
+          $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
+            href: '#',
+            'class': 'sphinx-comment-close hidden',
+            id: 'ah' + id
+          })
+            .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
+              src: opts.closeCommentImage,
+              alt: 'close',
+              title: 'close'
+            }))
+            .click(function(event) {
+              event.preventDefault();
+              hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+            })
+        );
+    });
+  };
+
+  var opts = {
+    processVoteURL: '/_process_vote',
+    addCommentURL: '/_add_comment',
+    getCommentsURL: '/_get_comments',
+    acceptCommentURL: '/_accept_comment',
+    deleteCommentURL: '/_delete_comment',
+    commentImage: '/static/_static/comment.png',
+    closeCommentImage: '/static/_static/comment-close.png',
+    loadingImage: '/static/_static/ajax-loader.gif',
+    commentBrightImage: '/static/_static/comment-bright.png',
+    upArrow: '/static/_static/up.png',
+    downArrow: '/static/_static/down.png',
+    upArrowPressed: '/static/_static/up-pressed.png',
+    downArrowPressed: '/static/_static/down-pressed.png',
+    voting: false,
+    moderator: false
+  };
+
+  if (typeof COMMENT_OPTIONS != "undefined") {
+    opts = jQuery.extend(opts, COMMENT_OPTIONS);
+  }
+
+  var popupTemplate = '\
+    <div class="sphinx-comments" id="sc<%id%>">\
+      <p class="sort-options">\
+        Sort by:\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byrating">best rated</a>\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byascage">newest</a>\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byage">oldest</a>\
+      </p>\
+      <div class="comment-header">Comments</div>\
+      <div class="comment-loading" id="cn<%id%>">\
+        loading comments... <img src="<%loadingImage%>" alt="" /></div>\
+      <ul id="cl<%id%>" class="comment-ul"></ul>\
+      <div id="ca<%id%>">\
+      <p class="add-a-comment">Add a comment\
+        (<a href="#" class="comment-markup" id="ab<%id%>">markup</a>):</p>\
+      <div class="comment-markup-box" id="mb<%id%>">\
+        reStructured text markup: <i>*emph*</i>, <b>**strong**</b>, \
+        <code>``code``</code>, \
+        code blocks: <code>::</code> and an indented block after blank line</div>\
+      <form method="post" id="cf<%id%>" class="comment-form" action="">\
+        <textarea name="comment" cols="80"></textarea>\
+        <p class="propose-button">\
+          <a href="#" id="pc<%id%>" class="show-propose-change">\
+            Propose a change &#9657;\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="hc<%id%>" class="hide-propose-change">\
+            Propose a change &#9663;\
+          </a>\
+        </p>\
+        <textarea name="proposal" id="pt<%id%>" cols="80"\
+                  spellcheck="false"></textarea>\
+        <input type="submit" value="Add comment" />\
+        <input type="hidden" name="node" value="<%id%>" />\
+        <input type="hidden" name="parent" value="" />\
+      </form>\
+      </div>\
+    </div>';
+
+  var commentTemplate = '\
+    <div id="cd<%id%>" class="sphinx-comment<%css_class%>">\
+      <div class="vote">\
+        <div class="arrow">\
+          <a href="#" id="uv<%id%>" class="vote" title="vote up">\
+            <img src="<%upArrow%>" />\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="uu<%id%>" class="un vote" title="vote up">\
+            <img src="<%upArrowPressed%>" />\
+          </a>\
+        </div>\
+        <div class="arrow">\
+          <a href="#" id="dv<%id%>" class="vote" title="vote down">\
+            <img src="<%downArrow%>" id="da<%id%>" />\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="du<%id%>" class="un vote" title="vote down">\
+            <img src="<%downArrowPressed%>" />\
+          </a>\
+        </div>\
+      </div>\
+      <div class="comment-content">\
+        <p class="tagline comment">\
+          <span class="user-id"><%username%></span>\
+          <span class="rating"><%pretty_rating%></span>\
+          <span class="delta"><%time.delta%></span>\
+        </p>\
+        <div class="comment-text comment"><#text#></div>\
+        <p class="comment-opts comment">\
+          <a href="#" class="reply hidden" id="rl<%id%>">reply &#9657;</a>\
+          <a href="#" class="close-reply" id="cr<%id%>">reply &#9663;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="sp<%id%>" class="show-proposal">proposal &#9657;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="hp<%id%>" class="hide-proposal">proposal &#9663;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="dc<%id%>" class="delete-comment hidden">delete</a>\
+          <span id="cm<%id%>" class="moderation hidden">\
+            <a href="#" id="ac<%id%>" class="accept-comment">accept</a>\
+          </span>\
+        </p>\
+        <pre class="proposal" id="pr<%id%>">\
+<#proposal_diff#>\
+        </pre>\
+          <ul class="comment-children" id="cl<%id%>"></ul>\
+        </div>\
+        <div class="clearleft"></div>\
+      </div>\
+    </div>';
+
+  var replyTemplate = '\
+    <li>\
+      <div class="reply-div" id="rd<%id%>">\
+        <form id="rf<%id%>">\
+          <textarea name="comment" cols="80"></textarea>\
+          <input type="submit" value="Add reply" />\
+          <input type="button" value="Cancel" />\
+          <input type="hidden" name="parent" value="<%id%>" />\
+          <input type="hidden" name="node" value="" />\
+        </form>\
+      </div>\
+    </li>';
+
+  $(document).ready(function() {
+    init();
+  });
+})(jQuery);
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  // add comment anchors for all paragraphs that are commentable
+  $('.sphinx-has-comment').comment();
+
+  // highlight search words in search results
+  $("div.context").each(function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.q) ? params.q[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    var result = $(this);
+    $.each(terms, function() {
+      result.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+    });
+  });
+
+  // directly open comment window if requested
+  var anchor = document.location.hash;
+  if (anchor.substring(0, 9) == '#comment-') {
+    $('#ao' + anchor.substring(9)).click();
+    document.location.hash = '#s' + anchor.substring(9);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/user_guide/changelog.html b/user_guide/changelog.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bcfea352e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/changelog.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4210 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Change Log &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="The MIT License (MIT)" href="license.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="XML Helper" href="helpers/xml_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+          
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+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
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+    </div>
+  </ul>
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="change-log">
+<h1>Change Log<a class="headerlink" href="#change-log" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-1-9">
+<h2>Version 3.1.9<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-1-9" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: Jun 12, 2018</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first"><strong>Security</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#auto_link" title="auto_link"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">auto_link()</span></code></a> to add <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rel=&quot;noopener&quot;</span></code> to generated links in order to prevent tab hijacking.</li>
+<li>Fixed a possible session fixation vulnerability where the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> enabled <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.use_strict_mode</span></code> but it didn’t actually do anything (thanks to Aamer Shah, Prasanna Kumar).</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">General Changes</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">limit()</span></code> to allow <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></code> values.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> to discard the results of failed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">idn_to_ascii()</span></code> calls while validating e-mail addresses.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-1-9">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.1.9<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-1-9" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a regression (#5448) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">like()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_like()</span></code> (and siblings) didn’t apply <em>dbprefix</em> or identifier escaping.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regression (#5462) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">like()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_like()</span></code> (and siblings) produced incorrect SQL syntax when used with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'before'</span></code> as the third parameter.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5516) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML Helper</span></a> functions <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html#img" title="img"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">img()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html#link_tag" title="link_tag"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">link_tag()</span></code></a> would output results with double slashes if a prefix slash was included in their path inputs.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-1-8">
+<h2>Version 3.1.8<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-1-8" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: Mar 22, 2018</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first"><strong>Security</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code> to also filter JavaScript tag functions.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code> didn’t check for parentheses around JavaScript’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">document</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">General Changes</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> to always negotiate between TLS 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 when possible (PHP 5.6+) for SMTP connections.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version()</span></code> to exclude suffixes to the main version numbers with the ‘postgre’ driver.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-1-8">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.1.8<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-1-8" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> tried to use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INTL_IDNA_VARIANT_UTS46</span></code> when it was undeclared.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">where()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">having()</span></code> treated values passed to them as arbitrary SQL.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5423) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_id()</span></code> failed due to incorrect server version parsing with the ‘postgre’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5425) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XML-RPC Library</span></a> produced an error message related to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count()</span></code> on PHP 7.2.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5434) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> attempted to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">chmod()</span></code> while rendering images with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dynamic_output</span></code> option.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5435) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">Database Results</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">field_data()</span></code> hid info about one field if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">limit()</span></code> was previously used with the ‘oci8’ driver.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-1-7">
+<h2>Version 3.1.7<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-1-7" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: Jan 13, 2018</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> rule <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">valid_email</span></code> to use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INTL_IDNA_VARIANT_UTS46</span></code> for non-ASCII domain names.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> to use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INTL_IDNA_VARIANT_UTS46</span></code> for non-ASCII domain names.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">model()</span></code> to log both <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Model</span></code> class loading and individual models’ initialization.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> to preserve previously set attributes while calling <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> to automatically add items to cache on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">increment()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrement()</span></code> calls for missing keys.</li>
+<li>Deprecated usage of <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html"><span class="doc">CAPTCHA Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html#create_captcha" title="create_captcha"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_captcha()</span></code></a> with parameters other than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-1-7">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.1.7<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-1-7" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a regression (#5276) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utilities</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">backup()</span></code> generated incorrect <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> statements with the ‘mysqli’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regression where <a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">Database Results</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">field_data()</span></code> returned incorrect type names.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5278) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#auto_link" title="auto_link"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">auto_link()</span></code></a> didn’t detect trailing slashes in URLs.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regression (#5282) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count_all_results()</span></code> breaks <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> clauses for subsequent queries.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5279) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> didn’t account for already escaped identifiers while applying database name prefixes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5331) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#auto_link" title="auto_link"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">auto_link()</span></code></a> converted e-mail addresses starting with ‘www.’ to both “url” and “email” links.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['allow_get_array']</span></code> defaulted to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FALSE</span></code> if it didn’t exist in the config file.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5379) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> would incorrectly fail to obtain a lock that it already has on PHP 7 with the ‘memcached’ driver.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-1-6">
+<h2>Version 3.1.6<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-1-6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: Sep 25, 2017</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Security</strong><ul>
+<li>Fixed a potential object injection in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> ‘apc’ driver when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">save()</span></code> is used with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$raw</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TRUE</span></code> (thanks to Tomas Bortoli).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Deprecated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library Library</span></a> driver ‘apc’.</li>
+<li>Updated the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> ‘redis’, ‘memcached’ drivers to reduce the potential of a locking race conditions.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-1-6">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.1.6<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-1-6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5164) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">library()</span></code> ignored requests to load libraries previously assigned to super-object properties named differently than the library name.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5168) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count_all_results()</span></code> produced erroneous queries on Microsoft SQL Server when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> clauses are cached.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5128) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler</span></a> didn’t wrap <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> and configuration arrays in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;pre&gt;</span></code> tags.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5183) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_write_type()</span></code> didn’t return TRUE for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MERGE</span></code> statements.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> didn’t escape image source paths passed to NetPBM as shell arguments.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5236) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">limit()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">offset()</span></code> break SQL Server 2005, 2008 queries with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;&lt;tablename&gt;&quot;.*</span></code> in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> clause.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5243) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version()</span></code> didn’t work with the ‘pdo/dblib’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5246) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html"><span class="doc">Database transactions</span></a> status wasn’t reset unless <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_complete()</span></code> was called.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5260) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utilities</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">backup()</span></code> generated incorrect <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> statements with the ‘mysqli’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">Database Results</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">field_data()</span></code> didn’t parse field types with the ‘mysqli’ driver.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-1-5">
+<h2>Version 3.1.5<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-1-5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: Jun 19, 2017</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Security</strong><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> rule <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">valid_email</span></code> could be bypassed if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">idn_to_ascii()</span></code> is available.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_label" title="form_label"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_label()</span></code></a> to accept HTML attributes as a string.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-1-5">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.1.5<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-1-5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5070) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> didn’t properly detect 7-bit encoding.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5084) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XML-RPC Library</span></a> errored because of a variable name typo.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5108) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html"><span class="doc">Inflector Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#singular" title="singular"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">singular()</span></code></a> didn’t properly handle ‘quizzes’.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regression (#5131) - private controller methods triggered PHP errors instead of a 404 response.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5150) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">modify_column()</span></code> triggered an error while renaming columns with the ‘oci8’, ‘pdo/oci’ drivers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5155) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count_all_results()</span></code> returned incorrect result for queries using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LIMIT</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OFFSET</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-1-4">
+<h2>Version 3.1.4<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-1-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: Mar 20, 2017</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Security</strong><ul>
+<li>Fixed a header injection vulnerability in <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common function</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#set_status_header" title="set_status_header"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_status_header()</span></code></a> under Apache (thanks to Guillermo Caminer from <a class="reference external" href="https://flowgate.net/">Flowgate</a>).</li>
+<li>Fixed byte-safety issues in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Library</span></a> (DEPRECATED) when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mbstring.func_overload</span></code> is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed byte-safety issues in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html"><span class="doc">Encryption Library</span></a> when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mbstring.func_overload</span></code> is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed byte-safety issues in <a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html"><span class="doc">compatibility functions</span></a> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">password_hash()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash_pbkdf2()</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mbstring.func_overload</span></code> is enabled.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Library</span></a> (DEPRECATED) to call <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mcrypt_create_iv()</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Updated the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> to work-around an issue with some JPEGs when using GD.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-1-4">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.1.4<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-1-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a regression (#4975) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> couldn’t handle objects passed as view variables.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4977) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">helper()</span></code> could accept any character as a filename extension separator.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regression where the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> would fail on a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session_regenerate_id(TRUE)</span></code> call with the ‘database’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4987) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> caching didn’t keep track of table aliases.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html"><span class="doc">Text Helper</span></a> function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ascii_to_entities()</span></code> wasn’t byte-safe when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mbstring.func_overload</span></code> is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Log</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Output</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Email</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Zip</span></code> didn’t handle strings in a byte-safe manner when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mbstring.func_overload</span></code> is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> didn’t read session data in a byte-safe manner when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mbstring.func_overload</span></code> is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4990) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler</span></a> didn’t close <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;pre&gt;</span></code> tags it generated.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4990) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler</span></a> didn’t HTML-escape quotes for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> variables.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_cookie()</span></code> didn’t allow its <em>httponly</em> and <em>secure</em> parameters to be overriden to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FALSE</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5006) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common function</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#get_mimes" title="get_mimes"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_mimes()</span></code></a> didn’t load <em>application/config/mimes.php</em> if an environment specific config exists.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5006) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common function</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#remove_invisible_characters" title="remove_invisible_characters"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">remove_invisible_characters()</span></code></a> didn’t remove URL-encoded <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0x7F</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4815) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Library</span></a> stripped URL-encoded sequences while escaping strings with the ‘mssql’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5044) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html#img" title="img"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">img()</span></code></a> didn’t accept <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">data:</span></code> URI schemes for the image source.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5050) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Library</span></a> tried to access an undefined property in a number of error handling cases.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5057) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> driver ‘postgre’ didn’t actually apply extra options (such as ‘connect_timeout’) to its DSN.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-1-3">
+<h2>Version 3.1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-1-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: Jan 09, 2017</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Security</strong><ul>
+<li>Fixed an XSS vulnerability in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a possible file inclusion vulnerability in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">vars()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a possible remote code execution vulnerability in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> when ‘mail’ or ‘sendmail’ are used (thanks to Paul Buonopane from <a class="reference external" href="https://www.namepros.com/">NamePros</a>).</li>
+<li>Added protection against timing side-channel attacks in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">csrf_verify()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added protection against BREACH attacks targeting the CSRF token field generated by <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_open" title="form_open"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_open()</span></code></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Deprecated <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['allow_get_array']</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Deprecated <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['standardize_newlines']</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Deprecated <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html#nice_date" title="nice_date"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">nice_date()</span></code></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-1-3">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-1-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4886) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Library</span></a> didn’t differentiate bind markers inside double-quoted strings in queries.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4890) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XML-RPC Library</span></a> didn’t work on PHP 7.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regression (#4887) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> triggered fatal errors due to numerous PHP distribution channels (XAMPP and cPanel confirmed) explicitly disabling ext/fileinfo by default.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4679) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ip_address()</span></code> didn’t properly resolve <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['proxy_ips']</span></code> IPv6 addresses.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4902) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> processing via ImageMagick didn’t work.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4905) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> didn’t take into account possible user-provided directory paths when loading helpers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4916) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sess_match_ip</span></code> enabled was unusable for IPv6 clients when using the ‘database’ driver on MySQL 5.7.5+.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4917) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html#nice_date" title="nice_date"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">nice_date()</span></code></a> didn’t handle YYYYMMDD inputs properly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4923) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> could execute an erroneous SQL query with the ‘database’ driver, if the lock attempt times out.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4927) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_header()</span></code> returned the first matching header, regardless of whether it would be replaced by a second <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_header()</span></code> call.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4844) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> didn’t apply <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escapeshellarg()</span></code> to the while passing the Sendmail <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-f</span></code> parameter through <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">popen()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4928) - the bootstrap file didn’t check if <em>config/constants.php</em> exists before trying to load it.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4937) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize()</span></code> didn’t translate <em>new_image</em> inputs to absolute paths.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4941) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">order_by()</span></code> didn’t work with ‘RANDOM’ under the ‘pdo/sqlite’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regression (#4892) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_batch()</span></code> didn’t properly handle identifier escaping.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4953) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_table()</span></code> didn’t update an internal tables list cache if it exists but is empty.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4958) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count_all_results()</span></code> didn’t take into account cached <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> clauses.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4804) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_batch()</span></code> could fail if the input array pointer was modified.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4962) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Force</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">alter_table()</span></code> would fail with the ‘oci8’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4457) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_image_properties()</span></code> didn’t detect invalid images.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4765) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> didn’t send the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User-Agent</span></code> header without a prior call to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">clear()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-1-2">
+<h2>Version 3.1.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-1-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: Oct 28, 2016</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Security</strong><ul>
+<li>Fixed a number of new vulnerabilities in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Allowed PHP 4-style constructors (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Matching_name::Matching_name()</span></code> methods) to be used as routes, if there’s a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></code> to override them.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-1-2">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.1.2<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-1-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a regression (#4874) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> didn’t take into account <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.hash_bits_per_character</span></code> when validating session IDs.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4871) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_batch()</span></code> didn’t properly handle identifier escaping.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4884) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> didn’t properly parse field names ending in ‘is’ when used inside WHERE and HAVING statements.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Log</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Output</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Email</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Zip</span></code> didn’t handle strings in a byte-safe manner when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mbstring.func_overload</span></code> is enabled.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-1-1">
+<h2>Version 3.1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-1-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: Oct 22, 2016</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Security</strong><ul>
+<li>Fixed a flaw in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">entity_decode()</span></code> (used by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code>) that affects HTML 5 entities when using PHP 5.3.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">E_PARSE</span></code> to the list of error levels detected by the shutdown handler.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html"><span class="doc">Inflector Helper</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#is_countable" title="is_countable"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_countable()</span></code></a> with more words.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common function</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#set_status_header" title="set_status_header"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_status_header()</span></code></a> with new status codes from IETF RFCs
+<a class="reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2817">2817</a> (426)
+and <a class="reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6585">6585</a> (428, 429, 431, 511).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-1-1">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-1-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4732) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> triggered errors while writing data for a newly-created sessions with the ‘memcached’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regression (#4736) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> processing via ImageMagick didn’t work.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4737) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> didn’t add an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OFFSET</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LIMIT</span></code> is zero or unused.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regression (#4739) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> doesn’t properly separate attachment bodies from headers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4754) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html"><span class="doc">Unit Testing Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result()</span></code> didn’t translate <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">res_datatype</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4759) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html"><span class="doc">Trackback</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XML-RPC</span></a> libraries treated URI schemes in a case-sensitive manner.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4762) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> ‘file’ driver method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_metadata()</span></code> checked TTL time against <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mtime</span></code> instead of the cache item’s creation time.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> generated error messages on PHP 7.1.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4780) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html"><span class="doc">compatibility function</span></a> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hex2bin()</span></code> didn’t reject inputs of type “resource”.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4787) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">valid_email()</span></code> triggered <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">E_WARNING</span></code> when input emails have empty domain names.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4805) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> driver ‘mysqli’ didn’t use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL_DONT_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT</span></code> flag properly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4808) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_write_type()</span></code> only looked at the first line of a queries using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">RETURNING</span></code> with the ‘postgre’, ‘pdo/pgsql’, ‘odbc’ and ‘pdo/odbc’ drivers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_batch()</span></code> tried to execute an unsupported SQL query with the ‘ibase’ and ‘pdo/firebird’ drivers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4809) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> driver ‘pdo/mysql’ didn’t turn off <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AUTOCOMMIT</span></code> when starting a transaction.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4822) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html"><span class="doc">CAPTCHA Helper</span></a> didn’t clear expired PNG images.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4823) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> ‘files’ driver could enter an infinite loop if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mbstring.func_overload</span></code> is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4851) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> didn’t quote schema names passed to its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_database()</span></code> method.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4863) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html"><span class="doc">HTML Table Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_caption()</span></code> was missing method chaining support.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4843) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XML-RPC Library</span></a> client class didn’t set a read/write socket timeout.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4865) - uncaught exceptions didn’t set the HTTP Response status code to 500 unless <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">display_errors</span></code> was turned On.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4830) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> didn’t take into account the new session INI settings in PHP 7.1.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-1-0">
+<h2>Version 3.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-1-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: July 26, 2016</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Security</strong><ul>
+<li>Fixed an SQL injection in the ‘odbc’ database driver.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html#set_realpath" title="set_realpath"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_realpath()</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html"><span class="doc">Path Helper</span></a> function to filter-out <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">php://</span></code> wrapper inputs.</li>
+<li>Officially dropped any kind of support for PHP 5.2.x and anything under 5.3.7.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> to validate <em>width</em> and <em>height</em> configuration values.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html"><span class="doc">Encryption Library</span></a> to always prefer <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">random_bytes()</span></code> when it is available.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> to log ‘debug’ messages when using fallbacks to <em>session.save_path</em> (php.ini) or ‘sess_use_database’, ‘sess_table_name’ settings.</li>
+<li>Added a ‘LONGTEXT’ to ‘STRING’ alias to <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> for the ‘cubrid’, ‘pdo/cubrid’ drivers.</li>
+<li>Added ‘TINYINT’, ‘MEDIUMINT’, ‘INT’ and ‘BIGINT’ aliases to ‘NUMBER’ to <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> for the ‘oci8’, ‘pdo/oci’ drivers.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html#password_hash" title="password_hash"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">password_hash()</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html"><span class="doc">compatibility function</span></a> changes:<ul>
+<li>Changed salt-generation logic to prefer <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">random_bytes()</span></code> when it is available.</li>
+<li>Changed salt-generation logic to prefer direct access to <em>/dev/urandom</em> over <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">openssl_random_pseudo_bytes()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Changed salt-generation logic to error if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">openssl_random_pseudo_bytes()</span></code> sets its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$crypto_strong</span></code> flag to FALSE.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-1-0">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-1-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> didn’t escape image source paths passed to ImageMagick as shell arguments.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#861) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_table()</span></code> incorrectly accepts field width constraints for MSSQL/SQLSRV integer-type columns.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4562) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> didn’t check if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Memcached::quit()</span></code> is available before calling it.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4563) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request_headers()</span></code> ignores <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$xss_clean</span></code> parameter value after first call.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4605) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code> stripped trailing slashes from relative URIs passed to it.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4613) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> failed to send multiple emails via SMTP due to “already authenticated” errors when keep-alive is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4633) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> ignored multiple “callback” rules for empty, non-required fields.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4637) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">error()</span></code> returned <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FALSE</span></code> with the ‘oci8’ driver if there was no error.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4647) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count_all_results()</span></code> doesn’t take into account <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GROUP</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> clauses while deciding whether to do a subquery or not.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> ‘redis’ driver didn’t properly detect if a connection is properly closed on PHP 5.x.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4583) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> didn’t properly handle inline attachments in HTML emails.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_select()</span></code> didn’t clear metadata cached for the previously used database.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4675) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html#delete_files" title="delete_files"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_files()</span></code></a> treated symbolic links as regular directories.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4674) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> driver ‘dblib’ triggered E_WARNING messages while connecting.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4678) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> tried to use unsupported <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> clause when creating tables on Oracle.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4691) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">data()</span></code> returns wrong ‘raw_name’ when the filename extension is also contained in the raw filename.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4679) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ip_address()</span></code> errors with a matching <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['proxy_ips']</span></code> IPv6 address.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4695) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User Agent Library</span></a> didn’t load the <em>config/user_agents.php</em> file when there’s no <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User-Agent</span></code> HTTP request header.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4713) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_batch()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_batch()</span></code> could return wrong affected rows count.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4712) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> doesn’t sent <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">RSET</span></code> to SMTP servers after a failure and while using keep-alive.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4724) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common function</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#is_https" title="is_https"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_https()</span></code></a> compared the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">X-Forwarded-Proto</span></code> HTTP header case-sensitively.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4725) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common function</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#remove_invisible_characters" title="remove_invisible_characters"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">remove_invisible_characters()</span></code></a> searched case-sensitively for URL-encoded characters.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-0-6">
+<h2>Version 3.0.6<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-0-6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: March 21, 2016</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Added a destructor to <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> ‘memcached’ driver to ensure that Memcache(d) connections are properly closed.</li>
+<li>Deprecated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prep_for_form()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-0-6">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.0.6<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-0-6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4516) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> always accepted empty array inputs.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> allowed accessing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> values as class properties but <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isset()</span></code> didn’t work on them.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> modified the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> array when the data being validated was actually provided via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_data()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4539) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html"><span class="doc">Migration Library</span></a> applied migrations before validating that all migrations within the requested version range are valid.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4539) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html"><span class="doc">Migration Library</span></a> triggered failures for migrations that are out of the requested version range.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-0-5">
+<h2>Version 3.0.5<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-0-5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: March 11, 2016</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Core<ul>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> to allow <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$autoload['drivers']</span></code> assigning with custom property names.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> to ignore variables prefixed with ‘_ci_’ when loading views.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Updated the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> to produce friendlier error messages on failures with drivers other than ‘files’.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a><ul>
+<li>Added a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$batch_size</span></code> parameter to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_batch()</span></code> method (defaults to 100).</li>
+<li>Added a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$batch_size</span></code> parameter to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_batch()</span></code> method (defaults to 100).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-0-5">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.0.5<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-0-5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4391) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reply_to()</span></code> didn’t apply Q-encoding.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4384) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> ignored (possible) <em>cur_page</em> configuration value.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4395) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count_all_results()</span></code> still fails if an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> condition is used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4399) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_batch()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_batch()</span></code> produced confusing error messages when called with no data and <em>db_debug</em> is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4401) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> breaks <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HAVING</span></code> conditions that use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IN()</span></code> with strings containing a closing parenthesis.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regression in <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> functions <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_checkbox" title="set_checkbox"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_checkbox()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_radio" title="set_radio"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_radio()</span></code></a> where “checked” inputs aren’t recognized after a form submit.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4407) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html"><span class="doc">Text Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html#word_censor" title="word_censor"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">word_censor()</span></code></a> doesn’t work under PHP 7 if there’s no custom replacement provided.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4415) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> rule <strong>valid_url</strong> didn’t accept URLs with IPv6 addresses enclosed in square brackets under PHP 5 (upstream bug).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4427) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html"><span class="doc">CAPTCHA Helper</span></a> triggers an error if the provided character pool is too small.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4430) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> option <strong>file_ext_tolower</strong> didn’t work.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4431) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">join()</span></code> discarded opening parentheses.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4424) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> triggered a PHP warning when writing a newly created session with the ‘redis’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4437) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html"><span class="doc">Inflector Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#humanize" title="humanize"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">humanize()</span></code></a> didn’t escape its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$separator</span></code> parameter while using it in a regular expression.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> didn’t properly handle its locks’ statuses with the ‘memcached’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> triggered a PHP warning when writing a newly created session with the ‘memcached’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4449) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">join()</span></code> breaks conditions containing <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IS</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IS</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4491) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> didn’t clean-up internal variables for emulated locks with the ‘redis’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> didn’t clean-up internal variables for emulated locks with the ‘memcached’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> transactions didn’t work with the ‘ibase’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4475) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strip_image_tags()</span></code> preserves only the first URL character from non-quoted <em>src</em> attributes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler Library</span></a> didn’t apply <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">htmlspecialchars()</span></code> to all displayed inputs.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4277) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> triggered fatal errors if accessing the Memcache(d) and/or Redis driver and they are not available on the system.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_supported()</span></code> logged an error message when it returns <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FALSE</span></code> for the APC and Wincache drivers.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-0-4">
+<h2>Version 3.0.4<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-0-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: January 13, 2016</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_random_bytes()</span></code> to use PHP 7’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">random_bytes()</span></code> function when possible.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Encryption Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_key()</span></code> to use PHP 7’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">random_bytes()</span></code> function when possible.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a><ul>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OFFSET-FETCH</span></code> with Oracle 12c for the ‘oci8’ and ‘pdo/oci’ drivers.</li>
+<li>Added support for the new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL_DONT_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT</span></code> constant from <a class="reference external" href="https://secure.php.net/ChangeLog-5.php#5.6.16">PHP 5.6.16</a> for the ‘mysqli’ driver.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-0-4">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.0.4<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-0-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4212) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count_all_results()</span></code> could fail if an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ORDER</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> condition is used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> functions <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_checkbox" title="set_checkbox"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_checkbox()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_radio" title="set_radio"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_radio()</span></code></a> didn’t “uncheck” inputs on a submitted form if the default state is “checked”.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4217) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base_url()</span></code> didn’t use proper formatting for IPv6 when it falls back to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR']</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html"><span class="doc">CAPTCHA Helper</span></a> entered an infinite loop while generating a random string.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4223) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">simple_query()</span></code> blindly executes queries without checking if the connection was initialized properly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4244) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> could improperly use “unsafe” US-ASCII characters during Quoted-printable encoding.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4245) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> couldn’t properly handle <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SET</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ENUM</span></code> type fields with string values.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4283) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html#alternator" title="alternator"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">alternator()</span></code></a> couldn’t be called without arguments.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4306) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version()</span></code> didn’t work properly with the ‘mssql’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4039) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> could generate multiple (redundant) warnings in case of a read failure with the ‘files’ driver, due to a bug in PHP.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> didn’t have proper error handling on PHP 5 (due to a PHP bug).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4312) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> didn’t provide error feedback for failed validation on empty requests.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <cite>version()</cite> returned banner text instead of only the version number with the ‘oci8’ and ‘pdo/oci’ drivers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4331) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">error()</span></code> didn’t really work for connection errors with the ‘mysqli’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4343) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> failing with a <em>“More than one ‘from’ person”</em> message when using <em>sendmail</em>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4350) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">model()</span></code> logic directly instantiated the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Model</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MY_Model</span></code> classes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4337) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query()</span></code> didn’t return a result set for queries with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">RETURNING</span></code> statement on PostgreSQL.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4362) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> doesn’t properly maintain its state after ID regeneration with the ‘redis’ and ‘memcached’ drivers on PHP 7.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4349) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> drivers ‘mysql’, ‘mysqli’, ‘pdo/mysql’ discard other <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sql_mode</span></code> flags when “stricton” is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4349) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> drivers ‘mysql’, ‘mysqli’, ‘pdo/mysql’ don’t turn off <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STRICT_TRANS_TABLES</span></code> on MySQL 5.7+ when “stricton” is disabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4374) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> with the ‘database’ driver could be affected by userspace <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> conditions.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-0-3">
+<h2>Version 3.0.3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-0-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: October 31, 2015</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Security</strong><ul>
+<li>Fixed an XSS attack vector in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base_url()</span></code> to fallback to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR']</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['base_url']</span></code> is empty in order to avoid <em>Host</em> header injections.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html"><span class="doc">CAPTCHA Helper</span></a> to use the operating system’s PRNG when possible.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a><ul>
+<li>Optimized <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utility</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">csv_from_result()</span></code> for speed with larger result sets.</li>
+<li>Added proper return values to <a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html"><span class="doc">Database Transactions</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_start()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-0-3">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.0.3<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-0-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4170) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_id()</span></code> could return an identity from the wrong scope with the ‘sqlsrv’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4179) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> doesn’t properly maintain its state after ID regeneration with the ‘database’ driver on PHP 7.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4173) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_key()</span></code> didn’t allow creation of non-PRIMARY composite keys after the “bugfix” for #3968.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4171) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html"><span class="doc">Database Transactions</span></a> didn’t work with nesting in methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_begin()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_commit()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_rollback()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html"><span class="doc">Database Transaction</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_begin()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_commit()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_rollback()</span></code> ignored failures.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where all <a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html"><span class="doc">Database Transaction</span></a> methods returned TRUE while transactions are actually disabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common function</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#html_escape" title="html_escape"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code></a> modified keys of its array inputs.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4192) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> wouldn’t always have proper Quoted-printable encoding due to a bug in PHP’s own <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mb_mime_encodeheader()</span></code> function.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-0-2">
+<h2>Version 3.0.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-0-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: October 8, 2015</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Security</strong><ul>
+<li>Fixed a number of XSS attack vectors in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code>  (thanks to Frans Rosén from <a class="reference external" href="https://detectify.com/">Detectify</a>).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Updated the <em>application/config/constants.php</em> file to check if constants aren’t already defined before doing that.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">model()</span></code> to only apply <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ucfirst()</span></code> and not <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strtolower()</span></code> to the requested class name.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base_url()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code> to allow protocol-relative URLs by passing an empty string as the protocol.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-0-2">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.0.2<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-0-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2284) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">protect_identifiers()</span></code> breaks when <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> isn’t enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4052) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html"><span class="doc">Routing</span></a> with anonymous functions didn’t work for routes that don’t use regular expressions.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4056) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_request_header()</span></code> could not return a value unless <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request_headers()</span></code> was called beforehand.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where the <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Class</span></a> entered an endless loop if it fails to connect with the ‘sqlsrv’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4065) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">protect_identifiers()</span></code> treats a traling space as an alias separator if the input doesn’t contain ‘ AS ‘.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4066) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> couldn’t fallback to a backup driver if the primary one is Memcache(d) or Redis.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4073) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send()</span></code> could return TRUE in case of an actual failure when an SMTP command fails.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4086) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> didn’t apply <em>dbprefix</em> to LIKE conditions if the pattern included spaces.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4091) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> ‘file’ driver could be tricked into accepting empty cache item IDs.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4093) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> modified string values containing ‘AND’, ‘OR’ while compiling WHERE conditions.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4096) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> didn’t apply <em>dbprefix</em> when compiling BETWEEN conditions.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4105) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> didn’t allow pipe characters inside “bracket parameters” when using a string ruleset.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4109) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html"><span class="doc">Routing</span></a> to <em>default_controller</em> didn’t work when <em>enable_query_strings</em> is set to TRUE.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4044) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> ‘redis’ driver didn’t catch <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">RedisException</span></code> that could be thrown during authentication.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4120) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">error()</span></code> didn’t return error info when called after <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query()</span></code> with the ‘mssql’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4116) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> set the wrong page number on the “data-ci-pagination-page” attribute in generated links.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> added the ‘rel=”start”’ attribute to the first displayed link even if it’s not actually linking the first page.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4137) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html"><span class="doc">Error Handling</span></a> breaks for the new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Error</span></code> exceptions under PHP 7.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4126) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reset_validation()</span></code> discarded validation rules from config files.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-0-1">
+<h2>Version 3.0.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-0-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: August 7, 2015</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Core<ul>
+<li>Added DoS mitigation to <a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html#hash_pbkdf2" title="hash_pbkdf2"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash_pbkdf2()</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html"><span class="doc">compatibility function</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list_fields()</span></code> support for SQLite (‘sqlite3’ and ‘pdo_sqlite’ drivers).</li>
+<li>Added SSL connection support for the ‘mysqli’ and ‘pdo_mysql’ drivers.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> changes:<ul>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_error()</span></code> to accept a custom log level (defaults to ‘error’).</li>
+<li>Errors “no_file_selected”, “file_partial”, “stopped_by_extension”, “no_file_types”, “invalid_filetype”, “bad_filename” are now logged at the ‘debug’ level.</li>
+<li>Errors “file_exceeds_limit”, “file_exceeds_form_limit”, “invalid_filesize”, “invalid_dimensions” are now logged at the ‘info’ level.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Added ‘is_resource’ to the available expectations in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html"><span class="doc">Unit Testing Library</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Added Unicode support to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#url_title" title="url_title"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">url_title()</span></code></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for passing the “extra” parameter as an array to all <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> functions that use it.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Core<ul>
+<li>Added support for defining a list of specific query parameters in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['cache_query_string']</span></code> for the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added class existence and inheritance checks to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Loader::model()</span></code> in order to ease debugging in case of name collisions.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-0-1">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.0.1<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-0-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3733) - Autoloading of libraries with aliases didn’t work, although it was advertised to.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3744) - Redis <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Caching</span></a> driver didn’t handle authentication failures properly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3761) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#anchor" title="anchor"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor()</span></code></a> didn’t work with array inputs.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3773) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_select()</span></code> didn’t work for MySQL with the PDO <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3771) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> was looking for a ‘form_validation_’ prefix when trying to translate field name labels.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3787) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html"><span class="doc">FTP Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_dir()</span></code> failed when the target has subdirectories.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3801) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_display_cache()</span></code> incorrectly looked for the last modified time of a directory instead of the cache file.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3816) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> treated empty string values as non-existing ones.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3823) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> drivers Redis and Memcached didn’t properly handle locks that are blocking the request for more than 30 seconds.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3846) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> method <cite>image_mirror_gd()</cite> didn’t properly initialize its variables.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3854) - <cite>field_data()</cite> didn’t work properly with the Oracle (OCI8) database driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utility Class</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">csv_from_result()</span></code> didn’t work with a whitespace CSV delimiter.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3890) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_request_header()</span></code> treated header names as case-sensitive.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3903) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> ignored “unnamed” closure validation rules.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3904) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> ignored “named” callback rules when the field is empty and there’s no ‘required’ rule.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3922) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XML-RPC</span></a> libraries could enter an infinite loop due to <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=39598">PHP bug #39598</a>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3913) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> didn’t work with the direct <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;cache-&gt;$driver_name-&gt;method()</span></code> syntax with Redis and Memcache(d).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3932) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> didn’t properly compile WHERE and HAVING conditions for field names that end with “and”, “or”.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete()</span></code> didn’t properly work on multiple tables with a WHERE condition previously set via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">where()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3952) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list_fields()</span></code> didn’t work with SQLite3.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3955) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">increment()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrement()</span></code> ignored the ‘key_prefix’ setting.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3963) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html"><span class="doc">Unit Testing Library</span></a> wrongly tried to translate filenames, line numbers and notes values in test results.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3965) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> ignored the “encrypt_name” setting when “overwrite” is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3968) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_key()</span></code> didn’t treat array inputs as composite keys unless it’s a PRIMARY KEY.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3715) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> could generate broken link when a protocol-relative base URL is used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3828) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_cache()</span></code> couldn’t delete index page caches.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3704) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stored_procedure()</span></code> in the ‘oci8’ driver didn’t properly bind parameters.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3778) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html"><span class="doc">Download Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html#force_download" title="force_download"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_download()</span></code></a> incorrectly sent a <em>Pragma</em> response header.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3752) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$routing['directory']</span></code> overrides were not properly handled and always resulted in a 404 “Not Found” error.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3279) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_compiled_update()</span></code> did double escaping on the table name if it was provided via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3991) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['rewrite_short_tags']</span></code> never worked due to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">function_exists('eval')</span></code> always returning FALSE.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> library will not properly configure its maximum file size unless the input value is of type integer.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4000) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> didn’t enable “rel” attributes by default if no attributes-related config options were used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4004) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Class</span></a> didn’t properly parse the request URI if it contains a colon followed by a digit.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> where the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$escape</span></code> parameter for some methods only affected field names.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4012) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">where_in()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_where_in()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">where_not_in()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_where_not_in()</span></code> didn’t take into account previously cached WHERE conditions when query cache is in use.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4015) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_header()</span></code> didn’t support method chaining, although it was advertised.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4027) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html"><span class="doc">Routing</span></a> with HTTP verbs only worked if the route request method was declared in all-lowercase letters.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4026) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html"><span class="doc">Database Transactions</span></a> always rollback if any previous <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query()</span></code> call fails.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4023) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String Helper</span></a> function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">increment_string()</span></code> didn’t escape its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$separator</span></code> parameter.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-3-0-0">
+<h2>Version 3.0.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-3-0-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: March 30, 2015</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>License<ul>
+<li>CodeIgniter has been relicensed with the <a class="reference external" href="http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT">MIT License</a>, eliminating its old proprietary licensing.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>PHP 5.1.6 is no longer supported. CodeIgniter now requires PHP 5.2.4 and recommends PHP 5.4+ or newer to be used.</li>
+<li>Changed filenaming convention (class file names now must be Ucfirst and everything else in lowercase).</li>
+<li>Changed the default database driver to ‘mysqli’ (the old ‘mysql’ driver is DEPRECATED).</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER['CI_ENV']</span></code> can now be set to control the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ENVIRONMENT</span></code> constant.</li>
+<li>Added an optional backtrace to php-error template.</li>
+<li>Added Android to the list of user agents.</li>
+<li>Added Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Android, Blackberry, iOS and PlayStation 3 to the list of user platforms.</li>
+<li>Added Fennec (Firefox for mobile) to the list of mobile user agents.</li>
+<li>Ability to log certain error types, not all under a threshold.</li>
+<li>Added support for pem, p10, p12, p7a, p7c, p7m, p7r, p7s, crt, crl, der, kdb, rsa, cer, sst, csr Certs to mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Added support for pgp, gpg, zsh and cdr files to mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Added support for 3gp, 3g2, mp4, wmv, f4v, vlc Video files to mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Added support for m4a, aac, m4u, xspf, au, ac3, flac, ogg, wma Audio files to mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Added support for kmz and kml (Google Earth) files to mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Added support for ics Calendar files to mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Added support for rar, jar and 7zip archives to mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Updated support for xml (‘application/xml’) and xsl (‘application/xml’, ‘text/xsl’) files in mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Updated support for doc files in mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Updated support for docx files in mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Updated support for php files in mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Updated support for zip files in mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Updated support for csv files in mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Added Romanian, Greek, Vietnamese and Cyrilic characters in <em>application/config/foreign_characters.php</em>.</li>
+<li>Changed logger to only chmod when file is first created.</li>
+<li>Removed previously deprecated SHA1 Library.</li>
+<li>Removed previously deprecated use of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$autoload['core']</span></code> in <em>application/config/autoload.php</em>.
+Only entries in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$autoload['libraries']</span></code> are auto-loaded now.</li>
+<li>Removed previously deprecated EXT constant.</li>
+<li>Updated all classes to be written in PHP 5 style, with visibility declarations and no <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">var</span></code> usage for properties.</li>
+<li>Added an Exception handler.</li>
+<li>Moved error templates to <em>application/views/errors/</em> and made the path configurable via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['error_views_path']</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added support non-HTML error templates for CLI applications.</li>
+<li>Moved the Log class to <em>application/core/</em></li>
+<li>Global config files are loaded first, then environment ones. Environment config keys overwrite base ones, allowing to only set the keys we want changed per environment.</li>
+<li>Changed detection of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$view_folder</span></code> so that if it’s not found in the current path, it will now also be searched for under the application folder.</li>
+<li>Path constants BASEPATH, APPPATH and VIEWPATH are now (internally) defined as absolute paths.</li>
+<li>Updated email validation methods to use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter_var()</span></code> instead of PCRE.</li>
+<li>Changed environment defaults to report all errors in <em>development</em> and only fatal ones in <em>testing</em>, <em>production</em> but only display them in <em>development</em>.</li>
+<li>Updated <em>ip_address</em> database field lengths from 16 to 45 for supporting IPv6 address on <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html"><span class="doc">Trackback Library</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html"><span class="doc">Captcha Helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Removed <em>cheatsheets</em> and <em>quick_reference</em> PDFs from the documentation.</li>
+<li>Added availability checks where usage of dangerous functions like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code> is required.</li>
+<li>Added support for changing the file extension of log files using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['log_file_extension']</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added support for turning newline standardization on/off via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['standardize_newlines']</span></code> and set it to FALSE by default.</li>
+<li>Added configuration setting <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['composer_autoload']</span></code> to enable loading of a <a class="reference external" href="https://getcomposer.org">Composer</a> auto-loader.</li>
+<li>Removed the automatic conversion of ‘programmatic characters’ to HTML entities from the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Changed log messages that say a class or file was loaded to “info” level instead of “debug”, so that they don’t pollute log files when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['log_threshold']</span></code> is set to 2 (debug).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added an optional third parameter to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html#timespan" title="timespan"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">timespan()</span></code></a> that constrains the number of time units displayed.</li>
+<li>Added an optional parameter to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html#timezone_menu" title="timezone_menu"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">timezone_menu()</span></code></a> that allows more attributes to be added to the generated select tag.</li>
+<li>Added function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html#date_range" title="date_range"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">date_range()</span></code></a> that generates a list of dates between a specified period.</li>
+<li>Deprecated <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">standard_date()</span></code>, which now just uses the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">date()</span></code> with <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/class.datetime.php#datetime.constants.types">DateTime constants</a>.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html#now" title="now"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">now()</span></code></a> to work with all timezone strings supported by PHP.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html#days_in_month" title="days_in_month"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">days_in_month()</span></code></a> to use the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cal_days_in_month()</span></code> PHP function, if available.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Deprecated <em>separator</em> options <strong>dash</strong> and <strong>underscore</strong> for function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#url_title" title="url_title"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">url_title()</span></code></a> (they are only aliases for ‘-‘ and ‘_’ respectively).</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#url_title" title="url_title"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">url_title()</span></code></a> will now trim extra dashes from beginning and end.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#anchor_popup" title="anchor_popup"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor_popup()</span></code></a> will now fill the <em>href</em> attribute with the URL and its JS code will return FALSE instead.</li>
+<li>Added JS window name support to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#anchor_popup" title="anchor_popup"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor_popup()</span></code></a> function.</li>
+<li>Added support for menubar attribute to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#anchor_popup" title="anchor_popup"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor_popup()</span></code></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support (auto-detection) for HTTP/1.1 response codes 303, 307 in <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#redirect" title="redirect"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">redirect()</span></code></a>.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#redirect" title="redirect"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">redirect()</span></code></a> to choose the <strong>refresh</strong> method only on IIS servers, instead of all servers on Windows (when <strong>auto</strong> is used).</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#anchor" title="anchor"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#anchor_popup" title="anchor_popup"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor_popup()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#redirect" title="redirect"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">redirect()</span></code></a> to support protocol-relative URLs (e.g. <em>//ellislab.com/codeigniter</em>).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added more doctypes.</li>
+<li>Changed application and environment config files to be loaded in a cascade-like manner.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html#doctype" title="doctype"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctype()</span></code></a> to cache and only load once the doctypes array.</li>
+<li>Deprecated functions <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nbs()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">br()</span></code>, which are just aliases for the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str_repeat()</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&amp;nbsp;</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;br</span> <span class="pre">/&gt;</span></code> respectively.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html"><span class="doc">Inflector Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#humanize" title="humanize"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">humanize()</span></code></a> to allow passing an input separator as its second parameter.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#humanize" title="humanize"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">humanize()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#underscore" title="underscore"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">underscore()</span></code></a> to utilize <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mbstring">mbstring</a>, if available.</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#plural" title="plural"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">plural()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#singular" title="singular"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">singular()</span></code></a> to avoid double pluralization and support more words.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html"><span class="doc">Download Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added an optional third parameter to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html#force_download" title="force_download"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_download()</span></code></a> that enables/disables sending the actual file MIME type in the Content-Type header (disabled by default).</li>
+<li>Added a work-around in <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html#force_download" title="force_download"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_download()</span></code></a> for a bug Android &lt;= 2.1, where the filename extension needs to be in uppercase.</li>
+<li>Added support for reading from an existing file path by passing NULL as the second parameter to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html#force_download" title="force_download"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_download()</span></code></a> (useful for large files and/or safely transmitting binary data).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_dropdown" title="form_dropdown"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_dropdown()</span></code></a> will now also take an array for unity with other form helpers.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_prep" title="form_prep"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_prep()</span></code></a> is now DEPRECATED and only acts as an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common function</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#html_escape" title="html_escape"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code></a>.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_value" title="set_value"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_value()</span></code></a> will now also accept a third argument, allowing to turn off HTML escaping of the value.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html"><span class="doc">Security Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html#do_hash" title="do_hash"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">do_hash()</span></code></a> now uses PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash()</span></code> function (supporting more algorithms) and is deprecated.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html#strip_image_tags" title="strip_image_tags"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">strip_image_tags()</span></code></a> is now an alias for the same method in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html"><span class="doc">Smiley Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Deprecated the whole helper as too specific for CodeIgniter.</li>
+<li>Removed previously deprecated function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">js_insert_smiley()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Changed application and environment config files to be loaded in a cascade-like manner.</li>
+<li>The smileys array is now cached and loaded only once.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html#set_realpath" title="set_realpath"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_realpath()</span></code></a> can now also handle file paths as opposed to just directories.</li>
+<li>Added an optional paramater to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html#delete_files" title="delete_files"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_files()</span></code></a> to enable it to skip deleting files such as <em>.htaccess</em> and <em>index.html</em>.</li>
+<li>Deprecated function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">read_file()</span></code> - it’s just an alias for PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">file_get_contents()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Deprecated function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repeater()</span></code> - it’s just an alias for PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str_repeat()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Deprecated function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trim_slashes()</span></code> - it’s just an alias for PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trim()</span></code> (with a slash as its second argument).</li>
+<li>Deprecated randomization type options <strong>unique</strong> and <strong>encrypt</strong> for funcion <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html#random_string" title="random_string"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">random_string()</span></code></a> (they are only aliases for <strong>md5</strong> and <strong>sha1</strong> respectively).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html"><span class="doc">CAPTCHA Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added <em>word_length</em> and <em>pool</em> options to allow customization of the generated word.</li>
+<li>Added <em>colors</em> configuration to allow customization for the <em>background</em>, <em>border</em>, <em>text</em> and <em>grid</em> colors.</li>
+<li>Added <em>filename</em> to the returned array elements.</li>
+<li>Updated to use <cite>imagepng()</cite> in case that <cite>imagejpeg()</cite> isn’t available.</li>
+<li>Added <strong>font_size</strong> option to allow customization of font size.</li>
+<li>Added <strong>img_id</strong> option to set id attribute of captcha image.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html"><span class="doc">Text Helper</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Changed the default tag for use in <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html#highlight_phrase" title="highlight_phrase"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">highlight_phrase()</span></code></a> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;mark&gt;</span></code> (formerly <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;strong&gt;</span></code>).</li>
+<li>Changed <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html#character_limiter" title="character_limiter"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">character_limiter()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html#word_wrap" title="word_wrap"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">word_wrap()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html#ellipsize" title="ellipsize"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ellipsize()</span></code></a> to utilize <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mbstring">mbstring</a> or <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/iconv">iconv</a>, if available.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html"><span class="doc">Directory Helper</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html#directory_map" title="directory_map"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">directory_map()</span></code></a> will now append <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR</span></code> to directory names in the returned array.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html"><span class="doc">Array Helper</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html#element" title="element"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">element()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html#elements" title="elements"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">elements()</span></code></a> now return NULL instead of FALSE when the required elements don’t exist.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html"><span class="doc">Language Helper</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html#lang" title="lang"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">lang()</span></code></a> now accepts an optional list of additional HTML attributes.</li>
+<li>Deprecated the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html"><span class="doc">Email Helper</span></a> as its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">valid_email()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send_email()</span></code> functions are now only aliases for PHP native functions <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter_var()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mail()</span></code> respectively.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li>DEPRECATED the ‘mysql’, ‘sqlite’, ‘mssql’ and ‘pdo/dblib’ (also known as ‘pdo/mssql’ or ‘pdo/sybase’) drivers.</li>
+<li>Added <strong>dsn</strong> configuration setting for drivers that support DSN strings (PDO, PostgreSQL, Oracle, ODBC, CUBRID).</li>
+<li>Added <strong>schema</strong> configuration setting (defaults to <em>public</em>) for drivers that might need it (currently used by PostgreSQL and ODBC).</li>
+<li>Added <strong>save_queries</strong> configuration setting to <em>application/config/database.php</em> (defaults to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TRUE</span></code>).</li>
+<li>Removed <strong>autoinit</strong> configuration setting as it doesn’t make sense to instantiate the database class but not connect to the database.</li>
+<li>Added subdrivers support (currently only used by PDO).</li>
+<li>Added an optional database name parameter to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_select()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Removed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">protect_identifiers()</span></code> and renamed internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_protect_identifiers()</span></code> to it instead - it was just an alias.</li>
+<li>Renamed internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_escape_identifiers()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_identifiers()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Updated <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_identifiers()</span></code> to accept an array of fields as well as strings.</li>
+<li>MySQL and MySQLi drivers now require at least MySQL version 5.1.</li>
+<li>Added a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$persistent</span></code> parameter to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_connect()</span></code> and changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_pconnect()</span></code> to be an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_connect(TRUE)</span></code>.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_set_charset()</span></code> now only requires one parameter (collation was only needed due to legacy support for MySQL versions prior to 5.1).</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_select()</span></code> will now always (if required by the driver) be called by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_connect()</span></code> instead of only when initializing.</li>
+<li>Replaced the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_error_message()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_error_number()</span></code> methods with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">error()</span></code>, which returns an array containing the last database error code and message.</li>
+<li>Improved <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version()</span></code> implementation so that drivers that have a native function to get the version number don’t have to be defined in the core <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DB_driver</span></code> class.</li>
+<li>Added capability for packages to hold <em>config/database.php</em> config files.</li>
+<li>Added MySQL client compression support.</li>
+<li>Added encrypted connections support (for <em>mysql</em>, <em>sqlsrv</em> and PDO with <em>sqlsrv</em>).</li>
+<li>Removed <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Class</span></a> from Database error tracing to better find the likely culprit.</li>
+<li>Added support for SQLite3 database driver.</li>
+<li>Added Interbase/Firebird database support via the <em>ibase</em> driver.</li>
+<li>Added ODBC support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_database()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">drop_database()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">drop_table()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support to binding arrays as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IN()</span></code> sets in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query()</span></code>.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Renamed the Active Record class to Query Builder to remove confusion with the Active Record design pattern.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to insert objects with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_batch()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added new methods that return the SQL string of queries without executing them: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_compiled_select()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_compiled_insert()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_compiled_update()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_compiled_delete()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added an optional parameter that allows to disable escaping (useful for custom fields) for methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">join()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">order_by()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">where_in()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_where_in()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">where_not_in()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_where_not_in()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_batch()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">join()</span></code> with multiple conditions.</li>
+<li>Added support for <em>USING</em> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">join()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added support for <em>EXISTS</em> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">where()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added seed values support for random ordering with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">order_by(seed,</span> <span class="pre">'RANDOM')</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">limit()</span></code> to ignore NULL values instead of always casting to integer.</li>
+<li>Changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">offset()</span></code> to ignore empty values instead of always casting to integer.</li>
+<li>Methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_batch()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_batch()</span></code> now return an integer representing the number of rows affected by them.</li>
+<li>Methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">where()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_where()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">having()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_having()</span></code> now convert trailing  <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">=</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;&gt;</span></code>,  <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">!=</span></code> SQL operators to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IS</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IS</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span></code> respectively when the supplied comparison value is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added method chaining support to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reset_query()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_cache()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stop_cache()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flush_cache()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added an optional second parameter to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count_all_results()</span></code> to disable resetting of QB values.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">Database Results</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added a constructor to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DB_result</span></code> class and moved all driver-specific properties and logic out of the base <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DB_driver</span></code> class to allow better abstraction.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unbuffered_row()</span></code> for fetching a row without prefetching the whole result (consume less memory).</li>
+<li>Renamed former method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_data_seek()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">data_seek()</span></code> and made it public.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Improved support for the MySQLi driver, including:<ul>
+<li>OOP style usage of the PHP extension is now used, instead of the procedural aliases.</li>
+<li>Server version checking is now done via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysqli::$server_info</span></code> instead of running an SQL query.</li>
+<li>Added persistent connections support for PHP &gt;= 5.3.</li>
+<li>Added support for configuring socket pipe connections.</li>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">backup()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utilities</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Changed methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_begin()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_commit()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_rollback()</span></code> to use the PHP API instead of sending queries.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Improved support of the PDO driver, including:<ul>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_database()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">drop_database()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">drop_table()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list_fields()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">Database Results</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Subdrivers are now isolated from each other instead of being in one large class.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Improved support of the PostgreSQL driver, including:<ul>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg_version()</span></code> is now used to get the database version number, when possible.</li>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_set_charset()</span></code> support.</li>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optimize_table()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utilities</span></a> (rebuilds table indexes).</li>
+<li>Added boolean data type support in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_batch()</span></code> support.</li>
+<li>Removed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">limit()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">order_by()</span></code> support for <em>UPDATE</em> and <em>DELETE</em> queries as PostgreSQL does not support those features.</li>
+<li>Added a work-around for dead persistent connections to be re-created after a database restart.</li>
+<li>Changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_connect()</span></code> to include the (new) <strong>schema</strong> value into Postgre’s <strong>search_path</strong> session variable.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg_escape_literal()</span></code> is now used for escaping strings, if available.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Improved support of the CUBRID driver, including:<ul>
+<li>Added DSN string support.</li>
+<li>Added persistent connections support.</li>
+<li>Improved <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list_databases()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utility</span></a> (until now only the currently used database was returned).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Improved support of the MSSQL and SQLSRV drivers, including:<ul>
+<li>Added random ordering support.</li>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optimize_table()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utility</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added escaping with <em>QUOTE_IDENTIFIER</em> setting detection.</li>
+<li>Added port handling support for UNIX-based systems (MSSQL driver).</li>
+<li>Added <em>OFFSET</em> support for SQL Server 2005 and above.</li>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_set_charset()</span></code> support (MSSQL driver).</li>
+<li>Added a <em>scrollable</em> property to enable configuration of the cursor to use (SQLSRV driver).</li>
+<li>Added support and auto-detection for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SQLSRV_CURSOR_CLIENT_BUFFERED</span></code> scrollable cursor flag (SQLSRV driver).</li>
+<li>Changed default behavior to not use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SQLSRV_CURSOR_STATIC</span></code> due to performance issues (SQLSRV driver).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Improved support of the Oracle (OCI8) driver, including:<ul>
+<li>Added DSN string support (Easy Connect and TNS).</li>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">drop_table()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list_databases()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utilities</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Generally improved for speed and cleaned up all of its components.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">num_rows()</span></code> is now only called explicitly by the developer and no longer re-executes statements.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Improved support of the SQLite driver, including:<ul>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">replace()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">drop_table()</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added an optional second parameter to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">drop_table()</span></code> that allows adding the <strong>IF EXISTS</strong> condition, which is no longer the default.</li>
+<li>Added support for passing a custom database object to the loader.</li>
+<li>Added support for passing custom table attributes (such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ENGINE</span></code> for MySQL) to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_table()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added support for usage of the <em>FIRST</em> clause in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_column()</span></code> for MySQL and CUBRID.</li>
+<li>Added partial support for field comments (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle).</li>
+<li>Deprecated <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_column()</span></code>’s third method. <em>AFTER</em> clause should now be added to the field definition array instead.</li>
+<li>Overall improved support for all of the drivers.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utility</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added support for passing a custom database object to the loader.</li>
+<li>Modified the class to no longer extend <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a>, which has been a deprecated behavior for awhile.</li>
+<li>Overall improved support for all of the drivers.</li>
+<li>Added <em>foreign_key_checks</em> option to MySQL/MySQLi backup, allowing statement to disable/re-enable foreign key checks to be inserted into the backup output.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Added a new <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html"><span class="doc">Encryption Library</span></a> to replace the old, largely insecure <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Deprecated the library in favor of the new <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html"><span class="doc">Encryption Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for hashing algorithms other than SHA1 and MD5.</li>
+<li>Removed previously deprecated <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sha1()</span></code> method.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Completely re-written the library to use self-contained drivers via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_driver']</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added ‘files’, ‘database’, ‘redis’ and ‘memcached’ drivers (using ‘files’ by default).</li>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_save_path']</span></code> setting to specify where the session data is stored, depending on the driver.</li>
+<li>Dropped support for storing session data in cookies (which renders <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_encrypt_cookie']</span></code> useless and is therefore also removed).</li>
+<li>Dropped official  support for storing session data in databases other than MySQL and PostgreSQL.</li>
+<li>Changed table structure for the ‘database’ driver.</li>
+<li>Added a new <strong>tempdata</strong> feature that allows setting userdata items with expiration time (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mark_as_temp()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tempdata()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_tempdata()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unset_tempdata()</span></code>).</li>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">keep_flashdata()</span></code> to also accept an array of keys.</li>
+<li>Changed methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">userdata()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flashdata()</span></code> to return an array of all userdata/flashdata when no parameter is passed.</li>
+<li>Deprecated method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">all_userdata()</span></code> - it is now just an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">userdata()</span></code> with no parameters.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">has_userdata()</span></code> that verifies the existence of a userdata item.</li>
+<li>Added <em>debug</em> level log messages for key events in the session validation process.</li>
+<li>Dropped support for the <em>sess_match_useragent</em> option.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added method chaining support.</li>
+<li>Added support for using array notation in file field names.</li>
+<li>Added <strong>max_filename_increment</strong> and <strong>file_ext_tolower</strong> configuration settings.</li>
+<li>Added <strong>min_width</strong> and <strong>min_height</strong> configuration settings for images.</li>
+<li>Added <strong>mod_mime_fix</strong> configuration setting to disable suffixing multiple file extensions with an underscore.</li>
+<li>Added the possibility pass <strong>allowed_types</strong> as an array.</li>
+<li>Added an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$index</span></code> parameter to the method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">data()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$reset</span></code> parameter to method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Removed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">clean_file_name()</span></code> and its usage in favor of <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a>’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sanitize_filename()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Removed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimes_types()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Upload::_prep_filename()</span></code> to simply replace all (but the last) dots in the filename with underscores, instead of suffixing them.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html"><span class="doc">Calendar Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added method chaining support.</li>
+<li>Added configuration to generate days of other months instead of blank cells.</li>
+<li>Added auto-configuration for <em>next_prev_url</em> if it is empty and <em>show_prev_next</em> is set to TRUE.</li>
+<li>Added support for templating via an array in addition to the encoded string.</li>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_total_days()</span></code> to be an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html#days_in_month" title="days_in_month"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">days_in_month()</span></code></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html"><span class="doc">Cart Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Deprecated the library as too specific for CodeIgniter.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">remove()</span></code> to remove a cart item, updating with quantity of 0 seemed like a hack but has remained to retain compatibility.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_item()</span></code> to enable retrieving data for a single cart item.</li>
+<li>Added unicode support for product names.</li>
+<li>Added support for disabling product name strictness via the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$product_name_safe</span></code> property.</li>
+<li>Changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert()</span></code> method to auto-increment quantity for an item when inserted twice instead of resetting it.</li>
+<li>Changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update()</span></code> method to support updating all properties attached to an item and not to require ‘qty’.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize()</span></code> method now only sets existing class properties.</li>
+<li>Added support for 3-length hex color values for <em>wm_font_color</em> and <em>wm_shadow_color</em> properties, as well as validation for them.</li>
+<li>Class properties <em>wm_font_color</em>, <em>wm_shadow_color</em> and <em>wm_use_drop_shadow</em> are now protected, to avoid breaking the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">text_watermark()</span></code> method if they are set manually after initialization.</li>
+<li>If property <em>maintain_ratio</em> is set to TRUE, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">image_reproportion()</span></code> now doesn’t need both width and height to be specified.</li>
+<li>Property <em>maintain_ratio</em> is now taken into account when resizing images using ImageMagick library.</li>
+<li>Added support for maintaining transparency for PNG images when watermarking.</li>
+<li>Added a <strong>file_permissions</strong> setting.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">error_array()</span></code> to return all error messages as an array.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_data()</span></code> to set an alternative data array to be validated instead of the default <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reset_validation()</span></code> which resets internal validation variables in case of multiple validation routines.</li>
+<li>Added support for setting error delimiters in the config file via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['error_prefix']</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['error_suffix']</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_execute()</span></code> now considers input data to be invalid if a specified rule is not found.</li>
+<li>Removed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_numeric()</span></code> as it exists as a native PHP function and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_execute()</span></code> will find and use that (the <strong>is_numeric</strong> rule itself is deprecated since 1.6.1).</li>
+<li>Native PHP functions used as rules can now accept an additional parameter, other than the data itself.</li>
+<li>Updated method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_rules()</span></code> to accept an array of rules as well as a string.</li>
+<li>Fields that have empty rules set no longer run through validation (and therefore are not considered erroneous).</li>
+<li>Added rule <strong>differs</strong> to check if the value of a field differs from the value of another field.</li>
+<li>Added rule <strong>valid_url</strong>.</li>
+<li>Added rule <strong>in_list</strong> to check if the value of a field is within a given list.</li>
+<li>Added support for named parameters in error messages.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html"><span class="doc">Language</span></a> line keys must now be prefixed with <strong>form_validation_</strong>.</li>
+<li>Added rule <strong>alpha_numeric_spaces</strong>.</li>
+<li>Added support for custom error messages per field rule.</li>
+<li>Added support for callable rules when they are passed as an array.</li>
+<li>Added support for non-ASCII domains in <strong>valid_email</strong> rule, depending on the Intl extension.</li>
+<li>Changed the debug message about an error message not being set to include the rule name it is about.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Caching Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added Wincache driver.</li>
+<li>Added Redis driver.</li>
+<li>Added a <em>key_prefix</em> option for cache IDs.</li>
+<li>Updated driver <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_supported()</span></code> methods to log at the “debug” level.</li>
+<li>Added option to store raw values instead of CI-formatted ones (APC, Memcache).</li>
+<li>Added atomic increment/decrement feature via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">increment()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrement()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">E-mail Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added a custom filename parameter to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach()</span></code> as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;email-&gt;attach($filename,</span> <span class="pre">$disposition,</span> <span class="pre">$newname)</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added possibility to send attachment as buffer string in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach()</span></code> as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;email-&gt;attach($buffer,</span> <span class="pre">$disposition,</span> <span class="pre">$newname,</span> <span class="pre">$mime)</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added possibility to attach remote files by passing a URL.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">attachment_cid()</span></code> to enable embedding inline attachments into HTML.</li>
+<li>Added dsn (delivery status notification) option.</li>
+<li>Renamed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_set_header()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_header()</span></code> and made it public to enable adding custom headers.</li>
+<li>Successfully sent emails will automatically clear the parameters.</li>
+<li>Added a <em>return_path</em> parameter to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from()</span></code> method.</li>
+<li>Removed the second parameter (character limit) from internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_prep_quoted_printable()</span></code> as it is never used.</li>
+<li>Internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_prep_quoted_printable()</span></code> will now utilize the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quoted_printable_encode()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imap_8bit()</span></code> functions (if available) when CRLF is set to “rn”.</li>
+<li>Default charset now relies on the global <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['charset']</span></code> setting.</li>
+<li>Removed unused protected method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_get_ip()</span></code> (<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a>’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ip_address()</span></code> should be used anyway).</li>
+<li>Internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_prep_q_encoding()</span></code> now utilizes PHP’s <em>mbstring</em> and <em>iconv</em> extensions (when available) and no longer has a second (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$from</span></code>) argument.</li>
+<li>Added an optional parameter to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print_debugger()</span></code> to allow specifying which parts of the message should be printed (‘headers’, ‘subject’, ‘body’).</li>
+<li>Added SMTP keepalive option to avoid opening the connection for each <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send()</span></code> call. Accessible as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$smtp_keepalive</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Public method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_header()</span></code> now filters the input by removing all “\r” and “\n” characters.</li>
+<li>Added support for non-ASCII domains in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">valid_email()</span></code>, depending on the Intl extension.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Deprecated usage of the “anchor_class” setting (use the new “attributes” setting instead).</li>
+<li>Added method chaining support to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize()</span></code> method.</li>
+<li>Added support for the anchor “rel” attribute.</li>
+<li>Added support for setting custom attributes.</li>
+<li>Added support for language translations of the <em>first_link</em>, <em>next_link</em>, <em>prev_link</em> and <em>last_link</em> values.</li>
+<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['num_links']</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">0</span></code> configuration.</li>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['reuse_query_string']</span></code> to allow automatic repopulation of query string arguments, combined with normal URI segments.</li>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['use_global_url_suffix']</span></code> to allow overriding the library ‘suffix’ value with that of the global <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['url_suffix']</span></code> setting.</li>
+<li>Removed the default <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&amp;nbsp;</span></code> from a number of the configuration variables.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Database object names are now being displayed.</li>
+<li>The sum of all queries running times in seconds is now being displayed.</li>
+<li>Added support for displaying the HTTP DNT (“Do Not Track”) header.</li>
+<li>Added support for displaying <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_FILES</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html"><span class="doc">Migration Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added support for timestamp-based migrations (enabled by default).</li>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['migration_type']</span></code> to allow switching between <em>sequential</em> and <em>timestamp</em> migrations.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XML-RPC Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added the ability to use a proxy.</li>
+<li>Added Basic HTTP authentication support.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User Agent Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added check to detect if robots are pretending to be mobile clients (helps with e.g. Google indexing mobile website versions).</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse()</span></code> to allow parsing a custom user-agent string, different from the current visitor’s.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html"><span class="doc">HTML Table Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added method chaining support.</li>
+<li>Added support for setting table class defaults in a config file.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html"><span class="doc">Zip Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">read_file()</span></code> can now also alter the original file path/name while adding files to an archive.</li>
+<li>Added support for changing the compression level.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html"><span class="doc">Trackback Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">receive()</span></code> will now utilize <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">iconv()</span></code> if it is available but <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mb_convert_encoding()</span></code> is not.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Core<ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html"><span class="doc">Routing</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added support for multiple levels of controller directories.</li>
+<li>Added support for per-directory <em>default_controller</em> and <em>404_override</em> classes.</li>
+<li>Added possibility to route requests using HTTP verbs.</li>
+<li>Added possibility to route requests using callbacks.</li>
+<li>Added a new reserved route (<em>translate_uri_dashes</em>) to allow usage of dashes in the controller and method URI segments.</li>
+<li>Deprecated methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch_directory()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch_class()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch_method()</span></code> in favor of their respective public properties.</li>
+<li>Removed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_set_overrides()</span></code> and moved its logic to the class constructor.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added conditional PCRE UTF-8 support to the “invalid URI characters” check and removed the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">preg_quote()</span></code> call from it to allow more flexibility.</li>
+<li>Renamed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_filter_uri()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter_uri()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter_uri()</span></code> to accept by reference and removed its return value.</li>
+<li>Changed private methods to protected so that MY_URI can override them.</li>
+<li>Renamed internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_parse_cli_args()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_parse_argv()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Renamed internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_detect_uri()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_parse_request_uri()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_parse_request_uri()</span></code> to accept absolute URIs for compatibility with HTTP/1.1 as per <cite>RFC2616 &lt;http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt&gt;</cite>.</li>
+<li>Added protected method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_parse_query_string()</span></code> to URI paths in the the <strong>QUERY_STRING</strong> value, like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_parse_request_uri()</span></code> does.</li>
+<li>Changed URI string detection logic to always default to <strong>REQUEST_URI</strong> unless configured otherwise or under CLI.</li>
+<li>Removed methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remove_url_suffix()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_explode_segments()</span></code> and moved their logic into <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_set_uri_string()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Removed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_fetch_uri_string()</span></code> and moved its logic into the class constructor.</li>
+<li>Removed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_reindex_segments()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added method chaining support.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_vars()</span></code> to the Loader to retrieve all variables loaded with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;vars()</span></code>.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_ci_autoloader()</span></code> is now a protected method.</li>
+<li>Added autoloading of drivers with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$autoload['drivers']</span></code>.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['rewrite_short_tags']</span></code> now has no effect when using PHP 5.4 as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;?=</span></code> will always be available.</li>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">config()</span></code> to return whatever <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Config::load()</span></code> returns instead of always being void.</li>
+<li>Added support for library and model aliasing on autoload.</li>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_loaded()</span></code> to ask for the (case sensitive) library name instead of its instance name.</li>
+<li>Removed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_base_classes</span></code> property and unified all class data in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_ci_classes</span></code> instead.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">clear_vars()</span></code> to allow clearing the cached variables for views.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Deprecated the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['global_xss_filtering']</span></code> setting.</li>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">method()</span></code> to retrieve <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added support for arrays and network addresses (e.g. 192.168.1.1/24) for use with the <em>proxy_ips</em> setting.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">input_stream()</span></code> to aid in using <strong>php://input</strong> stream data such as one passed via PUT, DELETE and PATCH requests.</li>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">valid_ip()</span></code> to use PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter_var()</span></code> function.</li>
+<li>Changed internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_sanitize_globals()</span></code> to skip enforcing reversal of <em>register_globals</em> in PHP 5.4+, where this functionality no longer exists.</li>
+<li>Changed methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_post()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookie()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">server()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user_agent()</span></code> to return NULL instead of FALSE when no value is found.</li>
+<li>Changed default value of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$xss_clean</span></code> parameter to NULL for all methods that utilize it, the default value is now determined by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['global_xss_filtering']</span></code> setting.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post_get()</span></code> and changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_post()</span></code> to search in GET data first. Both methods’ names now properly match their GET/POST data search priorities.</li>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_fetch_from_array()</span></code> to parse array notation in field name.</li>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_fetch_from_array()</span></code> to allow retrieving multiple fields at once.</li>
+<li>Added an option for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_clean_input_keys()</span></code> to return FALSE instead of terminating the whole script.</li>
+<li>Deprecated the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_cli_request()</span></code> method, it is now an alias for the new <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#is_cli" title="is_cli"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_cli()</span></code></a> common function.</li>
+<li>Added an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$xss_clean</span></code> parameter to method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user_agent()</span></code> and removed the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$user_agent</span></code> property.</li>
+<li>Added property <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$raw_input_stream</span></code> to access <strong>php://input</strong> data.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common functions</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added function <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#get_mimes" title="get_mimes"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_mimes()</span></code></a> to return the <em>application/config/mimes.php</em> array.</li>
+<li>Added support for HTTP code 303 (“See Other”) in <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#set_status_header" title="set_status_header"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_status_header()</span></code></a>.</li>
+<li>Removed redundant conditional to determine HTTP server protocol in <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#set_status_header" title="set_status_header"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_status_header()</span></code></a>.</li>
+<li>Renamed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_exception_handler()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_error_handler()</span></code> and replaced it with a real exception handler.</li>
+<li>Changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_error_handler()</span></code> to respect php.ini <em>display_errors</em> setting.</li>
+<li>Added function <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#is_https" title="is_https"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_https()</span></code></a> to check if a secure connection is used.</li>
+<li>Added function <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#is_cli" title="is_cli"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_cli()</span></code></a> to replace the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Input::is_cli_request()</span></code> method.</li>
+<li>Added function <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#function_usable" title="function_usable"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">function_usable()</span></code></a> to work around a bug in <cite>Suhosin &lt;http://www.hardened-php.net/suhosin/&gt;</cite>.</li>
+<li>Removed the third (<cite>$php_error</cite>) argument from function <a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html#log_message" title="log_message"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">log_message()</span></code></a>.</li>
+<li>Changed internal function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_class()</span></code> to accept a constructor parameter instead of (previously unused) class name prefix.</li>
+<li>Removed default parameter value of <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#is_php" title="is_php"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_php()</span></code></a>.</li>
+<li>Added a second argument <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$double_encode</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#html_escape" title="html_escape"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code></a>.</li>
+<li>Changed function <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#config_item" title="config_item"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">config_item()</span></code></a> to return NULL instead of FALSE when no value is found.</li>
+<li>Changed function <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#set_status_header" title="set_status_header"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_status_header()</span></code></a> to return immediately when run under CLI.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added a second argument to method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_content_type()</span></code> that allows setting the document charset as well.</li>
+<li>Added methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_content_type()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_header()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_cache()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added configuration option <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['cache_query_string']</span></code> to enable taking the query string into account when caching.</li>
+<li>Changed caching behavior to compress the output before storing it, if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['compress_output']</span></code> is enabled.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code> method  to accept an array as well.</li>
+<li>Removed internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_assign_to_config()</span></code> and moved its implementation to <em>CodeIgniter.php</em> instead.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">item()</span></code> now returns NULL instead of FALSE when the required config item doesn’t exist.</li>
+<li>Added an optional second parameter to both <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base_url()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code> that allows enforcing of a protocol different than the one in the <em>base_url</em> configuration setting.</li>
+<li>Added HTTP “Host” header character validation to prevent cache poisoning attacks when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base_url</span></code> auto-detection is used.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['csrf_regeneration']</span></code>, which makes CSRF token regeneration optional.</li>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['csrf_exclude_uris']</span></code>, allowing for exclusion of URIs from the CSRF protection (regular expressions are supported).</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strip_image_tags()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Added method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_random_bytes()</span></code> and switched CSRF &amp; XSS token generation to use it.</li>
+<li>Modified method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sanitize_filename()</span></code> to read a public <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$filename_bad_chars</span></code> property for getting the invalid characters list.</li>
+<li>Return status code of 403 instead of a 500 if CSRF protection is enabled but a token is missing from a request.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html"><span class="doc">Language Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load()</span></code> to filter the language name with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctype_alpha()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load()</span></code> to also accept an array of language files.</li>
+<li>Added an optional second parameter to method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">line()</span></code> to disable error logging for line keys that were not found.</li>
+<li>Language files are now loaded in a cascading style with the one in <strong>system/</strong> always loaded and overridden afterwards, if another one is found.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html"><span class="doc">Hooks Library</span></a> changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added support for closure hooks (or anything that <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_callable()</span></code> returns TRUE for).</li>
+<li>Renamed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_call_hook()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_hook()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Class instances are now stored in order to maintain their state.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>UTF-8 Library changes include:<ul>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UTF8_ENABLED</span></code> now requires only one of <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mbstring">Multibyte String</a> or <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/iconv">iconv</a> to be available instead of both.</li>
+<li>Changed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">clean_string()</span></code> to utilize <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mb_convert_encoding()</span></code> if it is available.</li>
+<li>Renamed method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_is_ascii()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_ascii()</span></code> and made it public.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Log Library changes include:<ul>
+<li>Added a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['log_file_permissions']</span></code> setting.</li>
+<li>Changed the library constructor to try to create the <strong>log_path</strong> directory if it doesn’t exist.</li>
+<li>Added support for microseconds (“u” date format character) in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['log_date_format']</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html"><span class="doc">compatibility layers</span></a> for:<ul>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mbstring">Multibyte String</a> (limited support).</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/hash">Hash</a> (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash_equals()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash_pbkdf2()</span></code>).</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password">Password Hashing</a>.</li>
+<li><cite>Standard Functions ``array_column()`</cite>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">array_replace()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">array_replace_recursive()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hex2bin()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quoted_printable_encode()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Removed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_CORE</span></code> boolean constant from <em>CodeIgniter.php</em> (no longer Reactor and Core versions).</li>
+<li>Added support for HTTP-Only cookies with new config option <em>cookie_httponly</em> (default FALSE).</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['time_reference']</span></code> now supports all timezone strings supported by PHP.</li>
+<li>Fatal PHP errors are now also passed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_error_handler()</span></code>, so they can be logged.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-3-0">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 3.0<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-3-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unlink()</span></code> raised an error if cache file did not exist when you try to delete it.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#181) - a typo in the form validation language file.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#159, #163) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> nested transactions didn’t work properly due to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_trans_depth</span></code> not being incremented.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#737, #75) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination</span></a> anchor class was not set properly when using initialize method.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#419) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#auto_link" title="auto_link"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">auto_link()</span></code></a> didn’t recognize URLs that come after a word boundary.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#724) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> rule <strong>is_unique</strong> didn’t check if a database connection exists.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#647) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html"><span class="doc">Zip Library</span></a> internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_get_mod_time()</span></code> didn’t suppress possible “stat failed” errors generated by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filemtime()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#157, #174) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">clear()</span></code> didn’t completely clear properties.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_table()</span></code> with PostgreSQL database could lead to fetching the whole table.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#795) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_open" title="form_open"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_open()</span></code></a> didn’t add the default form <em>method</em> and <em>accept-charset</em> when an empty array is passed to it.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#797) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html#timespan" title="timespan"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">timespan()</span></code></a> was using incorrect seconds for year and month.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html"><span class="doc">Cart Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contents()</span></code> where if called without a TRUE (or equal) parameter, it would fail due to a typo.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#406) - SQLSRV DB driver not returning resource on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_pconnect()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gd_loaded()</span></code> where it was possible for the script execution to end or a PHP E_WARNING message to be emitted.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination library</span></a> where when use_page_numbers=TRUE previous link and page 1 link did not have the same url.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#561) - errors in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XML-RPC Library</span></a> were not properly escaped.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#904) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize()</span></code> caused a PHP Fatal error to be triggered if error level E_STRICT is used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a hosting edge case where an empty <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER['HTTPS']</span></code> variable would evaluate to ‘on’.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#154) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sess_update()</span></code> caused the session to be destroyed on pages where multiple AJAX requests were executed at once.</li>
+<li>Fixed a possible bug in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Libary</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_ajax_request()</span></code> where some clients might not send the X-Requested-With HTTP header value exactly as ‘XmlHttpRequest’.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1039) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utilities</span></a> internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_backup()</span></code> method failed for the ‘mysql’ driver due to a table name not being escaped.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1070) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_DB_driver::initialize()</span></code> didn’t set a character set if a database is not selected.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#177) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_value()</span></code> didn’t set the default value if POST data is NULL.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#68, #414) - :Oracle’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_str()</span></code> didn’t properly escape LIKE wild characters.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#81) - ODBC’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list_fields()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">field_data()</span></code> methods skipped the first column due to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">odbc_field_*()</span></code> functions’ index starting at 1 instead of 0.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#129) - ODBC’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">num_rows()</span></code> method returned -1 in some cases, due to not all subdrivers supporting the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">odbc_num_rows()</span></code> function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#153) - E_NOTICE being generated by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getimagesize()</span></code> in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#611) - SQLSRV’s error handling methods used to issue warnings when there’s no actual error.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1036) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_write_type()</span></code> method in the <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Library</span></a> didn’t return TRUE for RENAME queries.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in PDO’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_version()</span></code> method where it used to return the client version as opposed to the server one.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in PDO’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_id()</span></code> method where it could’ve failed if it’s used with Postgre versions prior to 8.1.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in CUBRID’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">affected_rows()</span></code> method where a connection resource was passed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cubrid_affected_rows()</span></code> instead of a result.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#638) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_set_charset()</span></code> ignored its arguments and always used the configured charset instead.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#413) - Oracle’s error handling methods used to only return connection-related errors.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1101) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">Database Result</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">field_data()</span></code> for ‘mysql’, ‘mysqli’ drivers was implemented as if it was handling a DESCRIBE result instead of the actual result set.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in Oracle’s <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_create_table()</span></code> where it failed with AUTO_INCREMENT as it’s not supported.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1080) - when using the SMTP protocol, <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send()</span></code> was returning TRUE even if the connection/authentication against the server failed.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#306) - ODBC’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_id()</span></code> method was calling non-existent function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">odbc_insert_id()</span></code>, which resulted in a fatal error.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in Oracle’s <a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">Database Result</span></a> implementation where the cursor ID passed to it was always NULL.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#64) - Regular expression in <em>DB_query_builder.php</em> failed to handle queries containing SQL bracket delimiters in the JOIN condition.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> where a PHP E_NOTICE error was triggered by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_unserialize()</span></code> due to results from databases such as MSSQL and Oracle being space-padded on the right.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#501) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_rules()</span></code> depended on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count($_POST)</span></code> instead of actually checking if the request method ‘POST’ before aborting.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#136) - PostgreSQL and MySQL’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_str()</span></code> method didn’t properly escape LIKE wild characters.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">library()</span></code> where some PHP versions wouldn’t execute the class constructor.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#88) - An unexisting property was used for configuration of the Memcache cache driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#14) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_database()</span></code> didn’t utilize the configured database character set.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#23, #1238) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html"><span class="doc">Database Caching</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_all()</span></code> used to delete .htaccess and index.html files, which is a potential security risk.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html"><span class="doc">Trackback Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">validate_url()</span></code> where it didn’t actually do anything, due to input not being passed by reference.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#11, #183, #863) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_execute()</span></code> silently continued to the next rule, if a rule method/function is not found.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#122) - routed URI string was being reported incorrectly in sub-directories.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1241) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html"><span class="doc">Zip Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">read_dir()</span></code> wasn’t compatible with Windows.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#306) - ODBC driver didn’t have an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_insert_batch()</span></code> method, which resulted in fatal error being triggered when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_batch()</span></code> is used with it.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in MSSQL and SQLSrv’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_truncate()</span></code> where the TABLE keyword was missing.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in PDO’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_commit()</span></code> method where it failed due to an erroneous property name.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#798) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update()</span></code> used to ignore LIKE conditions that were set with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">like()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in Oracle’s and MSSQL’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete()</span></code> methods where an erroneous SQL statement was generated when used with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">limit()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in SQLSRV’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete()</span></code> method where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">like()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">limit()</span></code> conditions were ignored.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1265) - Database connections were always closed, regardless of the ‘pconnect’ option value.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#128) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html"><span class="doc">Language Library</span></a> did not correctly keep track of loaded language files.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1349) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_extension()</span></code> returned the original filename when it didn’t have an actual extension.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1273) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_update_batch()</span></code> generated an E_NOTICE message.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#44, #110) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">clean_file_name()</span></code> didn’t clear ‘!’ and ‘#’ characters.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#121) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">Database Results</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">row()</span></code> returned an array when there’s no actual result to be returned.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#319) - SQLSRV’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">affected_rows()</span></code> method failed due to a scrollable cursor being created for write-type queries.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#356) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> driver ‘postgre’ didn’t have an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_update_batch()</span></code> method, which resulted in fatal error being triggered when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_batch()</span></code> is used with it.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#784, #862) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_table()</span></code> failed on SQLSRV/MSSQL when used with ‘IF NOT EXISTS’.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1419) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html"><span class="doc">Driver Library</span></a> had a static variable that was causing an error.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1411) - the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> used its own short list of MIMEs instead the one from <em>config/mimes.php</em>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where php.ini setting <em>magic_quotes_runtime</em> wasn’t turned off for PHP 5.3 (where it is indeed deprecated, but not non-existent).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#666) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_content_type()</span></code> didn’t set the document charset.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#784, #861) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_table()</span></code> used to accept constraints for MSSQL/SQLSRV integer-type columns.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#706) - SQLSRV/MSSSQL <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database</span></a> drivers didn’t escape field names.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1452) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">protect_identifiers()</span></code> didn’t properly detect identifiers with spaces in their names.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">protect_identifiers()</span></code> ignored its extra arguments when the value passed to it is an array.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_has_operator()</span></code> didn’t detect BETWEEN.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">join()</span></code> failed with identifiers containing dashes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1264) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utilities</span></a> didn’t update/reset the databases and tables list cache when a table or a database is created, dropped or renamed.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#7) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">join()</span></code> only escaped one set of conditions.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1321) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Exceptions</span></code> couldn’t find the <em>errors/</em> directory in some cases.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1202) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Library</span></a> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encode_from_legacy()</span></code> didn’t set back the encrypt mode on failure.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#145) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Class</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">compile_binds()</span></code> failed when the bind marker was present in a literal string within the query.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">protect_identifiers()</span></code> where if passed along with the field names, operators got escaped as well.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#10) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Library</span></a> internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_detect_uri()</span></code> failed with paths containing a colon.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1387) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from()</span></code> didn’t escape table aliases.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#520) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a> function :php:func:<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nice_date()</span></code> failed when the optional second parameter is not passed.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#318) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiling Library</span></a> setting <em>query_toggle_count</em> was not settable as described in the manual.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#938) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code> added a question mark to the URL string when query strings are enabled even if it already existed.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#999) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code> always appended <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['url_suffix']</span></code> to the end of the URL string, regardless of whether a query string exists in it.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html#anchor_popup" title="anchor_popup"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor_popup()</span></code></a> ignored the attributes argument if it is not an array.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1328) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> didn’t properly check the type of the form fields before processing them.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#79) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> didn’t properly validate array fields that use associative keys or have custom indexes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#427) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strip_image_tags()</span></code> was an alias to a non-existent method.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1545) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">limit()</span></code> wasn’t executed properly under Oracle.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1551) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html#standard_date" title="standard_date"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">standard_date()</span></code></a> didn’t properly format <em>W3C</em> and <em>ATOM</em> standard dates.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">join()</span></code> escaped literal values as if they were fields.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#135) - PHP Error logging was impossible without the errors being displayed.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1613) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> functions <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_multiselect" title="form_multiselect"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_multiselect()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_dropdown" title="form_dropdown"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_dropdown()</span></code></a> didn’t properly handle empty array option groups.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1605) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> produced incorrect <em>previous</em> and <em>next</em> link values.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in SQLSRV’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">affected_rows()</span></code> method where an erroneous function name was used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1000) - Change syntax of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$view_file</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_ci_view_file</span></code> to prevent being overwritten by application.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1757) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html"><span class="doc">Directory Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html#directory_map" title="directory_map"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">directory_map()</span></code></a> was skipping files and directories named ‘0’.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1789) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_str()</span></code> escaped quote characters in LIKE conditions twice under MySQL.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#395) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html"><span class="doc">Unit Testing Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result()</span></code> didn’t properly check array result columns when called from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">report()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1692) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Class</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">display_error()</span></code> didn’t properly trace the possible error source on Windows systems.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1745) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Class</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_write_type()</span></code> didn’t return TRUE for LOAD queries.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1765) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Class</span></a> didn’t properly detect connection errors for the ‘mysqli’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1257) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> used to (unnecessarily) group FROM clause contents, which breaks certain queries and is invalid for some databases.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1709) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email</span></a> headers were broken when using long email subjects and rn as CRLF.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MB_ENABLED</span></code> constant was only declared if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UTF8_ENABLED</span></code> was set to TRUE.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> accepted cookies with <em>last_activity</em> values being in the future.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1897) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> triggered PHP E_WARNING errors when <em>mail</em> protocol used and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">to()</span></code> is never called.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1409) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> didn’t properly handle multibyte characters when applying Q-encoding to headers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> ignored its <em>wordwrap</em> setting while handling alternative messages.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1476, #1909) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> didn’t take into account actual routing when determining the current page.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1766) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> didn’t always take into account the <em>dbprefix</em> setting.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#779) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Class</span></a> didn’t always trim slashes from the <em>uri_string</em> as shown in the documentation.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#134) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html"><span class="doc">Database Caching</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_cache()</span></code> didn’t work in some cases due to <em>cachedir</em> not being initialized properly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#191) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> ignored attempts for (re)loading databases to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()-&gt;db</span></code> even when the old database connection is dead.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1255) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User Agent Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_referral()</span></code> only checked if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']</span></code> exists.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1146) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html"><span class="doc">Download Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html#force_download" title="force_download"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_download()</span></code></a> incorrectly sent <em>Cache-Control</em> directives <em>pre-check</em> and <em>post-check</em> to Internet Explorer.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1811) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Library</span></a> didn’t properly cache segments for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uri_to_assoc()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ruri_to_assoc()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1506) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helpers</span></a> set empty <em>name</em> attributes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#59) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count_all_results()</span></code> ignored the DISTINCT clause.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1624) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> rule <strong>matches</strong> didn’t property handle array field names.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1630) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_value" title="set_value"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_value()</span></code></a> didn’t escape HTML entities.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#142) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_dropdown" title="form_dropdown"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_dropdown()</span></code></a> didn’t escape HTML entities in option values.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#50) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> unnecessarily stripped slashed from serialized data, making it impossible to read objects in a namespace.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#658) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html"><span class="doc">Routing</span></a> wildcard <strong>:any</strong> didn’t work as advertised and matched multiple URI segments instead of all characters within a single segment.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1938) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> removed multiple spaces inside a pre-formatted plain text message.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#122) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ruri_string()</span></code> didn’t include a directory if one is used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug - <a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html"><span class="doc">Routing Library</span></a> didn’t properly handle <em>default_controller</em> in a subdirectory when a method is also specified.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#953) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html"><span class="doc">post_controller_constructor hook</span></a> wasn’t called with a <em>404_override</em>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1220) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler Library</span></a> didn’t display information for database objects that are instantiated inside models.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1978) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html"><span class="doc">Directory Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html#directory_map" title="directory_map"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">directory_map()</span></code></a>’s return array didn’t make a distinction between directories and file indexes when a directory with a numeric name is present.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#777) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> didn’t look for helper extensions in added package paths.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#18) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">APC Cache</span></a> driver didn’t (un)serialize data, resulting in failure to store objects.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#188) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html"><span class="doc">Unit Testing Library</span></a> filled up logs with error messages for non-existing language keys.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#113) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> didn’t properly handle empty fields that were specified as an array.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2061) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html"><span class="doc">Routing Class</span></a> didn’t properly sanitize directory, controller and function triggers with <strong>enable_query_strings</strong> set to TRUE.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug - SQLSRV didn’t support <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_like_str()</span></code> or escaping an array of values.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug - <a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">Database Results</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list_fields()</span></code> didn’t reset its field pointer for the ‘mysql’, ‘mysqli’ and ‘mssql’ drivers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2211) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html"><span class="doc">Migration Library</span></a> extensions couldn’t execute <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Migration::__construct()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2255) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> didn’t apply <em>smtp_timeout</em> to socket reads and writes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2239) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> improperly handled the Subject when used with <em>bcc_batch_mode</em> resulting in E_WARNING messages and an empty Subject.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2234) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> didn’t reset JOIN cache for write-type queries.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2298) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">Database Results</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">next_row()</span></code> kept returning the last row, allowing for infinite loops.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2236, #2639) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> functions <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_value" title="set_value"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_value()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_select" title="set_select"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_select()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_radio" title="set_radio"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_radio()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_checkbox" title="set_checkbox"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_checkbox()</span></code></a> didn’t parse array notation for keys if the rule was not present in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2353) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> erroneously prefixed literal strings with <strong>dbprefix</strong>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#78) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html"><span class="doc">Cart Library</span></a> didn’t allow non-English letters in product names.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#77) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Class</span></a> didn’t properly handle the transaction “test mode” flag.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2380) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch_method()</span></code> returned ‘index’ if the requested method name matches its controller name.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2388) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> used to ignore attachment errors, resulting in broken emails being sent.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2498) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> rule <strong>valid_base64</strong> only checked characters instead of actual validity.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2425) - OCI8 <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">database</span></a> driver method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stored_procedure()</span></code> didn’t log an error unless <strong>db_debug</strong> was set to TRUE.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2490) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html"><span class="doc">Database Class</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query()</span></code> returning boolean instead of a result object for PostgreSQL-specific <em>INSERT INTO … RETURNING</em> statements.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#249) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> didn’t properly handle Memcache(d) configurations with missing options.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#180) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html#config_item" title="config_item"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">config_item()</span></code></a> didn’t take into account run-time configuration changes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2551) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">library()</span></code> didn’t properly check if a class that is being loaded already exists.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2560) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_open" title="form_open"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_open()</span></code></a> set the ‘method=”post”’ attribute only if the passed attributes equaled an empty string.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2585) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">min()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">avg()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sum()</span></code> didn’t escape field names.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2590) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common function</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html#log_message" title="log_message"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">log_message()</span></code></a> didn’t actually cache the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Log</span></code> class instance.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2609) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common function</span></a> <code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_config()</span></code> optional argument was only effective on first function call. Also, it can now add items, in addition to updating existing items.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the ‘postgre’ <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">database</span></a> driver where the connection ID wasn’t passed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg_escape_string()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#33) - Script execution was terminated when an invalid cookie key was encountered.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2691) - nested <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">database</span></a> transactions could end in a deadlock when an error is encountered with <em>db_debug</em> set to TRUE.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2515) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_exception_handler()</span></code> used to send the 200 “OK” HTTP status code and didn’t stop script exection even on fatal errors.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug - Redis <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Caching</span></a> driver didn’t handle connection failures properly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2756) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Class</span></a> executed the MySQL-specific <cite>SET SESSION sql_mode</cite> query for all drivers when the ‘stricton’ option is set.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2579) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> “no escape” functionality didn’t work properly with query cache.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2237) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">Parser Library</span></a> failed if the same tag pair is used more than once within a template.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2143) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> didn’t check for rule groups named in a <em>controller/method</em> manner when trying to load from a config file.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2762) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html"><span class="doc">Hooks Class</span></a> didn’t properly check if the called class/function exists.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#148) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_clean_input_data()</span></code> assumed that it data is URL-encoded, stripping certain character sequences from it.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#346) - with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['global_xss_filtering']</span></code> turned on, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_COOKIE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER</span></code> superglobals were overwritten during initialization time, resulting in XSS filtering being either performed twice or there was no possible way to get the original data, even though options for this do exist.</li>
+<li>Fixed an edge case (#555) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User Agent Library</span></a> reported an incorrect version Opera 10+ due to a non-standard user-agent string.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#133) - <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html"><span class="doc">Text Helper</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html#ascii_to_entities" title="ascii_to_entities"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ascii_to_entities()</span></code></a> stripped the last character if it happens to be in the extended ASCII group.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2822) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fwrite()</span></code> was used incorrectly throughout the whole framework, allowing incomplete writes when writing to a network stream and possibly a few other edge cases.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User Agent Library</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept_charset()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept_lang()</span></code> didn’t properly parse HTTP headers that contain spaces.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <em>default_controller</em> was called instad of triggering a 404 error if the current route is in a controller directory.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2737) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XML-RPC Library</span></a> used objects as array keys, which triggered E_NOTICE messages.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2771) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code> didn’t take into account HTML5 entities.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2856) - ODBC method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">affected_rows()</span></code> passed an incorrect value to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">odbc_num_rows()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#43) <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">text_watermark()</span></code> didn’t properly determine watermark placement.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html"><span class="doc">HTML Table Library</span></a> ignored its <em>auto_heading</em> setting if headings were not already set.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2364) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> appended the query string (if used) multiple times when there are successive calls to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_links()</span></code> with no <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize()</span></code> in between them.</li>
+<li>Partially fixed a bug (#261) - UTF-8 class method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">clean_string()</span></code> generating log messages and/or not producing the desired result due to an upstream bug in iconv.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Xmlrpcs::parseRequest()</span></code> could fail if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA</span></code> is not populated.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html"><span class="doc">Zip Library</span></a> internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_get_mod_time()</span></code> where it was not parsing result returned by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filemtime()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3161) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> methods <cite>increment()</cite>, <cite>decrement()</cite> didn’t auto-create non-existent items when using redis and/or file storage.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3189) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">Parser Library</span></a> used double replacement on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">key-&gt;value</span></code> pairs, exposing a potential template injection vulnerability.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3573) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> violated <a class="reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5321.txt">RFC5321</a> by sending ‘localhost.localdomain’ as a hostname.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3572) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Security::_remove_evil_attributes()</span></code> failed for large-sized inputs due to <em>pcre.backtrack_limit</em> and didn’t properly match HTML tags.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-2-3">
+<h2>Version 2.2.3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-2-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: July 14, 2015</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Security<ul>
+<li>Removed a fallback to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysql_escape_string()</span></code> in the ‘mysql’ database driver (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_str()</span></code> method) when there’s no active database connection.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-2-2">
+<h2>Version 2.2.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-2-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: April 15, 2015</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Added HTTP “Host” header character validation to prevent cache poisoning attacks when <em>base_url</em> auto-detection is used.</li>
+<li>Added <em>FSCommand</em> and <em>seekSegmentTime</em> to the “evil attributes” list in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Security::xss_clean()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-2-2">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.2.2<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-2-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3665) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Security::entity_decode()</span></code> triggered warnings under some circumstances.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-2-1">
+<h2>Version 2.2.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-2-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: January 22, 2015</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Improved security in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Updated timezones in <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-2-1">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.2.1<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-2-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3094) - Internal method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Input::_clean_input_data()</span></code> breaks encrypted session cookies.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2268) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code> didn’t properly match JavaScript events.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3309) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code> used an overly-invasive pattern to strip JS event handlers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2771) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code> didn’t take into account HTML5 entities.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#73) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sanitize_filename()</span></code> could be tricked by an XSS attack.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2681) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">entity_decode()</span></code> used the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PREG_REPLACE_EVAL</span></code> flag, which is deprecated since PHP 5.5.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3302) - Internal function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_config()</span></code> triggered an E_NOTICE message on PHP 5.6.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2508) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> didn’t properly detect if the current request is via HTTPS.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3314) - SQLSRV <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database driver</span></a>’s method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count_all()</span></code> didn’t escape the supplied table name.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3404) - MySQLi <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database driver</span></a>’s method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_str()</span></code> had a wrong fallback to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysql_escape_string()</span></code> when there was no active connection.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> where session ID regeneration occurred during AJAX requests.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-2-0">
+<h2>Version 2.2.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-2-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: June 2, 2014</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Security: <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xor_encode()</span></code> has been removed. The Encrypt Class now requires the Mcrypt extension to be installed.</li>
+<li>Security: The <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> now uses HMAC authentication instead of a simple MD5 checksum.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-2-0">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.2.0<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-2-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed an edge case (#2583) in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> where <cite>Suhosin &lt;http://www.hardened-php.net/suhosin/&gt;</cite> blocked messages sent via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mail()</span></code> due to trailing newspaces in headers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#696) - make <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">oci_execute()</span></code> calls inside <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">num_rows()</span></code> non-committing, since they are only there to reset which row is next in line for oci_fetch calls and thus don’t need to be committed.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2689) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Force</span></a> methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_table()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">drop_table()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rename_table()</span></code> produced broken SQL for tge ‘sqlsrv’ driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2427) - PDO <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database driver</span></a> didn’t properly check for query failures.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> where authentication was not performed for encrypted cookies.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-1-4">
+<h2>Version 2.1.4<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-1-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: July 8, 2013</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Improved security in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-1-4">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.1.4<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-1-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1936) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html"><span class="doc">Migration Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">latest()</span></code> had a typo when retrieving language values.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2021) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html"><span class="doc">Migration Library</span></a> configuration file was mistakenly using Windows style line feeds.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1273) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">E_NOTICE</span></code> being generated by <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a>’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_update_batch()</span></code> method.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2337) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print_debugger()</span></code> didn’t apply <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">htmlspecialchars()</span></code> to headers.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-1-3">
+<h2>Version 2.1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-1-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: October 8, 2012</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Core<ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common function</span></a> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_loaded()</span></code> now returns a reference.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-1-3">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-1-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1543) - File-based <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Caching</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_metadata()</span></code> used a non-existent array key to look for the TTL value.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1314) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sess_destroy()</span></code> didn’t destroy the userdata array.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#804) - <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler library</span></a> was trying to handle objects as strings in some cases, resulting in <em>E_WARNING</em> messages being issued by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">htmlspecialchars()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1699) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html"><span class="doc">Migration Library</span></a> ignored the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['migration_path']</span></code> setting.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#227) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> allowed unconditional spoofing of HTTP clients’ IP addresses through the <em>HTTP_CLIENT_IP</em> header.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#907) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> ignored <em>HTTP_X_CLUSTER_CLIENT_IP</em> and <em>HTTP_X_CLIENT_IP</em> headers when checking for proxies.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#940) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">csrf_verify()</span></code> used to set the CSRF cookie while processing a POST request with no actual POST data, which resulted in validating a request that should be considered invalid.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#499) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> where a CSRF cookie was created even if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['csrf_protection']</span></code> is set to FALSE.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1715) - <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> triggered <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">csrf_verify()</span></code> on CLI requests.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#751) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> didn’t properly handle cached field escaping overrides.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2004) - <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> didn’t properly merge cached calls with non-cache ones.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-1-2">
+<h2>Version 2.1.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-1-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: June 29, 2012</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Improved security in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-1-1">
+<h2>Version 2.1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-1-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: June 12, 2012</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Fixed support for docx, xlsx files in mimes.php.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Further improved MIME type detection in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for IPv6 to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for the IP format parameter to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">url_title()</span></code> performance and output improved. You can now use any string as the word delimiter, but ‘dash’ and ‘underscore’ are still supported.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-1-1">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-1-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#697) - A wrong array key was used in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> to check for mime-types.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_open()</span></code> compared $action against <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code> instead of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base_url()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Upload::_file_mime_type()</span></code> could’ve failed if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mime_content_type()</span></code> is used for the detection and returns FALSE.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#538) - Windows paths were ignored when using the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Library</span></a> to create a new file.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug - When database caching was enabled, $this-&gt;db-&gt;query() checked the cache before binding variables which resulted in cached queries never being found.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug - CSRF cookie value was allowed to be any (non-empty) string before being written to the output, making code injection a risk.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#726) - PDO put a ‘dbname’ argument in its connection string regardless of the database platform in use, which made it impossible to use SQLite.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_DB_pdo_driver::num_rows()</span></code> was not returning properly value with SELECT queries, cause it was relying on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PDOStatement::rowCount()</span></code>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1059) - <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Image_lib::clear()</span></code> was not correctly clearing all necessary object properties, namely width and height.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-1-0">
+<h2>Version 2.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-1-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: November 14, 2011</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General Changes<ul>
+<li>Callback validation rules can now accept parameters like any other
+validation rule.</li>
+<li>Added html_escape() to <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common
+functions</span></a> to escape HTML output
+for preventing XSS.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Added increment_string() to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String
+Helper</span></a> to turn “foo” into “foo-1”
+or “foo-1” into “foo-2”.</li>
+<li>Altered form helper - made action on form_open_multipart helper
+function call optional. Fixes (#65)</li>
+<li>url_title() will now trim extra dashes from beginning and end.</li>
+<li>Improved speed of <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String Helper</span></a>’s random_string() method</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li>Added a <a class="reference external" href="http://www.cubrid.org/">CUBRID</a> driver to the <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database
+Driver</span></a>. Thanks to the CUBRID team for
+supplying this patch.</li>
+<li>Added a PDO driver to the <a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html"><span class="doc">Database Driver</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Typecast limit and offset in the <a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html"><span class="doc">Database
+Driver</span></a> to integers to avoid possible
+injection.</li>
+<li>Added additional option ‘none’ for the optional third argument for
+$this-&gt;db-&gt;like() in the <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Database
+Driver</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added $this-&gt;db-&gt;insert_batch() support to the OCI8 (Oracle) driver.</li>
+<li>Added failover if the main connections in the config should fail</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Changed <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;cart-&gt;insert()</span></code> in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html"><span class="doc">Cart
+Library</span></a> to return the Row ID if a single
+item was inserted successfully.</li>
+<li>Added support to set an optional parameter in your callback rules
+of validation using the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation
+Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added a <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html"><span class="doc">Migration library</span></a> to assist with applying
+incremental updates to your database schema.</li>
+<li>Driver children can be located in any package path.</li>
+<li>Added max_filename_increment config setting for Upload library.</li>
+<li>Added <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_unique</span></code> to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added $config[‘use_page_numbers’] to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination library</span></a>, which enables real page numbers in the URI.</li>
+<li>Added TLS and SSL Encryption for SMTP.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Core<ul>
+<li>Changed private functions in CI_URI to protected so MY_URI can
+override them.</li>
+<li>Removed CI_CORE boolean constant from CodeIgniter.php (no longer Reactor and Core versions).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-1-0">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-1-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed #378 Robots identified as regular browsers by the User Agent
+class.</li>
+<li>If a config class was loaded first then a library with the same name
+is loaded, the config would be ignored.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (Reactor #19) where 1) the 404_override route was being
+ignored in some cases, and 2) auto-loaded libraries were not
+available to the 404_override controller when a controller existed
+but the requested method did not.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (Reactor #89) where MySQL export would fail if the table
+had hyphens or other non alphanumeric/underscore characters.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#105) that stopped query errors from being logged unless database debugging was enabled</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#160) - Removed unneeded array copy in the file cache
+driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#150) - field_data() now correctly returns column
+length.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#8) - load_class() now looks for core classes in
+APPPATH first, allowing them to be replaced.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#24) - ODBC database driver called incorrect parent in __construct().</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#85) - OCI8 (Oracle) database escape_str() function did not escape correct.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#344) - Using schema found in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Saving Session Data to a Database</span></a>, system would throw error “user_data does not have a default value” when deleting then creating a session.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#112) - OCI8 (Oracle) driver didn’t pass the configured database character set when connecting.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#182) - OCI8 (Oracle) driver used to re-execute the statement whenever num_rows() is called.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#82) - WHERE clause field names in the DB update_string() method were not escaped, resulting in failed queries in some cases.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#89) - Fix a variable type mismatch in DB display_error() where an array is expected, but a string could be set instead.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#467) - Suppress warnings generated from get_magic_quotes_gpc() (deprecated in PHP 5.4)</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#484) - First time _csrf_set_hash() is called, hash is never set to the cookie (in Security.php).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#60) - Added _file_mime_type() method to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Library</span></a> in order to fix a possible MIME-type injection.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#537) - Support for all wav type in browser.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#576) - Using ini_get() function to detect if apc is enabled or not.</li>
+<li>Fixed invalid date time format in <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date helper</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XMLRPC library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#200) - MySQL queries would be malformed after calling db-&gt;count_all() then db-&gt;get().</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-0-3">
+<h2>Version 2.0.3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-0-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: August 20, 2011</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Security</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">An improvement was made to the MySQL and MySQLi drivers to prevent
+exposing a potential vector for SQL injection on sites using
+multi-byte character sets in the database client connection.
+An incompatibility in PHP versions &lt; 5.2.3 and MySQL &lt; 5.0.7 with
+<em>mysql_set_charset()</em> creates a situation where using multi-byte
+character sets on these environments may potentially expose a SQL
+injection attack vector. Latin-1, UTF-8, and other “low ASCII”
+character sets are unaffected on all environments.</p>
+<p>If you are running or considering running a multi-byte character
+set for your database connection, please pay close attention to
+the server environment you are deploying on to ensure you are not
+vulnerable.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">General Changes</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug where there was a misspelling within a code comment in
+the index.php file.</li>
+<li>Added Session Class userdata to the output profiler. Additionally,
+added a show/hide toggle on HTTP Headers, Session Data and Config
+Variables.</li>
+<li>Removed internal usage of the EXT constant.</li>
+<li>Visual updates to the welcome_message view file and default error
+templates. Thanks to <a class="reference external" href="https://bitbucket.org/danijelb">danijelb</a>
+for the pull request.</li>
+<li>Added insert_batch() function to the PostgreSQL database driver.
+Thanks to epallerols for the patch.</li>
+<li>Added “application/x-csv” to mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email library</span></a>
+attachments with a “.” in the name would using invalid MIME-types.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Helpers</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added an optional third parameter to heading() which allows adding
+html attributes to the rendered heading tag.</li>
+<li>form_open() now only adds a hidden (Cross-site Reference Forgery)
+protection field when the form’s action is internal and is set to
+the post method. (Reactor #165)</li>
+<li>Re-worked plural() and singular() functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html"><span class="doc">Inflector
+helper</span></a> to support considerably
+more words.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Libraries</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Altered Session to use a longer match against the user_agent
+string. See upgrade notes if using database sessions.</li>
+<li>Added $this-&gt;db-&gt;set_dbprefix() to the <a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html"><span class="doc">Database
+Driver</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Changed $this-&gt;cart-&gt;insert() in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html"><span class="doc">Cart
+Library</span></a> to return the Row ID if a single
+item was inserted successfully.</li>
+<li>Added $this-&gt;load-&gt;get_var() to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader
+library</span></a> to retrieve global vars set with
+$this-&gt;load-&gt;view() and $this-&gt;load-&gt;vars().</li>
+<li>Changed $this-&gt;db-&gt;having() to insert quotes using escape() rather
+than escape_str().</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-0-3">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.0.3<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-0-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added ENVIRONMENT to reserved constants. (Reactor #196)</li>
+<li>Changed server check to ensure SCRIPT_NAME is defined. (Reactor #57)</li>
+<li>Removed APPPATH.’third_party’ from the packages autoloader to negate
+needless file stats if no packages exist or if the developer does not
+load any other packages by default.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (Reactor #231) where Sessions Library database table
+example SQL did not contain an index on last_activity. See <a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrade_203.html"><span class="doc">Upgrade
+Notes</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (Reactor #229) where the Sessions Library example SQL in
+the documentation contained incorrect SQL.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (Core #340) where when passing in the second parameter to
+$this-&gt;db-&gt;select(), column names in subsequent queries would not be
+properly escaped.</li>
+<li>Fixed issue #199 - Attributes passed as string does not include a
+space between it and the opening tag.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where the method $this-&gt;cart-&gt;total_items() from <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html"><span class="doc">Cart
+Library</span></a> now returns the sum of the quantity
+of all items in the cart instead of your total count.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where not setting ‘null’ when adding fields in db_forge
+for mysql and mysqli drivers would default to NULL instead of NOT
+NULL as the docs suggest.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where using $this-&gt;db-&gt;select_max(),
+$this-&gt;db-&gt;select_min(), etc could throw notices. Thanks to w43l for
+the patch.</li>
+<li>Replace checks for STDIN with php_sapi_name() == ‘cli’ which on the
+whole is more reliable. This should get parameters in crontab
+working.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-0-2">
+<h2>Version 2.0.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-0-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: April 7, 2011
+Hg Tag: v2.0.2</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General changes<ul>
+<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security library</span></a> was moved to
+the core and is now loaded automatically. Please remove your
+loading calls.</li>
+<li>The CI_SHA class is now deprecated. All supported versions of PHP
+provide a sha1() function.</li>
+<li>constants.php will now be loaded from the environment folder if
+available.</li>
+<li>Added language key error logging</li>
+<li>Made Environment Support optional. Comment out or delete the
+constant to stop environment checks.</li>
+<li>Added Environment Support for Hooks.</li>
+<li>Added CI_ Prefix to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache driver</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html"><span class="doc">CLI usage</span></a> documentation.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Removed the previously deprecated dohash() from the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html"><span class="doc">Security
+helper</span></a>; use do_hash() instead.</li>
+<li>Changed the ‘plural’ function so that it doesn’t ruin the
+captalization of your string. It also take into consideration
+acronyms which are all caps.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li>$this-&gt;db-&gt;count_all_results() will now return an integer
+instead of a string.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-0-2">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.0.2<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-0-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (Reactor #145) where the Output Library had
+parse_exec_vars set to protected.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (Reactor #80) where is_really_writable would create an
+empty file when on Windows or with safe_mode enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed various bugs with User Guide.</li>
+<li>Added is_cli_request() method to documentation for <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input
+class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added form_validation_lang entries for decimal, less_than and
+greater_than.</li>
+<li>Fixed issue #153 Escape Str Bug in MSSQL driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed issue #172 Google Chrome 11 posts incorrectly when action is empty.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-0-1">
+<h2>Version 2.0.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-0-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: March 15, 2011
+Hg Tag: v2.0.1</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General changes<ul>
+<li>Added $config[‘cookie_secure’] to the config file to allow
+requiring a secure (HTTPS) in order to set cookies.</li>
+<li>Added the constant CI_CORE to help differentiate between Core:
+TRUE and Reactor: FALSE.</li>
+<li>Added an ENVIRONMENT constant in index.php, which affects PHP
+error reporting settings, and optionally, which configuration
+files are loaded (see below). Read more on the <a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html"><span class="doc">Handling
+Environments</span></a> page.</li>
+<li>Added support for
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html#config-environments"><span class="std std-ref">environment-specific</span></a>
+configuration files.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Added decimal, less_than and greater_than rules to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form
+validation Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Class</span></a> methods post() and get()
+will now return a full array if the first argument is not
+provided.</li>
+<li>Secure cookies can now be made with the set_cookie() helper and
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Class</span></a> method.</li>
+<li>Added set_content_type() to <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output
+Class</span></a> to set the output Content-Type
+HTTP header based on a MIME Type or a config/mimes.php array key.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Class</span></a> will now support method
+chaining.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Changed the logic for form_open() in <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form
+helper</span></a>. If no value is passed it will
+submit to the current URL.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-0-1">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.0.1<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-0-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>CLI requests can now be run from any folder, not just when CD’ed next
+to index.php.</li>
+<li>Fixed issue #41: Added audio/mp3 mime type to mp3.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (Core #329) where the file caching driver referenced the
+incorrect cache directory.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (Reactor #69) where the SHA1 library was named
+incorrectly.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-2-0-0">
+<span id="changelog"></span><h2>Version 2.0.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-2-0-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: January 28, 2011
+Hg Tag: v2.0.0</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>General changes<ul>
+<li>PHP 4 support is removed. CodeIgniter now requires PHP 5.1.6.</li>
+<li>Scaffolding, having been deprecated for a number of versions, has
+been removed.</li>
+<li>Plugins have been removed, in favor of Helpers. The CAPTCHA plugin
+has been converted to a Helper and
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html"><span class="doc">documented</span></a>. The JavaScript
+calendar plugin was removed due to the ready availability of great
+JavaScript calendars, particularly with jQuery.</li>
+<li>Added new special Library type:
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html"><span class="doc">Drivers</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added full query-string support. See the config file for details.</li>
+<li>Moved the application folder outside of the system folder.</li>
+<li>Moved system/cache and system/logs directories to the application
+directory.</li>
+<li>Added routing overrides to the main index.php file, enabling the
+normal routing to be overridden on a per “index” file basis.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to set config values (or override config values)
+directly from data set in the main index.php file. This allows a
+single application to be used with multiple front controllers,
+each having its own config values.</li>
+<li>Added $config[‘directory_trigger’] to the config file so that a
+controller sub-directory can be specified when running _GET
+strings instead of URI segments.</li>
+<li>Added ability to set “Package” paths - specific paths where the
+Loader and Config classes should try to look first for a requested
+file. This allows distribution of sub-applications with their own
+libraries, models, config files, etc. in a single “package”
+directory. See the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader class</span></a>
+documentation for more details.</li>
+<li>In-development code is now hosted at BitBucket .</li>
+<li>Removed the deprecated Validation Class.</li>
+<li>Added CI_ Prefix to all core classes.</li>
+<li>Package paths can now be set in application/config/autoload.php.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">Upload library</span></a> file_name can
+now be set without an extension, the extension will be taken from
+the uploaded file instead of the given name.</li>
+<li>In <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> the name can be omitted
+from $this-&gt;dbforge-&gt;modify_column()’s 2nd param if you aren’t
+changing the name.</li>
+<li>$config[‘base_url’] is now empty by default and will guess what
+it should be.</li>
+<li>Enabled full Command Line Interface compatibility with
+config[‘uri_protocol’] = ‘CLI’;.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Added a <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache driver</span></a> with APC,
+memcached, and file-based support.</li>
+<li>Added $prefix, $suffix and $first_url properties to <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination
+library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to suppress first, previous, next, last, and
+page links by setting their values to FALSE in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination
+library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security library</span></a>, which now
+contains the xss_clean function, filename_security function and
+other security related functions.</li>
+<li>Added CSRF (Cross-site Reference Forgery) protection to the
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added $parse_exec_vars property to Output library.</li>
+<li>Added ability to enable / disable individual sections of the
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler</span></a></li>
+<li>Added a wildcard option $config[‘allowed_types’] = ‘*’ to the
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Uploading Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added an ‘object’ config variable to the XML-RPC Server library so
+that one can specify the object to look for requested methods,
+instead of assuming it is in the $CI superobject.</li>
+<li>Added “is_object” into the list of unit tests capable of being
+run.</li>
+<li>Table library will generate an empty cell with a blank string, or
+NULL value.</li>
+<li>Added ability to set tag attributes for individual cells in the
+Table library</li>
+<li>Added a parse_string() method to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">Parser
+Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added HTTP headers and Config information to the
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler</span></a> output.</li>
+<li>Added Chrome and Flock to the list of detectable browsers by
+browser() in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User Agent Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html"><span class="doc">Unit Test Class</span></a> now has an
+optional “notes” field available to it, and allows for discrete
+display of test result items using
+$this-&gt;unit-&gt;set_test_items().</li>
+<li>Added a $xss_clean class variable to the XMLRPC library, enabling
+control over the use of the Security library’s xss_clean()
+method.</li>
+<li>Added a download() method to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html"><span class="doc">FTP
+library</span></a></li>
+<li>Changed do_xss_clean() to return FALSE if the uploaded file
+fails XSS checks.</li>
+<li>Added stripslashes() and trim()ing of double quotes from $_FILES
+type value to standardize input in Upload library.</li>
+<li>Added a second parameter (boolean) to
+$this-&gt;zip-&gt;read_dir(‘/path/to/directory’, FALSE) to remove the
+preceding trail of empty folders when creating a Zip archive. This
+example would contain a zip with “directory” and all of its
+contents.</li>
+<li>Added ability in the Image Library to handle PNG transparency for
+resize operations when using the GD lib.</li>
+<li>Modified the Session class to prevent use if no encryption key is
+set in the config file.</li>
+<li>Added a new config item to the Session class
+sess_expire_on_close to allow sessions to auto-expire when the
+browser window is closed.</li>
+<li>Improved performance of the Encryption library on servers where
+Mcrypt is available.</li>
+<li>Changed the default encryption mode in the Encryption library to
+CBC.</li>
+<li>Added an encode_from_legacy() method to provide a way to
+transition encrypted data from CodeIgniter 1.x to CodeIgniter 2.x.
+Please see the <a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrade_200.html"><span class="doc">upgrade
+instructions</span></a> for details.</li>
+<li>Altered Form_Validation library to allow for method chaining on
+set_rules(), set_message() and set_error_delimiters()
+functions.</li>
+<li>Altered Email Library to allow for method chaining.</li>
+<li>Added request_headers(), get_request_header() and
+is_ajax_request() to the input class.</li>
+<li>Altered <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User agent library</span></a> so that
+is_browser(), is_mobile() and is_robot() can optionally check
+for a specific browser or mobile device.</li>
+<li>Altered <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input library</span></a> so that post() and
+get() will return all POST and GET items (respectively) if there
+are no parameters passed in.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">database configuration</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added autoinit value to <a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">database
+configuration</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added stricton value to <a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">database
+configuration</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added database_exists() to the <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utilities
+Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Semantic change to db-&gt;version() function to allow a list of
+exceptions for databases with functions to return version string
+instead of specially formed SQL queries. Currently this list only
+includes Oracle and SQLite.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where driver specific table identifier protection
+could lead to malformed queries in the field_data() functions.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where an undefined class variable was referenced in
+database drivers.</li>
+<li>Modified the database errors to show the filename and line number
+of the problematic query.</li>
+<li>Removed the following deprecated functions: orwhere, orlike,
+groupby, orhaving, orderby, getwhere.</li>
+<li>Removed deprecated _drop_database() and _create_database()
+functions from the db utility drivers.</li>
+<li>Improved dbforge create_table() function for the Postgres driver.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Added convert_accented_characters() function to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html"><span class="doc">text
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added accept-charset to the list of inserted attributes of
+form_open() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Deprecated the dohash() function in favour of do_hash() for
+naming consistency.</li>
+<li>Non-backwards compatible change made to get_dir_file_info() in
+the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File Helper</span></a>. No longer recurses
+by default so as to encourage responsible use (this function can
+cause server performance issues when used without caution).</li>
+<li>Modified the second parameter of directory_map() in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html"><span class="doc">Directory Helper</span></a> to accept an
+integer to specify recursion depth.</li>
+<li>Modified delete_files() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File
+Helper</span></a> to return FALSE on failure.</li>
+<li>Added an optional second parameter to byte_format() in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html"><span class="doc">Number Helper</span></a> to allow for decimal
+precision.</li>
+<li>Added alpha, and sha1 string types to random_string() in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String Helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Modified prep_url() so as to not prepend http:// if the supplied
+string already has a scheme.</li>
+<li>Modified get_file_info in the file helper, changing filectime()
+to filemtime() for dates.</li>
+<li>Modified smiley_js() to add optional third parameter to return
+only the javascript with no script tags.</li>
+<li>The img() function of the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML
+helper</span></a> will now generate an empty
+string as an alt attribute if one is not provided.</li>
+<li>If CSRF is enabled in the application config file, form_open()
+will automatically insert it as a hidden field.</li>
+<li>Added sanitize_filename() into the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html"><span class="doc">Security
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added ellipsize() to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html"><span class="doc">Text
+Helper</span></a></li>
+<li>Added elements() to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html"><span class="doc">Array
+Helper</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Other Changes<ul>
+<li>Added an optional second parameter to show_404() to disable
+logging.</li>
+<li>Updated loader to automatically apply the sub-class prefix as an
+option when loading classes. Class names can be prefixed with the
+standard “CI_” or the same prefix as the subclass prefix, or no
+prefix at all.</li>
+<li>Increased randomness with is_really_writable() to avoid file
+collisions when hundreds or thousands of requests occur at once.</li>
+<li>Switched some DIR_WRITE_MODE constant uses to FILE_WRITE_MODE
+where files and not directories are being operated on.</li>
+<li>get_mime_by_extension() is now case insensitive.</li>
+<li>Added “default” to the list <a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html"><span class="doc">Reserved
+Names</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added ‘application/x-msdownload’ for .exe files and
+‘application/x-gzip-compressed’ for .tgz files to
+config/mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Updated the output library to no longer compress output or send
+content-length headers if the server runs with
+zlib.output_compression enabled.</li>
+<li>Eliminated a call to is_really_writable() on each request unless
+it is really needed (Output caching)</li>
+<li>Documented append_output() in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output
+Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Documented a second argument in the decode() function for the
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Documented db-&gt;close().</li>
+<li>Updated the router to support a default route with any number of
+segments.</li>
+<li>Moved _remove_invisible_characters() function from the
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> to <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common
+functions.</span></a></li>
+<li>Added audio/mpeg3 as a valid mime type for MP3.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-2-0-0">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 2.0.0<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-2-0-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug where you could not change the User-Agent when sending
+email.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where the Output class would send incorrect cached output
+for controllers implementing their own _output() method.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where a failed query would not have a saved query
+execution time causing errors in the Profiler</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that was writing log entries when multiple identical
+helpers and plugins were loaded.</li>
+<li>Fixed assorted user guide typos or examples (#10693, #8951, #7825,
+#8660, #7883, #6771, #10656).</li>
+<li>Fixed a language key in the profiler: “profiler_no_memory_usage”
+to “profiler_no_memory”.</li>
+<li>Fixed an error in the Zip library that didn’t allow downloading on
+PHP 4 servers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Form Validation library where fields passed as
+rule parameters were not being translated (#9132)</li>
+<li>Modified inflector helper to properly pluralize words that end in
+‘ch’ or ‘sh’</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in xss_clean() that was not allowing hyphens in query
+strings of submitted URLs.</li>
+<li>Fixed bugs in get_dir_file_info() and get_file_info() in the
+File Helper with recursion, and file paths on Windows.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where Active Record override parameter would not let you
+disable Active Record if it was enabled in your database config file.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in reduce_double_slashes() in the String Helper to
+properly remove duplicate leading slashes (#7585)</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in values_parsing() of the XML-RPC library which
+prevented NULL variables typed as ‘string’ from being handled
+properly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug were form_open_multipart() didn’t accept string
+attribute arguments (#10930).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#10470) where get_mime_by_extension() was case
+sensitive.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where some error messages for the SQLite and Oracle
+drivers would not display.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where files created with the Zip Library would result in
+file creation dates of 1980.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Session library that would result in PHP error
+when attempting to store values with objects.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where extending the Controller class would result in a
+fatal PHP error.</li>
+<li>Fixed a PHP Strict Standards Error in the index.php file.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where getimagesize() was being needlessly checked on
+non-image files in is_allowed_type().</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Encryption library where an empty key was not
+triggering an error.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Email library where CC and BCC recipients were not
+reset when using the clear() method (#109).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the URL Helper where prep_url() could cause a PHP
+error on PHP versions &lt; 5.1.2.</li>
+<li>Added a log message in core/output if the cache directory config
+value was not found.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where multiple libraries could not be loaded by passing
+an array to load-&gt;library()</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the html helper where too much white space was
+rendered between the src and alt tags in the img() function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the profilers _compile_queries() function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the date helper where the DATE_ISO8601 variable was
+returning an incorrectly formatted date string.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-7-2">
+<h2>Version 1.7.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-7-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: September 11, 2009
+Hg Tag: v1.7.2</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Added a new <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html"><span class="doc">Cart Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to pass $config[‘file_name’] for the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File
+Uploading Class</span></a> and rename the
+uploaded file.</li>
+<li>Changed order of listed user-agents so Safari would more
+accurately report itself. (#6844)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li>Switched from using gettype() in escape() to is_* methods, since
+future PHP versions might change its output.</li>
+<li>Updated all database drivers to handle arrays in escape_str()</li>
+<li>Added escape_like_str() method for escaping strings to be used
+in LIKE conditions</li>
+<li>Updated Active Record to utilize the new LIKE escaping mechanism.</li>
+<li>Added reconnect() method to DB drivers to try to keep alive /
+reestablish a connection after a long idle.</li>
+<li>Modified MSSQL driver to use mssql_get_last_message() for error
+messages.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Added form_multiselect() to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Modified form_hidden() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form
+helper</span></a> to accept multi-dimensional
+arrays.</li>
+<li>Modified form_prep() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form
+helper</span></a> to keep track of prepped
+fields to avoid multiple prep/mutation from subsequent calls which
+can occur when using Form Validation and form helper functions to
+output form fields.</li>
+<li>Modified directory_map() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html"><span class="doc">Directory
+helper</span></a> to allow the inclusion of
+hidden files, and to return FALSE on failure to read directory.</li>
+<li>Modified the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html"><span class="doc">Smiley helper</span></a> to work
+with multiple fields and insert the smiley at the last known
+cursor position.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>General<ul>
+<li>Compatible with PHP 5.3.0.</li>
+<li>Modified <a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html"><span class="doc">show_error()</span></a> to allow sending
+of HTTP server response codes.</li>
+<li>Modified <a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html"><span class="doc">show_404()</span></a> to send 404 status
+code, removing non-CGI compatible header() statement from
+error_404.php template.</li>
+<li>Added set_status_header() to the <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common
+functions</span></a> to allow use when the
+Output class is unavailable.</li>
+<li>Added is_php() to <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common
+functions</span></a> to facilitate PHP
+version comparisons.</li>
+<li>Added 2 CodeIgniter “cheatsheets” (thanks to DesignFellow.com for
+this contribution).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-1-7-2">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 1.7.2<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-1-7-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed assorted user guide typos or examples (#6743, #7214, #7516,
+#7287, #7852, #8224, #8324, #8349).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Form Validation library where multiple callbacks
+weren’t working (#6110)</li>
+<li>doctype helper default value was missing a “1”.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the language class when outputting an error for an
+unfound file.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Calendar library where the shortname was output
+for “May”.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug with ORIG_PATH_INFO that was allowing URIs of just a
+slash through.</li>
+<li>Fixed a fatal error in the Oracle and ODBC drivers (#6752)</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where xml_from_result() was checking for a nonexistent
+method.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where Database Forge’s add_column and modify_column
+were not looping through when sent multiple fields.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where the File Helper was using ‘/’ instead of the
+DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR constant.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug to prevent PHP errors when attempting to use sendmail on
+servers that have manually disabled the PHP popen() function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that would cause PHP errors in XML-RPC data if the PHP
+data type did not match the specified XML-RPC type.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the XML-RPC class with parsing dateTime.iso8601 data
+types.</li>
+<li>Fixed a case sensitive string replacement in xss_clean()</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in form_textarea() where form data was not prepped
+correctly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in form_prep() causing it to not preserve entities in
+the user’s original input when called back into a form element</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in _protect_identifiers() where the swap prefix
+($swap_pre) was not being observed.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where the 400 status header sent with the ‘disallowed URI
+characters’ was not compatible with CGI environments.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the typography class where heading tags could have
+paragraph tags inserted when using auto_typography().</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-7-1">
+<h2>Version 1.7.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-7-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: February 10, 2009
+Hg Tag: 1.7.1</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Fixed an arbitrary script execution security flaw (#6068) in the
+Form Validation library (thanks to hkk)</li>
+<li>Changed default current page indicator in the Pagination library
+to use &lt;strong&gt; instead of &lt;b&gt;</li>
+<li>A “HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request” header is now sent when disallowed
+characters are encountered.</li>
+<li>Added &lt;big&gt;, &lt;small&gt;, &lt;q&gt;, and &lt;tt&gt; to the Typography parser’s
+inline elements.</li>
+<li>Added more accurate error reporting for the Email library when
+using sendmail.</li>
+<li>Removed a strict type check from the rotate() function of the
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Manipulation Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added enhanced error checking in file saving in the Image library
+when using the GD lib.</li>
+<li>Added an additional newline between multipart email headers and
+the MIME message text for better compatibility with a variety of
+MUAs.</li>
+<li>Made modest improvements to efficiency and accuracy of
+explode_name() in the Image lib.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li>Added where_in to the list of expected arguments received by
+delete().</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Added the ability to have optgroups in form_dropdown() within the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">form helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added a doctype() function to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added ability to force lowercase for url_title() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Changed the default “type” of form_button() to “button” from
+“submit” in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">form helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Changed redirect() in the URL helper to allow redirections to URLs
+outside of the CI site.</li>
+<li>Updated get_cookie() to try to fetch the cookie using the global
+cookie prefix if the requested cookie name doesn’t exist.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Other Changes<ul>
+<li>Improved security in xss_clean() to help prevent attacks
+targeting Internet Explorer.</li>
+<li>Added ‘application/msexcel’ to config/mimes.php for .xls files.</li>
+<li>Added ‘proxy_ips’ config item to whitelist reverse proxy servers
+from which to trust the HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR header to to
+determine the visitor’s IP address.</li>
+<li>Improved accuracy of Upload::is_allowed_filetype() for images
+(#6715)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-1-7-1">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 1.7.1<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-1-7-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li>Fixed a bug when doing ‘random’ on order_by() (#5706).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where adding a primary key through Forge could fail
+(#5731).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug when using DB cache on multiple databases (#5737).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where TRUNCATE was not considered a “write” query
+(#6619).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where csv_from_result() was checking for a
+nonexistent method.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug _protect_identifiers() where it was improperly
+removing all pipe symbols from items</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Fixed assorted user guide typos or examples (#5998, #6093, #6259,
+#6339, #6432, #6521).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the MySQLi driver when no port is specified</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#5702), in which the field label was not being fetched
+properly, when “matching” one field to another.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in which identifers were not being escaped properly when
+reserved characters were used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug with the regular expression used to protect submitted
+paragraph tags in auto typography.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where double dashes within tag attributes were being
+converted to em dash entities.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where double spaces within tag attributes were being
+converted to non-breaking space entities.</li>
+<li>Fixed some accuracy issues with curly quotes in
+Typography::format_characters()</li>
+<li>Changed a few docblock comments to reflect actual return values.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug with high ascii characters in subject and from email
+headers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in xss_clean() where whitespace following a validated
+character entity would not be preserved.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where HTML comments and &lt;pre&gt; tags were being parsed in
+Typography::auto_typography().</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug with non-breaking space cleanup in
+Typography::auto_typography().</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in database escaping where a compound statement (ie:
+SUM()) wasn’t handled correctly with database prefixes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug when an opening quote is preceded by a paragraph tag and
+immediately followed by another tag.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Text Helper affecting some locales where
+word_censor() would not work on words beginning or ending with an
+accented character.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Text Helper character limiter where the provided
+limit intersects the last word of the string.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#6342) with plural() in the Inflection helper with words
+ending in “y”.</li>
+<li>Fixed bug (#6517) where Routed URI segments returned by
+URI::rsegment() method were incorrect for the default controller.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#6706) in the Security Helper where xss_clean() was
+using a deprecated second argument.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the URL helper url_title() function where trailing
+periods were allowed at the end of a URL.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#6669) in the Email class when CRLF’s are used for the
+newline character with headers when used with the “mail” protocol.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#6500) where URI::A_filter_uri() was exit()ing an
+error instead of using show_error().</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#6592) in the File Helper where get_dir_file_info()
+where recursion was not occurring properly.</li>
+<li>Tweaked Typography::auto_typography() for some edge-cases.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-7">
+<h2>Version 1.7<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-7" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: October 23, 2008
+Hg Tag: 1.7.0</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Added a new <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation
+Class</span></a>. It simplifies setting
+rules and field names, supports arrays as field names, allows
+groups of validation rules to be saved in a config file, and adds
+some helper functions for use in view files. <strong>Please note that
+the old Validation class is now deprecated</strong>. We will leave it in
+the library folder for some time so that existing applications
+that use it will not break, but you are encouraged to migrate to
+the new version.</li>
+<li>Updated the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Sessions class</span></a> so that
+any custom data being saved gets stored to a database rather than
+the session cookie (assuming you are using a database to store
+session data), permitting much more data to be saved.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to store libraries in subdirectories within
+either the main “libraries” or the local application “libraries”
+folder. Please see the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader class</span></a> for
+more info.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to assign library objects to your own variable
+names when you use $this-&gt;load-&gt;library(). Please see the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader
+class</span></a> for more info.</li>
+<li>Added controller class/method info to <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler
+class</span></a> and support for multiple database
+connections.</li>
+<li>Improved the “auto typography” feature and moved it out of the
+helper into its own <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html"><span class="doc">Typography
+Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Improved performance and accuracy of xss_clean(), including
+reduction of false positives on image/file tests.</li>
+<li>Improved <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">Parser class</span></a> to allow
+multiple calls to the parse() function. The output of each is
+appended in the output.</li>
+<li>Added max_filename option to set a file name length limit in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">File Upload Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added set_status_header() function to <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output
+class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Modified <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination</span></a> class to only
+output the “First” link when the link for page one would not be
+shown.</li>
+<li>Added support for mb_strlen in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form
+Validation</span></a> class so that
+multi-byte languages will calculate string lengths properly.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li>Improved Active Record class to allow full path column and table
+names: hostname.database.table.column. Also improved the alias
+handling.</li>
+<li>Improved how table and column names are escaped and prefixed. It
+now honors full path names when adding prefixes and escaping.</li>
+<li>Added Active Record caching feature to “update” and “delete”
+functions.</li>
+<li>Added removal of non-printing control characters in escape_str()
+of DB drivers that do not have native PHP escaping mechanisms
+(mssql, oci8, odbc), to avoid potential SQL errors, and possible
+sources of SQL injection.</li>
+<li>Added port support to MySQL, MySQLi, and MS SQL database drivers.</li>
+<li>Added driver name variable in each DB driver, based on bug report
+#4436.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Added several new “setting” functions to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form
+helper</span></a> that allow POST data to be
+retrieved and set into forms. These are intended to be used on
+their own, or with the new <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation
+Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added current_url() and uri_segments() to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Altered auto_link() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL
+helper</span></a> so that email addresses with
+“+” included will be linked.</li>
+<li>Added meta() function to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Improved accuracy of calculations in <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html"><span class="doc">Number
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Removed added newlines (“\n”) from most form and html helper
+functions.</li>
+<li>Tightened up validation in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date
+helper</span></a> function human_to_unix(),
+and eliminated the POSIX regex.</li>
+<li>Updated <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date helper</span></a> to match the
+world’s current time zones and offsets.</li>
+<li>Modified url_title() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL
+helper</span></a> to remove characters and digits
+that are part of character entities, to allow dashes, underscores,
+and periods regardless of the $separator, and to allow uppercase
+characters.</li>
+<li>Added support for arbitrary attributes in anchor_popup() of the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL helper</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Other Changes<ul>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html"><span class="doc">PHP Style Guide</span></a> to docs.</li>
+<li>Added sanitization in xss_clean() for a deprecated HTML tag that
+could be abused in user input in Internet Explorer.</li>
+<li>Added a few openxml document mime types, and an additional mobile
+agent to mimes.php and user_agents.php respectively.</li>
+<li>Added a file lock check during caching, before trying to write to
+the file.</li>
+<li>Modified Cookie key cleaning to unset a few troublesome key names
+that can be present in certain environments, preventing CI from
+halting execution.</li>
+<li>Changed the output of the profiler to use style attribute rather
+than clear, and added the id “codeigniter_profiler” to the
+container div.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-1-7-0">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 1.7.0<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-1-7-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed bug in xss_clean() that could remove some desirable tag
+attributes.</li>
+<li>Fixed assorted user guide typos or examples (#4807, #4812, #4840,
+#4862, #4864, #4899, #4930, #5006, #5071, #5158, #5229, #5254,
+#5351).</li>
+<li>Fixed an edit from 1.6.3 that made the $robots array in
+user_agents.php go poof.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email library</span></a> with
+quoted-printable encoding improperly encoding space and tab
+characters.</li>
+<li>Modified XSS sanitization to no longer add semicolons after &amp;[single
+letter], such as in M&amp;M’s, B&amp;B, etc.</li>
+<li>Modified XSS sanitization to no longer strip XHTML image tags of
+closing slashes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Session class when database sessions are used
+where upon session update all userdata would be errantly written to
+the session cookie.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4536) in backups with the MySQL driver where some
+legacy code was causing certain characters to be double escaped.</li>
+<li>Fixed a routing bug (#4661) that occurred when the default route
+pointed to a subfolder.</li>
+<li>Fixed the spelling of “Dhaka” in the timezone_menu() function of the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date helper.</span></a></li>
+<li>Fixed the spelling of “raspberry” in config/smileys.php.</li>
+<li>Fixed incorrect parenthesis in form_open() function (#5135).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that was ignoring case when comparing controller methods
+(#4560).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4615) that was not setting SMTP authorization settings
+when using the initialize function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in highlight_code() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html"><span class="doc">Text
+helper</span></a> that would leave a stray &lt;/span&gt;
+in certain cases.</li>
+<li>Fixed Oracle bug (#3306) that was preventing multiple queries in one
+action.</li>
+<li>Fixed ODBC bug that was ignoring connection params due to its use of
+a constructor.</li>
+<li>Fixed a DB driver bug with num_rows() that would cause an error with
+the Oracle driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed MS SQL bug (#4915). Added brackets around database name in MS
+SQL driver when selecting the database, in the event that reserved
+characters are used in the name.</li>
+<li>Fixed a DB caching bug (4718) in which the path was incorrect when no
+URI segments were present.</li>
+<li>Fixed Image_lib class bug #4562. A path was not defined for NetPBM.</li>
+<li>Fixed Image_lib class bug #4532. When cropping an image with
+identical height/width settings on output, a copy is made.</li>
+<li>Fixed DB_driver bug (4900), in which a database error was not being
+logged correctly.</li>
+<li>Fixed DB backup bug in which field names were not being escaped.</li>
+<li>Fixed a DB Active Record caching bug in which multiple calls to
+cached data were not being honored.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Session class that was disallowing slashes in the
+serialized array.</li>
+<li>Fixed a Form Validation bug in which the “isset” error message was
+being trigged by the “required” rule.</li>
+<li>Fixed a spelling error in a Loader error message.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (5050) with IP validation with empty segments.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in which the parser was being greedy if multiple
+identical sets of tags were encountered.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-6-3">
+<h2>Version 1.6.3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-6-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: June 26, 2008
+Hg Tag: v1.6.3</p>
+<p>Version 1.6.3 is a security and maintenance release and is recommended
+for all users.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li>Modified MySQL/MySQLi Forge class to give explicit names to keys</li>
+<li>Added ability to set multiple column non-primary keys to the
+<a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Forge class</span></a></li>
+<li>Added ability to set additional database config values in <a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html"><span class="doc">DSN
+connections</span></a> via the query string.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Set the mime type check in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">Upload
+class</span></a> to reference the global
+mimes variable.</li>
+<li>Added support for query strings to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination
+class</span></a>, automatically detected or
+explicitly declared.</li>
+<li>Added get_post() to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Documented get() in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to automatically output language items as form
+labels in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html"><span class="doc">Language class</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Added a <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html"><span class="doc">Language helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added a <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html"><span class="doc">Number helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form helper</span></a> refactored to allow
+form_open() and form_fieldset() to accept arrays or strings as
+arguments.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Other changes<ul>
+<li>Improved security in xss_clean().</li>
+<li>Removed an unused Router reference in _display_cache().</li>
+<li>Added ability to <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">use xss_clean() to test
+images</span></a> for XSS, useful for upload
+security.</li>
+<li>Considerably expanded list of mobile user-agents in
+config/user_agents.php.</li>
+<li>Charset information in the userguide has been moved above title
+for internationalization purposes (#4614).</li>
+<li>Added “Using Associative Arrays In a Request Parameter” example to
+the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html"><span class="doc">XMLRPC userguide page</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Removed maxlength and size as automatically added attributes of
+form_input() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">form helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Documented the language file use of byte_format() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html"><span class="doc">number
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-1-6-3">
+<h3>Bug fixes for 1.6.3<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-1-6-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added a language key for valid_emails in validation_lang.php.</li>
+<li>Amended fixes for bug (#3419) with parsing DSN database connections.</li>
+<li>Moved the _has_operator() function (#4535) into DB_driver from
+DB_active_rec.</li>
+<li>Fixed a syntax error in upload_lang.php.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4542) with a regular expression in the Image library.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4561) where orhaving() wasn’t properly passing values.</li>
+<li>Removed some unused variables from the code (#4563).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where having() was not adding an = into the statement
+(#4568).</li>
+<li>Fixed assorted user guide typos or examples (#4574, #4706).</li>
+<li>Added quoted-printable headers to Email class when the multi-part
+override is used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a double opening &lt;p&gt; tag in the index pages of each system
+directory.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-6-2">
+<h2>Version 1.6.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-6-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: May 13, 2008
+Hg Tag: 1.6.2</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Active Record<ul>
+<li>Added the ability to prevent escaping in having() clauses.</li>
+<li>Added rename_table() into <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">DBForge</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that wasn’t allowing escaping to be turned off if the
+value of a query was NULL.</li>
+<li>DB Forge is now assigned to any models that exist after loading
+(#3457).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Database<ul>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html"><span class="doc">Strict Mode</span></a> to database
+transactions.</li>
+<li>Escape behaviour in where() clauses has changed; values in those
+with the “FALSE” argument are no longer escaped (ie: quoted).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Config<ul>
+<li>Added ‘application/vnd.ms-powerpoint’ to list of mime types.</li>
+<li>Added ‘audio/mpg’ to list of mime types.</li>
+<li>Added new user-modifiable file constants.php containing file mode
+and fopen constants.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to set CRLF settings via config in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email</span></a> class.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Added increased security for filename handling in the Upload
+library.</li>
+<li>Added increased security for sessions for client-side data
+tampering.</li>
+<li>The MySQLi forge class is now in sync with MySQL forge.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to set CRLF settings via config in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email</span></a> class.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html"><span class="doc">Unit Testing</span></a> results are now
+colour coded, and a change was made to the default template of
+results.</li>
+<li>Added a valid_emails rule to the Validation class.</li>
+<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html"><span class="doc">Zip class</span></a> now exits within download().</li>
+<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html"><span class="doc">Zip class</span></a> has undergone a substantial
+re-write for speed and clarity (thanks stanleyxu for the hard work
+and code contribution in bug report #3425!)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Added a Compatibility
+Helper for using some common
+PHP 5 functions safely in applications that might run on PHP 4
+servers (thanks Seppo for the hard work and code contribution!)</li>
+<li>Added form_button() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Changed the radio() and checkbox() functions to default to not
+checked by default.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to include an optional HTTP Response Code in the
+redirect() function of the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL
+Helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Modified img() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML Helper</span></a> to
+remove an unneeded space (#4208).</li>
+<li>Modified anchor() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL helper</span></a>
+to no longer add a default title= attribute (#4209).</li>
+<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html"><span class="doc">Download helper</span></a> now exits
+within force_download().</li>
+<li>Added get_dir_file_info(), get_file_info(), and
+get_mime_by_extension() to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File
+Helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added symbolic_permissions() and octal_permissions() to the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File helper</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Plugins<ul>
+<li>Modified captcha generation to first look for the function
+imagecreatetruecolor, and fallback to imagecreate if it isn’t
+available (#4226).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Other Changes<ul>
+<li>Added ability for <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">xss_clean()</span></a> to accept
+arrays.</li>
+<li>Removed closing PHP tags from all PHP files to avoid accidental
+output and potential ‘cannot modify headers’ errors.</li>
+<li>Removed “scripts” from the auto-load search path. Scripts were
+deprecated in Version 1.4.1 (September 21, 2006). If you still
+need to use them for legacy reasons, they must now be manually
+loaded in each Controller.</li>
+<li>Added a <a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html"><span class="doc">Reserved Names</span></a> page to
+the userguide, and migrated reserved controller names into it.</li>
+<li>Added a <a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common Functions</span></a> page
+to the userguide for globally available functions.</li>
+<li>Improved security and performance of xss_clean().</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bugfixes-for-1-6-2">
+<h3>Bugfixes for 1.6.2<a class="headerlink" href="#bugfixes-for-1-6-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug where SET queries were not being handled as “write”
+queries.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3191) with ORIG_PATH_INFO URI parsing.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in DB Forge, when inserting an id field (#3456).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the table library that could cause identically
+constructed rows to be dropped (#3459).</li>
+<li>Fixed DB Driver and MySQLi result driver checking for resources
+instead of objects (#3461).</li>
+<li>Fixed an AR_caching error where it wasn’t tracking table aliases
+(#3463).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in AR compiling, where select statements with arguments
+got incorrectly escaped (#3478).</li>
+<li>Fixed an incorrect documentation of $this-&gt;load-&gt;language (#3520).</li>
+<li>Fixed bugs (#3523, #4350) in get_filenames() with recursion and
+problems with Windows when $include_path is used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4153) in the XML-RPC class preventing dateTime.iso8601
+from being used.</li>
+<li>Fixed an AR bug with or_where_not_in() (#4171).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug with <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">xss_clean()</span></a> that would
+add semicolons to GET URI variable strings.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4206) in the Directory Helper where the directory
+resource was not being closed, and minor improvements.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the FTP library where delete_dir() was not working
+recursively (#4215).</li>
+<li>Fixed a Validation bug when set_rules() is used with a non-array
+field name and rule (#4220).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4223) where DB caching would not work for returned DB
+objects or multiple DB connections.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Upload library that might output the same error
+twice (#4390).</li>
+<li>Fixed an AR bug when joining with a table alias and table prefix
+(#4400).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the DB class testing the $params argument.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Table library where the integer 0 in cell data
+would be displayed as a blank cell.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in link_tag() of the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL
+helper</span></a> where a key was passed instead of
+a value.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in DB_result::row() that prevented it from returning
+individual fields with MySQL NULL values.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where SMTP emails were not having dot transformation
+performed on lines that begin with a dot.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in display_error() in the DB driver that was
+instantiating new Language and Exception objects, and not using the
+error heading.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4413) where a URI containing slashes only e.g.
+‘http://example.com/index.php?//’ would result in PHP errors</li>
+<li>Fixed an array to string conversion error in the Validation library
+(#4425)</li>
+<li>Fixed bug (#4451, #4299, #4339) where failed transactions will not
+rollback when debug mode is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#4506) with overlay_watermark() in the Image library
+preventing support for PNG-24s with alpha transparency</li>
+<li>Fixed assorted user guide typos (#3453, #4364, #4379, #4399, #4408,
+#4412, #4448, #4488).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-6-1">
+<h2>Version 1.6.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-6-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: February 12, 2008
+Hg Tag: 1.6.1</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Active Record<ul>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html#ar-caching"><span class="std std-ref">Active Record
+Caching</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Made Active Record fully database-prefix aware.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Database drivers<ul>
+<li>Added support for setting client character set and collation for
+MySQLi.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Core Changes<ul>
+<li>Modified xss_clean() to be more intelligent with its handling of
+URL encoded strings.</li>
+<li>Added $_SERVER, $_FILES, $_ENV, and $_SESSION to sanitization
+of globals.</li>
+<li>Added a <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html"><span class="doc">Path Helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Simplified _reindex_segments() in the URI class.</li>
+<li>Escaped the ‘-‘ in the default ‘permitted_uri_chars’ config
+item, to prevent errors if developers just try to add additional
+characters to the end of the default expression.</li>
+<li>Modified method calling to controllers to show a 404 when a
+private or protected method is accessed via a URL.</li>
+<li>Modified framework initiated 404s to log the controller and method
+for invalid requests.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers<ul>
+<li>Modified get_filenames() in the File Helper to return FALSE if
+the $source_dir is not readable.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bugfixes-for-1-6-1">
+<h3>Bugfixes for 1.6.1<a class="headerlink" href="#bugfixes-for-1-6-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Deprecated is_numeric as a validation rule. Use of numeric and
+integer are preferred.</li>
+<li>Fixed bug (#3379) in DBForge with SQLite for table creation.</li>
+<li>Made Active Record fully database prefix aware (#3384).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where DBForge was outputting invalid SQL in Postgres by
+adding brackets around the tables in FROM.</li>
+<li>Changed the behaviour of Active Record’s update() to make the WHERE
+clause optional (#3395).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3396) where certain POST variables would cause a PHP
+warning.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in query binding (#3402).</li>
+<li>Changed order of SQL keywords in the Profiler $highlight array so OR
+would not be highlighted before ORDER BY.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3404) where the MySQLi driver was testing if
+$this-&gt;conn_id was a resource instead of an object.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3419) connecting to a database via a DSN string.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3445) where the routed segment array was not re-indexed
+to begin with 1 when the default controller is used.</li>
+<li>Fixed assorted user guide typos.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-6-0">
+<h2>Version 1.6.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-6-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: January 30, 2008</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>DBForge<ul>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">DBForge</span></a> to the database tools.</li>
+<li>Moved create_database() and drop_database() into
+<a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">DBForge</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added add_field(), add_key(), create_table(), drop_table(),
+add_column(), drop_column(), modify_column() into
+<a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html"><span class="doc">DBForge</span></a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Active Record<ul>
+<li>Added protect_identifiers() in <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active
+Record</span></a>.</li>
+<li>All AR queries are backticked if appropriate to the database.</li>
+<li>Added where_in(), or_where_in(), where_not_in(),
+or_where_not_in(), not_like() and or_not_like() to <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active
+Record</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for limit() into update() and delete() statements in
+<a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active Record</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added empty_table() and truncate_table() to <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active
+Record</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to pass an array of tables to the delete()
+statement in <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active Record</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added count_all_results() function to <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active
+Record</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added select_max(), select_min(), select_avg() and
+select_sum() to <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active Record</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to use aliases with joins in <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active
+Record</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added a third parameter to Active Record’s like() clause to
+control where the wildcard goes.</li>
+<li>Added a third parameter to set() in <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active
+Record</span></a> that withholds escaping
+data.</li>
+<li>Changed the behaviour of variables submitted to the where() clause
+with no values to auto set “IS NULL”</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Other Database Related<ul>
+<li>MySQL driver now requires MySQL 4.1+</li>
+<li>Added $this-&gt;DB-&gt;save_queries variable to DB driver, enabling
+queries to get saved or not. Previously they were always saved.</li>
+<li>Added $this-&gt;db-&gt;dbprefix() to manually add database prefixes.</li>
+<li>Added ‘random’ as an order_by() option , and removed “rand()” as
+a listed option as it was MySQL only.</li>
+<li>Added a check for NULL fields in the MySQL database backup
+utility.</li>
+<li>Added “constrain_by_prefix” parameter to db-&gt;list_table()
+function. If set to TRUE it will limit the result to only table
+names with the current prefix.</li>
+<li>Deprecated from Active Record; getwhere() for get_where();
+groupby() for group_by(); havingor() for having_or(); orderby()
+for order_by; orwhere() for or_where(); and orlike() for
+or_like().</li>
+<li>Modified csv_from_result() to output CSV data more in the spirit
+of basic rules of RFC 4180.</li>
+<li>Added ‘char_set’ and ‘dbcollat’ database configuration settings,
+to explicitly set the client communication properly.</li>
+<li>Removed ‘active_r’ configuration setting and replaced with a
+global $active_record setting, which is more in harmony with the
+global nature of the behavior (#1834).</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Core changes<ul>
+<li>Added ability to load multiple views, whose content will be
+appended to the output in the order loaded.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to <a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html"><span class="doc">auto-load</span></a>
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html"><span class="doc">Models</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Reorganized the URI and Routes classes for better clarity.</li>
+<li>Added Compat.php to allow function overrides for older versions of
+PHP or PHP environments missing certain extensions / libraries</li>
+<li>Added memory usage, GET, URI string data, and individual query
+execution time to Profiler output.</li>
+<li>Deprecated Scaffolding.</li>
+<li>Added is_really_writable() to Common.php to provide a
+cross-platform reliable method of testing file/folder writability.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Libraries<ul>
+<li>Changed the load protocol of Models to allow for extension.</li>
+<li>Strengthened the Encryption library to help protect against man in
+the middle attacks when MCRYPT_MODE_CBC mode is used.</li>
+<li>Added Flashdata variables, session_id regeneration and
+configurable session update times to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session
+class.</span></a></li>
+<li>Removed ‘last_visit’ from the Session class.</li>
+<li>Added a language entry for valid_ip validation error.</li>
+<li>Modified prep_for_form() in the Validation class to accept
+arrays, adding support for POST array validation (via callbacks
+only)</li>
+<li>Added an “integer” rule into the Validation library.</li>
+<li>Added valid_base64() to the Validation library.</li>
+<li>Documented clear() in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image
+Processing</span></a> library.</li>
+<li>Changed the behaviour of custom callbacks so that they no longer
+trigger the “required” rule.</li>
+<li>Modified Upload class $_FILES error messages to be more precise.</li>
+<li>Moved the safe mode and auth checks for the Email library into the
+constructor.</li>
+<li>Modified variable names in _ci_load() method of Loader class to
+avoid conflicts with view variables.</li>
+<li>Added a few additional mime type variations for CSV.</li>
+<li>Enabled the ‘system’ methods for the XML-RPC Server library,
+except for ‘system.multicall’ which is still disabled.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Helpers &amp; Plugins<ul>
+<li>Added link_tag() to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML
+helper.</span></a></li>
+<li>Added img() to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML helper.</span></a></li>
+<li>Added ability to <a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html"><span class="doc">“extend” Helpers</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added an <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html"><span class="doc">email helper</span></a> into core
+helpers.</li>
+<li>Added strip_quotes() function to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">string
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added reduce_multiples() function to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">string
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added quotes_to_entities() function to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">string
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added form_fieldset(), form_fieldset_close(), form_label(),
+and form_reset() function to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">form
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for external urls in form_open().</li>
+<li>Removed support for db_backup in MySQLi due to incompatible
+functions.</li>
+<li>Javascript Calendar plugin now uses the months and days from the
+calendar language file, instead of hard-coded values,
+internationalizing it.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Documentation Changes<ul>
+<li>Added Writing Documentation section
+for the community to use in writing their own documentation.</li>
+<li>Added titles to all user manual pages.</li>
+<li>Added attributes into &lt;html&gt; of userguide for valid html.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html"><span class="doc">Zip Encoding Class</span></a>
+to the table of contents of the userguide.</li>
+<li>Moved part of the userguide menu javascript to an external file.</li>
+<li>Documented distinct() in <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active
+Record</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Documented the timezones() function in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date
+Helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Documented unset_userdata in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session
+class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Documented 2 config options to the <a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">Database
+configuration</span></a> page.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="bug-fixes-for-version-1-6-0">
+<h3>Bug fixes for Version 1.6.0<a class="headerlink" href="#bug-fixes-for-version-1-6-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1813) preventing using $CI-&gt;db in the same application
+with returned database objects.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1842) where the $this-&gt;uri-&gt;rsegments array would not
+include the ‘index’ method if routed to the controller without an
+implicit method.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1872) where word_limiter() was not retaining
+whitespace.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#1890) in csv_from_result() where content that
+included the delimiter would break the file.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2542)in the clean_email() method of the Email class to
+allow for non-numeric / non-sequential array keys.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2545) in _html_entity_decode_callback() when
+‘global_xss_filtering’ is enabled.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2668) in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">parser class</span></a>
+where numeric data was ignored.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2679) where the “previous” pagination link would get
+drawn on the first page.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2702) in _object_to_array that broke some types of
+inserts and updates.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2732) in the SQLite driver for PHP 4.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2754) in Pagination to scan for non-positive
+num_links.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2762) in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session
+library</span></a> where user agent matching would
+fail on user agents ending with a space.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2784) $field_names[] vs $Ffield_names[] in postgres
+and sqlite drivers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2810) in the typography helper causing extraneous
+paragraph tags when string contains tags.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2849) where arguments passed to a subfolder controller
+method would be incorrectly shifted, dropping the 3rd segment value.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2858) which referenced a wrong variable in the Image
+class.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2875)when loading plugin files as _plugin. and not
+_pi.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2912) in get_filenames() in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File
+Helper</span></a> where the array wasn’t cleared
+after each call.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#2974) in highlight_phrase() that caused an error with
+slashes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3003) in the Encryption Library to support modes other
+than MCRYPT_MODE_ECB</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3015) in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User Agent
+library</span></a> where more than 2 languages
+where not reported with languages().</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3017) in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email</span></a> library
+where some timezones were calculated incorrectly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3024) in which master_dim wasn’t getting reset by
+clear() in the Image library.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3156) in Text Helper highlight_code() causing PHP tags
+to be handled incorrectly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3166) that prevented num_rows from working in Oracle.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3175) preventing certain libraries from working
+properly when autoloaded in PHP 4.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3267) in the Typography Helper where unordered list was
+listed “un.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3268) where the Router could leave ‘/’ as the path.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3279) where the Email class was sending the wrong
+Content-Transfer-Encoding for some character sets.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3284) where the rsegment array would not be set
+properly if the requested URI contained more segments than the routed
+URI.</li>
+<li>Removed extraneous load of $CFG in _display_cache() of the Output
+class (#3285).</li>
+<li>Removed an extraneous call to loading models (#3286).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3310) with sanitization of globals in the Input class
+that could unset CI’s global variables.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3314) which would cause the top level path to be
+deleted in delete_files() of the File helper.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3328) where the smiley helper might return an undefined
+variable.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug (#3330) in the FTP class where a comparison wasn’t
+getting made.</li>
+<li>Removed an unused parameter from Profiler (#3332).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in database driver where num_rows property wasn’t
+getting updated.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">upload
+library</span></a> when allowed_files
+wasn’t defined.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in word_wrap() of the Text Helper that incorrectly
+referenced an object.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in Validation where valid_ip() wasn’t called properly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in Validation where individual error messages for
+checkboxes wasn’t supported.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in captcha calling an invalid PHP function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the cookie helper “set_cookie” function. It was not
+honoring the config settings.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that was making validation callbacks required even when
+not set as such.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the XML-RPC library so if a type is specified, a more
+intelligent decision is made as to the default type.</li>
+<li>Fixed an example of comma-separated emails in the email library
+documentation.</li>
+<li>Fixed an example in the Calendar library for Showing Next/Previous
+Month Links.</li>
+<li>Fixed a typo in the database language file.</li>
+<li>Fixed a typo in the image language file “suppor” to “support”.</li>
+<li>Fixed an example for XML RPC.</li>
+<li>Fixed an example of accept_charset() in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User Agent
+Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a typo in the docblock comments that had CodeIgniter spelled
+CodeIgnitor.</li>
+<li>Fixed a typo in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String Helper</span></a>
+(uniquid changed to uniqid).</li>
+<li>Fixed typos in the email Language class
+(email_attachment_unredable, email_filed_smtp_login), and FTP
+Class (ftp_unable_to_remame).</li>
+<li>Added a stripslashes() into the Upload Library.</li>
+<li>Fixed a series of grammatical and spelling errors in the language
+files.</li>
+<li>Fixed assorted user guide typos.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-5-4">
+<h2>Version 1.5.4<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-5-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: July 12, 2007</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html"><span class="doc">custom Language files</span></a> to the
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html"><span class="doc">autoload</span></a> options.</li>
+<li>Added stripslashes() to the _clean_input_data() function in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input class</span></a> when magic quotes is on so
+that data will always be un-slashed within the framework.</li>
+<li>Added array to string into the <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">profiler</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added some additional mime types in application/config/mimes.php.</li>
+<li>Added filename_security() method to <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input
+library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added some additional arguments to the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html"><span class="doc">Inflection
+helper</span></a> singular() to compensate
+for words ending in “s”. Also added a force parameter to pluralize().</li>
+<li>Added $config[‘charset’] to the config file. Default value is
+‘UTF-8’, used in some string handling functions.</li>
+<li>Fixed MSSQL insert_id().</li>
+<li>Fixed a logic error in the DB trans_status() function. It was
+incorrectly returning TRUE on failure and FALSE on success.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that was allowing multiple load attempts on extended
+classes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the bootstrap file that was incorrectly attempting to
+discern the full server path even when it was explicity set by the
+user.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the escape_str() function in the MySQL driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed a typo in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html"><span class="doc">Calendar library</span></a></li>
+<li>Fixed a typo in rpcs.php library</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html"><span class="doc">Zip library</span></a>, providing
+PC Zip file compatibility with Mac OS X</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in router that was ignoring the scaffolding route for
+optimization</li>
+<li>Fixed an IP validation bug.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in display of POST keys in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler</span></a> output</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in display of queries with characters that would be
+interpreted as HTML in the <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler</span></a>
+output</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in display of Email class print debugger with characters
+that would be interpreted as HTML in the debugging output</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Content-Transfer-Encoding of HTML emails with the
+quoted-printable MIME type</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug where one could unset certain PHP superglobals by setting
+them via GET or POST data</li>
+<li>Fixed an undefined function error in the insert_id() function of the
+PostgreSQL driver</li>
+<li>Fixed various doc typos.</li>
+<li>Documented two functions from the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String
+helper</span></a> that were missing from the
+user guide: trim_slashes() and reduce_double_slashes().</li>
+<li>Docs now validate to XHTML 1 transitional</li>
+<li>Updated the XSS Filtering to take into account the IE expression()
+ability and improved certain deletions to prevent possible exploits</li>
+<li>Modified the Router so that when Query Strings are Enabled, the
+controller trigger and function trigger values are sanitized for
+filename include security.</li>
+<li>Modified the is_image() method in the Upload library to take into
+account Windows IE 6/7 eccentricities when dealing with MIMEs</li>
+<li>Modified XSS Cleaning routine to be more performance friendly and
+compatible with PHP 5.2’s new PCRE backtrack and recursion limits.</li>
+<li>Modified the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> to type cast
+the $title as a string in case a numeric value is supplied</li>
+<li>Modified Form Helper form_dropdown() to type cast the keys and
+values of the options array as strings, allowing numeric values to be
+properly set as ‘selected’</li>
+<li>Deprecated the use if is_numeric() in various places since it allows
+periods. Due to compatibility problems with ctype_digit(), making it
+unreliable in some installations, the following regular expression
+was used instead: preg_match(“/[^0-9]/”, $n)</li>
+<li>Deprecated: APPVER has been deprecated and replaced with CI_VERSION
+for clarity.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-5-3">
+<h2>Version 1.5.3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-5-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: April 15, 2007</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added array to string into the profiler</li>
+<li>Code Igniter references updated to CodeIgniter</li>
+<li>pMachine references updated to EllisLab</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the repeater function of <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">string
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in ODBC driver</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in result_array() that was returning an empty array when
+no result is produced.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the redirect function of the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">url
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Fixed an undefined variable in Loader</li>
+<li>Fixed a version bug in the Postgres driver</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the textarea function of the form helper for use with
+strings</li>
+<li>Fixed doc typos.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-5-2">
+<h2>Version 1.5.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-5-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: February 13, 2007</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added subversion information
+to the <a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html"><span class="doc">downloads</span></a> page.</li>
+<li>Added support for captions in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html"><span class="doc">Table
+Library</span></a></li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html"><span class="doc">download_helper</span></a> that was causing
+Internet Explorer to load rather than download</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Active Record Join function that was not taking
+table prefixes into consideration.</li>
+<li>Removed unescaped variables in error messages of Input and Router
+classes</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Loader that was causing errors on Libraries loaded
+twice. A debug message is now silently made in the log.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">form helper</span></a> that
+gave textarea a value attribute</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html"><span class="doc">Image Library</span></a> that
+was ignoring resizing the same size image</li>
+<li>Fixed some doc typos.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-5-1">
+<h2>Version 1.5.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-5-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: November 23, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added support for submitting arrays of libraries in the
+$this-&gt;load-&gt;library function.</li>
+<li>Added support for naming custom library files in lower or uppercase.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug related to output buffering.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the active record class that was not resetting query
+data after a completed query.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that was suppressing errors in controllers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a problem that can cause a loop to occur when the config file
+is missing.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that occurred when multiple models were loaded with the
+third parameter set to TRUE.</li>
+<li>Fixed an oversight that was not unsetting globals properly in the
+input sanitize function.</li>
+<li>Fixed some bugs in the Oracle DB driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed an incorrectly named variable in the MySQLi result driver.</li>
+<li>Fixed some doc typos.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-5-0-1">
+<h2>Version 1.5.0.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-5-0-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: October 31, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Fixed a problem in which duplicate attempts to load helpers and
+classes were not being stopped.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the word_wrap() helper function.</li>
+<li>Fixed an invalid color Hex number in the Profiler class.</li>
+<li>Fixed a corrupted image in the user guide.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-5-0">
+<h2>Version 1.5.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-5-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: October 30, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">DB utility class</span></a>, permitting DB
+backups, CVS or XML files from DB results, and various other
+functions.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html"><span class="doc">Database Caching Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html"><span class="doc">transaction support</span></a> to the
+database classes.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler Class</span></a> which generates a
+report of Benchmark execution times, queries, and POST data at the
+bottom of your pages.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User Agent Library</span></a> which
+allows browsers, robots, and mobile devises to be identified.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html"><span class="doc">HTML Table Class</span></a> , enabling tables
+to be generated from arrays or database results.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html"><span class="doc">Zip Encoding Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html"><span class="doc">FTP Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to <a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html"><span class="doc">extend
+libraries</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html"><span class="doc">extend core
+classes</span></a>, in addition to being able to
+replace them.</li>
+<li>Added support for storing <a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html"><span class="doc">models within
+sub-folders</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html"><span class="doc">Download Helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html"><span class="doc">simple_query()</span></a> function to the
+database classes</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">standard_date()</span></a> function to
+the Date Helper.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html"><span class="doc">$query-&gt;free_result()</span></a> to database
+class.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html"><span class="doc">$query-&gt;list_fields()</span></a> function to
+database class</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html"><span class="doc">$this-&gt;db-&gt;platform()</span></a> function</li>
+<li>Added new <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File Helper</span></a>:
+get_filenames()</li>
+<li>Added new helper: <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html"><span class="doc">Smiley Helper</span></a></li>
+<li>Added support for &lt;ul&gt; and &lt;ol&gt; lists in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML
+Helper</span></a></li>
+<li>Added the ability to rewrite <a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html"><span class="doc">short
+tags</span></a> on-the-fly, converting them
+to standard PHP statements, for those servers that do not support
+short tags. This allows the cleaner syntax to be used regardless of
+whether it’s supported by the server.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to <a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html"><span class="doc">rename or relocate the “application”
+folder</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added more thorough initialization in the upload class so that all
+class variables are reset.</li>
+<li>Added “is_numeric” to validation, which uses the native PHP
+is_numeric function.</li>
+<li>Improved the URI handler to make it more reliable when the
+$config[‘uri_protocol’] item is set to AUTO.</li>
+<li>Moved most of the functions in the Controller class into the Loader
+class, allowing fewer reserved function names for controllers when
+running under PHP 5.</li>
+<li>Updated the DB Result class to return an empty array when
+$query-&gt;result() doesn’t produce a result.</li>
+<li>Updated the input-&gt;cookie() and input-&gt;post() functions in <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input
+Class</span></a> to permit arrays contained cookies
+that are arrays to be run through the XSS filter.</li>
+<li>Documented three functions from the Validation
+class that were missing from the user
+guide: set_select(), set_radio(), and set_checkbox().</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Email class related to SMTP Helo data.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the word wrapping helper and function in the email
+class.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the validation class.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the typography helper that was incorrectly wrapping
+block level elements in paragraph tags.</li>
+<li>Fixed a problem in the form_prep() function that was double encoding
+entities.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that affects some versions of PHP when output buffering
+is nested.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that caused CI to stop working when the PHP magic
+__get() or __set() functions were used within models or
+controllers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a pagination bug that was permitting negative values in the
+URL.</li>
+<li>Fixed an oversight in which the Loader class was not allowed to be
+extended.</li>
+<li>Changed _get_config() to get_config() since the function is not a
+private one.</li>
+<li><strong>Deprecated “init” folder</strong>. Initialization happens automatically
+now. <a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html"><span class="doc">Please see documentation</span></a>.</li>
+<li><strong>Deprecated</strong> $this-&gt;db-&gt;field_names() USE
+$this-&gt;db-&gt;list_fields()</li>
+<li><strong>Deprecated</strong> the $config[‘log_errors’] item from the config.php
+file. Instead, $config[‘log_threshold’] can be set to “0” to turn it
+off.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-4-1">
+<h2>Version 1.4.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-4-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: September 21, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added a new feature that passes URI segments directly to your
+function calls as parameters. See the
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controllers</span></a> page for more info.</li>
+<li>Added support for a function named _output(), which when used in
+your controllers will received the final rendered output from the
+output class. More info in the <a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controllers</span></a>
+page.</li>
+<li>Added several new functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI
+Class</span></a> to let you retrieve and manipulate URI
+segments that have been re-routed using the <a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html"><span class="doc">URI
+Routing</span></a> feature. Previously, the URI class did not
+permit you to access any re-routed URI segments, but now it does.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">$this-&gt;output-&gt;set_header()</span></a>
+function, which allows you to set server headers.</li>
+<li>Updated plugins, helpers, and language classes to allow your
+application folder to contain its own plugins, helpers, and language
+folders. Previously they were always treated as global for your
+entire installation. If your application folder contains any of these
+resources they will be used <em>instead</em> the global ones.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html"><span class="doc">Inflector helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added element() function in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html"><span class="doc">array
+helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added RAND() to active record orderby() function.</li>
+<li>Added delete_cookie() and get_cookie() to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html"><span class="doc">Cookie
+helper</span></a>, even though the input class
+has a cookie fetching function.</li>
+<li>Added Oracle database driver (still undergoing testing so it might
+have some bugs).</li>
+<li>Added the ability to combine pseudo-variables and php variables in
+the template parser class.</li>
+<li>Added output compression option to the config file.</li>
+<li>Removed the is_numeric test from the db-&gt;escape() function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a MySQLi bug that was causing error messages not to contain
+proper error data.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the email class which was causing it to ignore
+explicitly set alternative headers.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that was causing a PHP error when the Exceptions class
+was called within the get_config() function since it was causing
+problems.</li>
+<li>Fixed an oversight in the cookie helper in which the config file
+cookie settings were not being honored.</li>
+<li>Fixed an oversight in the upload class. An item mentioned in the 1.4
+changelog was missing.</li>
+<li>Added some code to allow email attachments to be reset when sending
+batches of email.</li>
+<li>Deprecated the application/scripts folder. It will continue to work
+for legacy users, but it is recommended that you create your own
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html"><span class="doc">libraries</span></a> or
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html"><span class="doc">models</span></a> instead. It was originally added
+before CI had user libraries or models, but it’s not needed anymore.</li>
+<li>Deprecated the $autoload[‘core’] item from the autoload.php file.
+Instead, please now use: $autoload[‘libraries’]</li>
+<li>Deprecated the following database functions:
+$this-&gt;db-&gt;smart_escape_str() and $this-&gt;db-&gt;fields().</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-4-0">
+<h2>Version 1.4.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-4-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: September 17, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html"><span class="doc">Hooks</span></a> feature, enabling you to tap
+into and modify the inner workings of the framework without hacking
+the core files.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to organize controller files <a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">into
+sub-folders</span></a>. Kudos to Marco for
+suggesting this (and the next two) feature.</li>
+<li>Added regular expressions support for <a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html"><span class="doc">routing
+rules</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to <a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">remap function
+calls</span></a> within your controllers.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to <a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html"><span class="doc">replace core system
+classes</span></a> with your own classes.</li>
+<li>Added support for % character in URL.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to supply full URLs using the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">anchor()</span></a> helper function.</li>
+<li>Added mode parameter to <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">file_write()</span></a>
+helper.</li>
+<li>Added support for changing the port number in the <a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">Postgres
+driver</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Moved the list of “allowed URI characters” out of the Router class
+and into the config file.</li>
+<li>Moved the MIME type array out of the Upload class and into its own
+file in the application/config/ folder.</li>
+<li>Updated the Upload class to allow the upload field name to be set
+when calling <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">do_upload()</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Updated the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> to be able to
+load config files silently, and to be able to assign config files to
+their own index (to avoid collisions if you use multiple config
+files).</li>
+<li>Updated the URI Protocol code to allow more options so that URLs will
+work more reliably in different environments.</li>
+<li>Updated the form_open() helper to allow the GET method to be used.</li>
+<li>Updated the MySQLi execute() function with some code to help prevent
+lost connection errors.</li>
+<li>Updated the SQLite Driver to check for object support before
+attempting to return results as objects. If unsupported it returns an
+array.</li>
+<li>Updated the Models loader function to allow multiple loads of the
+same model.</li>
+<li>Updated the MS SQL driver so that single quotes are escaped.</li>
+<li>Updated the Postgres and ODBC drivers for better compatibility.</li>
+<li>Removed a strtolower() call that was changing URL segments to lower
+case.</li>
+<li>Removed some references that were interfering with PHP 4.4.1
+compatibility.</li>
+<li>Removed backticks from Postgres class since these are not needed.</li>
+<li>Renamed display() to _display() in the Output class to make it clear
+that it’s a private function.</li>
+<li>Deprecated the hash() function due to a naming conflict with a native
+PHP function with the same name. Please use dohash() instead.</li>
+<li>Fixed an bug that was preventing the input class from unsetting GET
+variables.</li>
+<li>Fixed a router bug that was making it too greedy when matching end
+segments.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that was preventing multiple discrete database calls.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in which loading a language file was producing a “file
+contains no data” message.</li>
+<li>Fixed a session bug caused by the XSS Filtering feature inadvertently
+changing the case of certain words.</li>
+<li>Fixed some missing prefixes when using the database prefix feature.</li>
+<li>Fixed a typo in the Calendar class (cal_november).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the form_checkbox() helper.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that was allowing the second segment of the URI to be
+identical to the class name.</li>
+<li>Fixed an evaluation bug in the database initialization function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a minor bug in one of the error messages in the language class.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the date helper timespan function.</li>
+<li>Fixed an undefined variable in the DB Driver class.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in which dollar signs used as binding replacement values
+in the DB class would be treated as RegEx back-references.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the set_hash() function which was preventing MD5 from
+being used.</li>
+<li>Fixed a couple bugs in the Unit Testing class.</li>
+<li>Fixed an incorrectly named variable in the Validation class.</li>
+<li>Fixed an incorrectly named variable in the URI class.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the config class that was preventing the base URL from
+being called properly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the validation class that was not permitting callbacks
+if the form field was empty.</li>
+<li>Fixed a problem that was preventing scaffolding from working properly
+with MySQLi.</li>
+<li>Fixed some MS SQL bugs.</li>
+<li>Fixed some doc typos.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-3-3">
+<h2>Version 1.3.3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-3-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: June 1, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Models do <strong>not</strong> connect automatically to the database as of this
+version. <a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html"><span class="doc">More info here</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Updated the Sessions class to utilize the active record class when
+running session related queries. Previously the queries assumed MySQL
+syntax.</li>
+<li>Updated alternator() function to re-initialize when called with no
+arguments, allowing multiple calls.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the active record “having” function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a problem in the validation class which was making checkboxes
+be ignored when required.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the word_limiter() helper function. It was cutting
+off the fist word.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the xss_clean function due to a PHP bug that affects
+some versions of html_entity_decode.</li>
+<li>Fixed a validation bug that was preventing rules from being set twice
+in one controller.</li>
+<li>Fixed a calendar bug that was not letting it use dynamically loaded
+languages.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the active record class when using WHERE clauses with
+LIKE</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the hash() security helper.</li>
+<li>Fixed some typos.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-3-2">
+<h2>Version 1.3.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-3-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: April 17, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Changed the behavior of the validation class such that if a
+“required” rule is NOT explicitly stated for a field then all other
+tests get ignored.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Controller class that was causing it to look in
+the local “init” folder instead of the main system one.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the init_pagination file. The $config item was not
+being set correctly.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the auto typography helper that was causing
+inconsistent behavior.</li>
+<li>Fixed a couple bugs in the Model class.</li>
+<li>Fixed some documentation typos and errata.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-3-1">
+<h2>Version 1.3.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-3-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: April 11, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added a <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html"><span class="doc">Unit Testing Library</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to pass objects to the <strong>insert()</strong> and
+<strong>update()</strong> database functions. This feature enables you to (among
+other things) use your <a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html"><span class="doc">Model class</span></a>
+variables to run queries with. See the Models page for details.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to pass objects to the <a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html"><span class="doc">view loading
+function</span></a>: $this-&gt;load-&gt;view(‘my_view’,
+$object);</li>
+<li>Added getwhere function to <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active Record
+class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added count_all function to <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active Record
+class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added language file for scaffolding and fixed a scaffolding bug that
+occurs when there are no rows in the specified table.</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html"><span class="doc">$this-&gt;db-&gt;last_query()</span></a>, which
+allows you to view your last query that was run.</li>
+<li>Added a new mime type to the upload class for better compatibility.</li>
+<li>Changed how cache files are read to prevent PHP errors if the cache
+file contains an XML tag, which PHP wants to interpret as a short
+tag.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in a couple of the active record functions (where and
+orderby).</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the image library when realpath() returns false.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the Models that was preventing libraries from being
+used within them.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the “exact_length” function of the validation class.</li>
+<li>Fixed some typos in the user guide</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-3">
+<h2>Version 1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: April 3, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added support for <a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html"><span class="doc">Models</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Redesigned the database libraries to support additional RDBMs
+(Postgres, MySQLi, etc.).</li>
+<li>Redesigned the <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active Record class</span></a>
+to enable more varied types of queries with simpler syntax, and
+advanced features like JOINs.</li>
+<li>Added a feature to the database class that lets you run <a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html"><span class="doc">custom
+function calls</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for <a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">private functions</span></a> in your
+controllers. Any controller function name that starts with an
+underscore will not be served by a URI request.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to pass your own initialization parameters to your
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html"><span class="doc">custom core libraries</span></a> when using
+$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</li>
+<li>Added support for running standard <a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html"><span class="doc">query string URLs</span></a>.
+These can be optionally enabled in your config file.</li>
+<li>Added the ability to <a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html"><span class="doc">specify a “suffix”</span></a>, which will be
+appended to your URLs. For example, you could add .html to your URLs,
+making them appear static. This feature is enabled in your config
+file.</li>
+<li>Added a new error template for use with native PHP errors.</li>
+<li>Added “alternator” function in the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">string
+helpers</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Removed slashing from the input class. After much debate we decided
+to kill this feature.</li>
+<li>Change the commenting style in the scripts to the PEAR standard so
+that IDEs and tools like phpDocumenter can harvest the comments.</li>
+<li>Added better class and function name-spacing to avoid collisions with
+user developed classes. All CodeIgniter classes are now prefixed with
+CI_ and all controller methods are prefixed with _ci to avoid
+controller collisions. A list of reserved function names can be
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">found here</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Redesigned how the “CI” super object is referenced, depending on
+whether PHP 4 or 5 is being run, since PHP 5 allows a more graceful
+way to manage objects that utilizes a bit less resources.</li>
+<li>Deprecated: $this-&gt;db-&gt;use_table() has been deprecated. Please read
+the <a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Active Record</span></a> page for
+information.</li>
+<li>Deprecated: $this-&gt;db-&gt;smart_escape_str() has been deprecated.
+Please use this instead: $this-&gt;db-&gt;escape()</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the exception handler which was preventing some PHP
+errors from showing up.</li>
+<li>Fixed a typo in the URI class. $this-&gt;total_segment() should be
+plural: $this-&gt;total_segments()</li>
+<li>Fixed some typos in the default calendar template</li>
+<li>Fixed some typos in the user guide</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-2">
+<h2>Version 1.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: March 21, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Redesigned some internal aspects of the framework to resolve scoping
+problems that surfaced during the beta tests. The problem was most
+notable when instantiating classes in your constructors, particularly
+if those classes in turn did work in their constructors.</li>
+<li>Added a global function named
+<a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html"><span class="doc">get_instance()</span></a> allowing the main
+CodeIgniter object to be accessible throughout your own classes.</li>
+<li>Added new <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File Helper</span></a>:
+delete_files()</li>
+<li>Added new <a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helpers</span></a>: base_url(),
+index_page()</li>
+<li>Added the ability to create your own <a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html"><span class="doc">core
+libraries</span></a> and store them in your local
+application directory.</li>
+<li>Added an overwrite option to the <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html"><span class="doc">Upload
+class</span></a>, enabling files to be
+overwritten rather than having the file name appended.</li>
+<li>Added Javascript Calendar plugin.</li>
+<li>Added search feature to user guide. Note: This is done using Google,
+which at the time of this writing has not crawled all the pages of
+the docs.</li>
+<li>Updated the parser class so that it allows tag pars within other tag
+pairs.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the DB “where” function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that was preventing custom config files to be
+auto-loaded.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the mysql class bind feature that prevented question
+marks in the replacement data.</li>
+<li>Fixed some bugs in the xss_clean function</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-beta-1-1">
+<h2>Version Beta 1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-beta-1-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: March 10, 2006</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added a <a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html"><span class="doc">Calendaring class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>Added support for running <a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html"><span class="doc">multiple
+applications</span></a> that share a common CodeIgniter
+backend.</li>
+<li>Moved the “uri protocol” variable from the index.php file into the
+config.php file</li>
+<li>Fixed a problem that was preventing certain function calls from
+working within constructors.</li>
+<li>Fixed a problem that was preventing the $this-&gt;load-&gt;library function
+from working in constructors.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that occurred when the session class was loaded using the
+auto-load routine.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that can happen with PHP versions that do not support the
+E_STRICT constant</li>
+<li>Fixed a data type error in the form_radio function (form helper)</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug that was preventing the xss_clean function from being
+called from the validation class.</li>
+<li>Fixed the cookie related config names, which were incorrectly
+specified as $conf rather than $config</li>
+<li>Fixed a pagination problem in the scaffolding.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the mysql class “where” function.</li>
+<li>Fixed a regex problem in some code that trimmed duplicate slashes.</li>
+<li>Fixed a bug in the br() function in the HTML helper</li>
+<li>Fixed a syntax mistake in the form_dropdown function in the Form
+Helper.</li>
+<li>Removed the “style” attributes form the form helpers.</li>
+<li>Updated the documentation. Added “next/previous” links to each page
+and fixed various typos.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-beta-1-0">
+<h2>Version Beta 1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-beta-1-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Release Date: February 28, 2006</p>
+<p>First publicly released version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
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+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
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+++ b/user_guide/contributing/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>Contributing to CodeIgniter &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Contributing to CodeIgniter</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="contributing-to-codeigniter">
+<h1>Contributing to CodeIgniter<a class="headerlink" href="#contributing-to-codeigniter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>CodeIgniter is a community driven project and accepts contributions of code
+and documentation from the community. These contributions are made in the form
+of Issues or <a class="reference external" href="https://help.github.com/articles/using-pull-requests/">Pull Requests</a>
+on the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter">CodeIgniter repository</a> on GitHub.</p>
+<p>Issues are a quick way to point out a bug. If you find a bug or documentation
+error in CodeIgniter then please check a few things first:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>There is not already an open Issue</li>
+<li>The issue has already been fixed (check the develop branch, or look for
+closed Issues)</li>
+<li>Is it something really obvious that you fix it yourself?</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Reporting issues is helpful but an even better approach is to send a Pull
+Request, which is done by “Forking” the main repository and committing to your
+own copy. This will require you to use the version control system called Git.</p>
+<div class="section" id="support">
+<h2>Support<a class="headerlink" href="#support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please note that GitHub is not for general support questions! If you are
+having trouble using a feature of CodeIgniter, ask for help on our
+<a class="reference external" href="http://forum.codeigniter.com/">forums</a> instead.</p>
+<p>If you are not sure whether you are using something correctly or if you
+have found a bug, again - please ask on the forums first.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="security">
+<h2>Security<a class="headerlink" href="#security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Did you find a security issue in CodeIgniter?</p>
+<p>Please <em>don’t</em> disclose it publicly, but e-mail us at <a class="reference external" href="mailto:security&#37;&#52;&#48;codeigniter&#46;com">security<span>&#64;</span>codeigniter<span>&#46;</span>com</a>,
+or report it via our page on <a class="reference external" href="https://hackerone.com/codeigniter">HackerOne</a>.</p>
+<p>If you’ve found a critical vulnerability, we’d be happy to credit you in our
+<cite>ChangeLog &lt;../changelog&gt;</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tips-for-a-good-issue-report">
+<h2>Tips for a Good Issue Report<a class="headerlink" href="#tips-for-a-good-issue-report" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Use a descriptive subject line (eg parser library chokes on commas) rather than a vague one (eg. your code broke).</p>
+<p>Address a single issue in a report.</p>
+<p>Identify the CodeIgniter version (eg 3.0-develop) and the component if you know it (eg. parser library)</p>
+<p>Explain what you expected to happen, and what did happen.
+Include error messages and stacktrace, if any.</p>
+<p>Include short code segments if they help to explain.
+Use a pastebin or dropbox facility to include longer segments of code or screenshots - do not include them in the issue report itself.
+This means setting a reasonable expiry for those, until the issue is resolved or closed.</p>
+<p>If you know how to fix the issue, you can do so in your own fork &amp; branch, and submit a pull request.
+The issue report information above should be part of that.</p>
+<p>If your issue report can describe the steps to reproduce the problem, that is great.
+If you can include a unit test that reproduces the problem, that is even better, as it gives whoever is fixing
+it a clearer target!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="guidelines">
+<h2>Guidelines<a class="headerlink" href="#guidelines" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Before we look into how, here are the guidelines. If your Pull Requests fail
+to pass these guidelines it will be declined and you will need to re-submit
+when you’ve made the changes. This might sound a bit tough, but it is required
+for us to maintain quality of the code-base.</p>
+<div class="section" id="php-style">
+<h3>PHP Style<a class="headerlink" href="#php-style" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>All code must meet the <a class="reference external" href="https://codeigniter.com/userguide3/general/styleguide.html">Style Guide</a>, which is
+essentially the <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indent_style#Allman_style">Allman indent style</a>, underscores and
+readable operators. This makes certain that all code is the same format as the
+existing code and means it will be as readable as possible.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="documentation">
+<h3>Documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#documentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you change anything that requires a change to documentation then you will
+need to add it. New classes, methods, parameters, changing default values, etc
+are all things that will require a change to documentation. The change-log
+must also be updated for every change. Also PHPDoc blocks must be maintained.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="compatibility">
+<h3>Compatibility<a class="headerlink" href="#compatibility" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>CodeIgniter recommends PHP 5.6 or newer to be used, but it should be
+compatible with PHP 5.3.7 so all code supplied must stick to this
+requirement. If PHP 5.4 (and above) functions or features are used then
+there must be a fallback for PHP 5.3.7.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="branching">
+<h3>Branching<a class="headerlink" href="#branching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>CodeIgniter uses the <a class="reference external" href="http://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/">Git-Flow</a> branching model
+which requires all pull requests to be sent to the “develop” branch. This is
+where the next planned version will be developed. The “master” branch will
+always contain the latest stable version and is kept clean so a “hotfix” (e.g:
+an emergency security patch) can be applied to master to create a new version,
+without worrying about other features holding it up. For this reason all
+commits need to be made to “develop” and any sent to “master” will be closed
+automatically. If you have multiple changes to submit, please place all
+changes into their own branch on your fork.</p>
+<p>One thing at a time: A pull request should only contain one change. That does
+not mean only one commit, but one change - however many commits it took. The
+reason for this is that if you change X and Y but send a pull request for both
+at the same time, we might really want X but disagree with Y, meaning we
+cannot merge the request. Using the Git-Flow branching model you can create
+new branches for both of these features and send two requests.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="signing">
+<h3>Signing<a class="headerlink" href="#signing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You must sign your work, certifying that you either wrote the work or
+otherwise have the right to pass it on to an open source project. git makes
+this trivial as you merely have to use <cite>–signoff</cite> on your commits to your
+CodeIgniter fork.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git commit --signoff
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or simply</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git commit -s
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This will sign your commits with the information setup in your git config, e.g.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>Signed-off-by: John Q Public &lt;<a class="reference external" href="mailto:john&#46;public&#37;&#52;&#48;example&#46;com">john<span>&#46;</span>public<span>&#64;</span>example<span>&#46;</span>com</a>&gt;</div></blockquote>
+<p>If you are using Tower there is a “Sign-Off” checkbox in the commit window. You
+could even alias git commit to use the -s flag so you don’t have to think about
+it.</p>
+<p>By signing your work in this manner, you certify to a “Developer’s Certificate
+of Origin”. The current version of this certificate is in the <a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html"><span class="doc">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</span></a> file
+in the root of this documentation.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="../documentation/index.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Writing CodeIgniter Documentation">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="../tutorial/conclusion.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Conclusion"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/database/caching.html b/user_guide/database/caching.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6e160823
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/database/caching.html
@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Database Caching Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Database Reference" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Database Forge Class" href="forge.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Custom Function Calls" href="call_function.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Query Caching</a></li>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
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+        <li><a href="index.html">Database Reference</a> &raquo;</li>
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+    <li>Database Caching Class</li>
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="database-caching-class">
+<h1>Database Caching Class<a class="headerlink" href="#database-caching-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Database Caching Class permits you to cache your queries as text
+files for reduced database load.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">This class is initialized automatically by the database
+driver when caching is enabled. Do NOT load this class manually.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Not all query result functions are available when you
+use caching. Please read this page carefully.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enabling-caching">
+<h2>Enabling Caching<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Caching is enabled in three steps:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Create a writable directory on your server where the cache files can
+be stored.</li>
+<li>Set the path to your cache folder in your
+application/config/database.php file.</li>
+<li>Enable the caching feature, either globally by setting the preference
+in your application/config/database.php file, or manually as
+described below.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Once enabled, caching will happen automatically whenever a page is
+loaded that contains database queries.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="how-does-caching-work">
+<h2>How Does Caching Work?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-does-caching-work" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s query caching system happens dynamically when your pages
+are viewed. When caching is enabled, the first time a web page is
+loaded, the query result object will be serialized and stored in a text
+file on your server. The next time the page is loaded the cache file
+will be used instead of accessing your database. Your database usage can
+effectively be reduced to zero for any pages that have been cached.</p>
+<p>Only read-type (SELECT) queries can be cached, since these are the only
+type of queries that produce a result. Write-type (INSERT, UPDATE, etc.)
+queries, since they don’t generate a result, will not be cached by the
+system.</p>
+<p>Cache files DO NOT expire. Any queries that have been cached will remain
+cached until you delete them. The caching system permits you clear
+caches associated with individual pages, or you can delete the entire
+collection of cache files. Typically you’ll want to use the housekeeping
+functions described below to delete cache files after certain events
+take place, like when you’ve added new information to your database.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="will-caching-improve-your-site-s-performance">
+<h2>Will Caching Improve Your Site’s Performance?<a class="headerlink" href="#will-caching-improve-your-site-s-performance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Getting a performance gain as a result of caching depends on many
+factors. If you have a highly optimized database under very little load,
+you probably won’t see a performance boost. If your database is under
+heavy use you probably will see an improved response, assuming your
+file-system is not overly taxed. Remember that caching simply changes
+how your information is retrieved, shifting it from being a database
+operation to a file-system one.</p>
+<p>In some clustered server environments, for example, caching may be
+detrimental since file-system operations are so intense. On single
+servers in shared environments, caching will probably be beneficial.
+Unfortunately there is no single answer to the question of whether you
+should cache your database. It really depends on your situation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="how-are-cache-files-stored">
+<h2>How are Cache Files Stored?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-are-cache-files-stored" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter places the result of EACH query into its own cache file.
+Sets of cache files are further organized into sub-folders corresponding
+to your controller functions. To be precise, the sub-folders are named
+identically to the first two segments of your URI (the controller class
+name and function name).</p>
+<p>For example, let’s say you have a controller called blog with a function
+called comments that contains three queries. The caching system will
+create a cache folder called blog+comments, into which it will write
+three cache files.</p>
+<p>If you use dynamic queries that change based on information in your URI
+(when using pagination, for example), each instance of the query will
+produce its own cache file. It’s possible, therefore, to end up with
+many times more cache files than you have queries.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="managing-your-cache-files">
+<h2>Managing your Cache Files<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-your-cache-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Since cache files do not expire, you’ll need to build deletion routines
+into your application. For example, let’s say you have a blog that
+allows user commenting. Whenever a new comment is submitted you’ll want
+to delete the cache files associated with the controller function that
+serves up your comments. You’ll find two delete functions described
+below that help you clear data.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="not-all-database-functions-work-with-caching">
+<h2>Not All Database Functions Work with Caching<a class="headerlink" href="#not-all-database-functions-work-with-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Lastly, we need to point out that the result object that is cached is a
+simplified version of the full result object. For that reason, some of
+the query result functions are not available for use.</p>
+<p>The following functions ARE NOT available when using a cached result
+object:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>num_fields()</li>
+<li>field_names()</li>
+<li>field_data()</li>
+<li>free_result()</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Also, the two database resources (result_id and conn_id) are not
+available when caching, since result resources only pertain to run-time
+operations.</p>
+<div class="section" id="function-reference">
+<h3>Function Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#function-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="this-db-cache-on-this-db-cache-off">
+<h2>$this-&gt;db-&gt;cache_on() / $this-&gt;db-&gt;cache_off()<a class="headerlink" href="#this-db-cache-on-this-db-cache-off" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Manually enables/disables caching. This can be useful if you want to
+keep certain queries from being cached. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Turn caching on</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_on</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM mytable&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Turn caching off for this one query</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_off</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM members WHERE member_id = &#39;</span><span class="si">$current_user</span><span class="s2">&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Turn caching back on</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_on</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM another_table&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="this-db-cache-delete">
+<h2>$this-&gt;db-&gt;cache_delete()<a class="headerlink" href="#this-db-cache-delete" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Deletes the cache files associated with a particular page. This is
+useful if you need to clear caching after you update your database.</p>
+<p>The caching system saves your cache files to folders that correspond to
+the URI of the page you are viewing. For example, if you are viewing a
+page at example.com/index.php/blog/comments, the caching system will put
+all cache files associated with it in a folder called blog+comments. To
+delete those particular cache files you will use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;comments&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you do not use any parameters the current URI will be used when
+determining what should be cleared.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="this-db-cache-delete-all">
+<h2>$this-&gt;db-&gt;cache_delete_all()<a class="headerlink" href="#this-db-cache-delete-all" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Clears all existing cache files. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_delete_all</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
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diff --git a/user_guide/database/call_function.html b/user_guide/database/call_function.html
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Database Reference</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Custom Function Calls</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="custom-function-calls">
+<h1>Custom Function Calls<a class="headerlink" href="#custom-function-calls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="this-db-call-function">
+<h2>$this-&gt;db-&gt;call_function();<a class="headerlink" href="#this-db-call-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This function enables you to call PHP database functions that are not
+natively included in CodeIgniter, in a platform independent manner. For
+example, let’s say you want to call the mysql_get_client_info()
+function, which is <strong>not</strong> natively supported by CodeIgniter. You could
+do so like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">call_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;get_client_info&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You must supply the name of the function, <strong>without</strong> the mysql_
+prefix, in the first parameter. The prefix is added automatically based
+on which database driver is currently being used. This permits you to
+run the same function on different database platforms. Obviously not all
+function calls are identical between platforms, so there are limits to
+how useful this function can be in terms of portability.</p>
+<p>Any parameters needed by the function you are calling will be added to
+the second parameter.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">call_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_function&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$param1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$param2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">etc</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Often, you will either need to supply a database connection ID or a
+database result ID. The connection ID can be accessed using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">conn_id</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The result ID can be accessed from within your result object, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SOME QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_id</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="caching.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Database Caching Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="metadata.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Database Metadata"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
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+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/database/configuration.html b/user_guide/database/configuration.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b968db06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/database/configuration.html
@@ -0,0 +1,758 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Database Configuration &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Database Reference" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Connecting to your Database" href="connecting.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Database Quick Start: Example Code" href="examples.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="database-configuration">
+<h1>Database Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#database-configuration" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter has a config file that lets you store your database
+connection values (username, password, database name, etc.). The config
+file is located at application/config/database.php. You can also set
+database connection values for specific
+<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">environments</span></a> by placing <strong>database.php</strong>
+in the respective environment config folder.</p>
+<p>The config settings are stored in a multi-dimensional array with this
+prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;dsn&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;database_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8_general_ci&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;swap_pre&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;encrypt&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;compress&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;stricton&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;failover&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Some database drivers (such as PDO, PostgreSQL, Oracle, ODBC) might
+require a full DSN string to be provided. If that is the case, you
+should use the ‘dsn’ configuration setting, as if you’re using the
+driver’s underlying native PHP extension, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// PDO</span>
+<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;dsn&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pgsql:host=localhost;port=5432;dbname=database_name&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Oracle</span>
+<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;dsn&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;//localhost/XE&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you do not specify a DSN string for a driver that requires it, CodeIgniter
+will try to build it with the rest of the provided settings.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you provide a DSN string and it is missing some valid settings (e.g. the
+database character set), which are present in the rest of the configuration
+fields, CodeIgniter will append them.</p>
+</div>
+<p>You can also specify failovers for the situation when the main connection cannot connect for some reason.
+These failovers can be specified by setting the failover for a connection like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;failover&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8_general_ci&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;swap_pre&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;encrypt&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;compress&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;stricton&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8_general_ci&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;swap_pre&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;encrypt&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;compress&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;stricton&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span>
+                <span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can specify as many failovers as you like.</p>
+<p>The reason we use a multi-dimensional array rather than a more simple
+one is to permit you to optionally store multiple sets of connection
+values. If, for example, you run multiple environments (development,
+production, test, etc.) under a single installation, you can set up a
+connection group for each, then switch between groups as needed. For
+example, to set up a “test” environment you would do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;test&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;dsn&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;database_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8_general_ci&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;swap_pre&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;compress&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;encrypt&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;stricton&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;failover&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, to globally tell the system to use that group you would set this
+variable located in the config file:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$active_group</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;test&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The name ‘test’ is arbitrary. It can be anything you want. By
+default we’ve used the word “default” for the primary connection,
+but it too can be renamed to something more relevant to your project.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="query-builder">
+<h2>Query Builder<a class="headerlink" href="#query-builder" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder Class</span></a> is globally enabled or
+disabled by setting the $query_builder variable in the database
+configuration file to TRUE/FALSE (boolean). The default setting is TRUE.
+If you are not using the
+query builder class, setting it to FALSE will utilize fewer resources
+when the database classes are initialized.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query_builder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">that some CodeIgniter classes such as Sessions require Query
+Builder to be enabled to access certain functionality.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="explanation-of-values">
+<h2>Explanation of Values:<a class="headerlink" href="#explanation-of-values" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="17%" />
+<col width="83%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Name Config</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>dsn</strong></td>
+<td>The DSN connect string (an all-in-one configuration sequence).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>hostname</strong></td>
+<td>The hostname of your database server. Often this is ‘localhost’.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>username</strong></td>
+<td>The username used to connect to the database.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>password</strong></td>
+<td>The password used to connect to the database.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>database</strong></td>
+<td>The name of the database you want to connect to.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>dbdriver</strong></td>
+<td>The database type. ie: mysqli, postgre, odbc, etc. Must be specified in lower case.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>dbprefix</strong></td>
+<td>An optional table prefix which will added to the table name when running
+<a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> queries. This permits multiple CodeIgniter
+installations to share one database.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>pconnect</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean) - Whether to use a persistent connection.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>db_debug</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean) - Whether database errors should be displayed.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>cache_on</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean) - Whether database query caching is enabled,
+see also <a class="reference internal" href="caching.html"><span class="doc">Database Caching Class</span></a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>cachedir</strong></td>
+<td>The absolute server path to your database query cache directory.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>char_set</strong></td>
+<td>The character set used in communicating with the database.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>dbcollat</strong></td>
+<td><p class="first">The character collation used in communicating with the database</p>
+<div class="last admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Only used in the ‘mysql’ and ‘mysqli’ drivers.</p>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>swap_pre</strong></td>
+<td>A default table prefix that should be swapped with dbprefix. This is useful for distributed
+applications where you might run manually written queries, and need the prefix to still be
+customizable by the end user.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>schema</strong></td>
+<td>The database schema, defaults to ‘public’. Used by PostgreSQL and ODBC drivers.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>encrypt</strong></td>
+<td><p class="first">Whether or not to use an encrypted connection.</p>
+<blockquote class="last">
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>‘mysql’ (deprecated), ‘sqlsrv’ and ‘pdo/sqlsrv’ drivers accept TRUE/FALSE</li>
+<li>‘mysqli’ and ‘pdo/mysql’ drivers accept an array with the following options:<ul>
+<li>‘ssl_key’    - Path to the private key file</li>
+<li>‘ssl_cert’   - Path to the public key certificate file</li>
+<li>‘ssl_ca’     - Path to the certificate authority file</li>
+<li>‘ssl_capath’ - Path to a directory containing trusted CA certificates in PEM format</li>
+<li>‘ssl_cipher’ - List of <em>allowed</em> ciphers to be used for the encryption, separated by colons (‘:’)</li>
+<li>‘ssl_verify’ - TRUE/FALSE; Whether to verify the server certificate or not (‘mysqli’ only)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>compress</strong></td>
+<td>Whether or not to use client compression (MySQL only).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>stricton</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean) - Whether to force “Strict Mode” connections, good for ensuring strict SQL
+while developing an application.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>port</strong></td>
+<td><p class="first">The database port number. To use this value you have to add a line to the database config array.</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;port&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">5432</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Depending on what database platform you are using (MySQL, PostgreSQL,
+etc.) not all values will be needed. For example, when using SQLite you
+will not need to supply a username or password, and the database name
+will be the path to your database file. The information above assumes
+you are using MySQL.</p>
+</div>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+  <div class="section" id="connecting-to-your-database">
+<h1>Connecting to your Database<a class="headerlink" href="#connecting-to-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>There are two ways to connect to a database:</p>
+<div class="section" id="automatically-connecting">
+<h2>Automatically Connecting<a class="headerlink" href="#automatically-connecting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The “auto connect” feature will load and instantiate the database class
+with every page load. To enable “auto connecting”, add the word database
+to the library array, as indicated in the following file:</p>
+<p>application/config/autoload.php</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="manually-connecting">
+<h2>Manually Connecting<a class="headerlink" href="#manually-connecting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If only some of your pages require database connectivity you can
+manually connect to your database by adding this line of code in any
+function where it is needed, or in your class constructor to make the
+database available globally in that class.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If the above function does <strong>not</strong> contain any information in the first
+parameter it will connect to the group specified in your database config
+file. For most people, this is the preferred method of use.</p>
+<div class="section" id="available-parameters">
+<h3>Available Parameters<a class="headerlink" href="#available-parameters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>The database connection values, passed either as an array or a DSN
+string.</li>
+<li>TRUE/FALSE (boolean). Whether to return the connection ID (see
+Connecting to Multiple Databases below).</li>
+<li>TRUE/FALSE (boolean). Whether to enable the Query Builder class. Set
+to TRUE by default.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="manually-connecting-to-a-database">
+<h3>Manually Connecting to a Database<a class="headerlink" href="#manually-connecting-to-a-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The first parameter of this function can <strong>optionally</strong> be used to
+specify a particular database group from your config file, or you can
+even submit connection values for a database that is not specified in
+your config file. Examples:</p>
+<p>To choose a specific group from your config file you can do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;group_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where group_name is the name of the connection group from your config
+file.</p>
+<p>To connect manually to a desired database you can pass an array of
+values:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myusername&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mypassword&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mydatabase&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf8_general_ci&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For information on each of these values please see the <a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html"><span class="doc">configuration
+page</span></a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>For the PDO driver, you should use the $config[‘dsn’] setting
+instead of ‘hostname’ and ‘database’:</p>
+<div class="last line-block">
+<div class="line"><br /></div>
+<div class="line">$config[‘dsn’] = ‘mysql:host=localhost;dbname=mydatabase’;</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Or you can submit your database values as a Data Source Name. DSNs must
+have this prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$dsn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver://username:password@hostname/database&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$dsn</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To override default config values when connecting with a DSN string, add
+the config variables as a query string.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$dsn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver://username:password@hostname/database?char_set=utf8&amp;dbcollat=utf8_general_ci&amp;cache_on=true&amp;cachedir=/path/to/cache&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$dsn</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="connecting-to-multiple-databases">
+<h2>Connecting to Multiple Databases<a class="headerlink" href="#connecting-to-multiple-databases" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you need to connect to more than one database simultaneously you can
+do so as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$DB1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;group_one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$DB2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;group_two&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note: Change the words “group_one” and “group_two” to the specific
+group names you are connecting to (or you can pass the connection values
+as indicated above).</p>
+<p>By setting the second parameter to TRUE (boolean) the function will
+return the database object.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>When you connect this way, you will use your object name to issue
+commands rather than the syntax used throughout this guide. In other
+words, rather than issuing commands with:</p>
+<div class="last line-block">
+<div class="line"><br /></div>
+<div class="line">$this-&gt;db-&gt;query();</div>
+<div class="line">$this-&gt;db-&gt;result();</div>
+<div class="line">etc…</div>
+<div class="line"><br /></div>
+<div class="line">You will instead use:</div>
+<div class="line"><br /></div>
+<div class="line">$DB1-&gt;query();</div>
+<div class="line">$DB1-&gt;result();</div>
+<div class="line">etc…</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>You don’t need to create separate database configurations if you
+only need to use a different database on the same connection. You
+can switch to a different database when you need to, like this:</p>
+<div class="last line-block">
+<div class="line">$this-&gt;db-&gt;db_select($database2_name);</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reconnecting-keeping-the-connection-alive">
+<h2>Reconnecting / Keeping the Connection Alive<a class="headerlink" href="#reconnecting-keeping-the-connection-alive" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If the database server’s idle timeout is exceeded while you’re doing
+some heavy PHP lifting (processing an image, for instance), you should
+consider pinging the server by using the reconnect() method before
+sending further queries, which can gracefully keep the connection alive
+or re-establish it.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">reconnect</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="manually-closing-the-connection">
+<h2>Manually closing the Connection<a class="headerlink" href="#manually-closing-the-connection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>While CodeIgniter intelligently takes care of closing your database
+connections, you can explicitly close the connection.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">close</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="queries.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Queries">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
+        <a href="configuration.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Database Configuration"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/database/db_driver_reference.html b/user_guide/database/db_driver_reference.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..916a467fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/database/db_driver_reference.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1483 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
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+        <li><a href="index.html">Database Reference</a> &raquo;</li>
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+    <li>DB Driver Reference</li>
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="db-driver-reference">
+<h1>DB Driver Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#db-driver-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This is the platform-independent base DB implementation class.
+This class will not be called directly. Rather, the adapter
+class for the specific database will extend and instantiate it.</p>
+<p>The how-to material for this has been split over several articles.
+This article is intended to be a reference for them.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Not all methods are supported by all database drivers,
+some of them may fail (and return FALSE) if the underlying
+driver does not support them.</p>
+</div>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_DB_driver</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::initialize">
+<code class="descname">initialize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::initialize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Initialize database settings, establish a connection to
+the database.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::db_connect">
+<code class="descname">db_connect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$persistent = TRUE</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::db_connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$persistent</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to establish a persistent connection or a regular one</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Database connection resource/object or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Establish a connection with the database.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The returned value depends on the underlying
+driver in use. For example, a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mysqli</span></code> instance
+will be returned with the ‘mysqli’ driver.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::db_pconnect">
+<code class="descname">db_pconnect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::db_pconnect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Database connection resource/object or FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">mixed</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Establish a persistent connection with the database.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is just an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">db_connect(TRUE)</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::reconnect">
+<code class="descname">reconnect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::reconnect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Keep / reestablish the database connection if no queries
+have been sent for a length of time exceeding the
+server’s idle timeout.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::db_select">
+<code class="descname">db_select</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$database = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::db_select" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$database</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Database name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Select / switch the current database.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::db_set_charset">
+<code class="descname">db_set_charset</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$charset</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::db_set_charset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$charset</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Character set name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Set client character set.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::platform">
+<code class="descname">platform</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::platform" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Platform name</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The name of the platform in use (mysql, mssql, etc…).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::version">
+<code class="descname">version</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">The version of the database being used</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Database version number.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::query">
+<code class="descname">query</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$sql</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$binds = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$return_object = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::query" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$sql</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The SQL statement to execute</li>
+<li><strong>$binds</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An array of binding data</li>
+<li><strong>$return_object</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to return a result object or not</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE for successful “write-type” queries, CI_DB_result instance (method chaining) on “query” success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Execute an SQL query.</p>
+<p>Accepts an SQL string as input and returns a result object
+upon successful execution of a “read” type query.</p>
+<p>Returns:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>Boolean TRUE upon successful execution of a “write type” queries</li>
+<li>Boolean FALSE upon failure</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_DB_result</span></code> object for “read type” queries</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::simple_query">
+<code class="descname">simple_query</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$sql</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::simple_query" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$sql</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The SQL statement to execute</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Whatever the underlying driver’s “query” function returns</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>A simplified version of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">query()</span></code> method, appropriate
+for use when you don’t need to get a result object or to
+just send a query to the database and not care for the result.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::affected_rows">
+<code class="descname">affected_rows</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::affected_rows" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Number of rows affected</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">int</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the number of rows <em>changed</em> by the last executed query.</p>
+<p>Useful for checking how much rows were created, updated or deleted
+during the last executed query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::trans_strict">
+<code class="descname">trans_strict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$mode = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::trans_strict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$mode</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Strict mode flag</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Enable/disable transaction “strict” mode.</p>
+<p>When strict mode is enabled, if you are running multiple
+groups of transactions and one group fails, all subsequent
+groups will be rolled back.</p>
+<p>If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated
+autonomously, meaning a failure of one group will not
+affect any others.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::trans_off">
+<code class="descname">trans_off</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::trans_off" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">void</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Disables transactions at run-time.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::trans_start">
+<code class="descname">trans_start</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$test_mode = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::trans_start" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$test_mode</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Test mode flag</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Start a transaction.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::trans_complete">
+<code class="descname">trans_complete</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::trans_complete" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Complete Transaction.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::trans_status">
+<code class="descname">trans_status</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::trans_status" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if the transaction succeeded, FALSE if it failed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you retrieve the transaction status flag to
+determine if it has failed.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::compile_binds">
+<code class="descname">compile_binds</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$sql</em>, <em>$binds</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::compile_binds" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$sql</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The SQL statement</li>
+<li><strong>$binds</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An array of binding data</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The updated SQL statement</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles an SQL query with the bind values passed for it.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::is_write_type">
+<code class="descname">is_write_type</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$sql</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::is_write_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$sql</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The SQL statement</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the SQL statement is of “write type”, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Determines if a query is of a “write” type (such as
+INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) or “read” type (i.e. SELECT).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::elapsed_time">
+<code class="descname">elapsed_time</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$decimals = 6</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::elapsed_time" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$decimals</strong> (<em>int</em>) – The number of decimal places</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The aggregate query elapsed time, in microseconds</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Calculate the aggregate query elapsed time.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::total_queries">
+<code class="descname">total_queries</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::total_queries" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">The total number of queries executed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">int</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the total number of queries that have been
+executed so far.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::last_query">
+<code class="descname">last_query</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::last_query" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">The last query executed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the last query that was executed.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::escape">
+<code class="descname">escape</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::escape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – The value to escape, or an array of multiple ones</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The escaped value(s)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Escapes input data based on type, including boolean and
+NULLs.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::escape_str">
+<code class="descname">escape_str</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$like = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::escape_str" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – A string value or array of multiple ones</li>
+<li><strong>$like</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The escaped string(s)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Escapes string values.</p>
+<div class="admonition warning">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
+<p class="last">The returned strings do NOT include quotes
+around them.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::escape_like_str">
+<code class="descname">escape_like_str</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::escape_like_str" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – A string value or array of multiple ones</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The escaped string(s)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Escape LIKE strings.</p>
+<p>Similar to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_str()</span></code>, but will also escape the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%</span></code>
+and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_</span></code> wildcard characters, so that they don’t cause
+false-positives in LIKE conditions.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_like_str()</span></code> method uses ‘!’ (exclamation mark)
+to escape special characters for <em>LIKE</em> conditions. Because this
+method escapes partial strings that you would wrap in quotes
+yourself, it cannot automatically add the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ESCAPE</span> <span class="pre">'!'</span></code>
+condition for you, and so you’ll have to manually do that.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::primary">
+<code class="descname">primary</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::primary" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The primary key name, FALSE if none</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Retrieves the primary key of a table.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If the database platform does not support primary
+key detection, the first column name may be assumed
+as the primary key.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::count_all">
+<code class="descname">count_all</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::count_all" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Row count for the specified table</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">int</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the total number of rows in a table, or 0 if no
+table was provided.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::list_tables">
+<code class="descname">list_tables</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$constrain_by_prefix = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::list_tables" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$constrain_by_prefix</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – TRUE to match table names by the configured dbprefix</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of table names or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Gets a list of the tables in the current database.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::table_exists">
+<code class="descname">table_exists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::table_exists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The table name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if that table exists, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Determine if a particular table exists.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::list_fields">
+<code class="descname">list_fields</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::list_fields" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The table name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of field names or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Gets a list of the field names in a table.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::field_exists">
+<code class="descname">field_exists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field_name</em>, <em>$table_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::field_exists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The table name</li>
+<li><strong>$field_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The field name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if that field exists in that table, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Determine if a particular field exists.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::field_data">
+<code class="descname">field_data</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::field_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The table name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of field data items or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Gets a list containing field data about a table.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::escape_identifiers">
+<code class="descname">escape_identifiers</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$item</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::escape_identifiers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$item</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – The item or array of items to escape</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The input item(s), escaped</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Escape SQL identifiers, such as column, table and names.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::insert_string">
+<code class="descname">insert_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em>, <em>$data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::insert_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The target table</li>
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array of key/value pairs</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The SQL INSERT statement, as a string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generate an INSERT statement string.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::update_string">
+<code class="descname">update_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em>, <em>$data</em>, <em>$where</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::update_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The target table</li>
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array of key/value pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$where</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – The WHERE statement conditions</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The SQL UPDATE statement, as a string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generate an UPDATE statement string.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::call_function">
+<code class="descname">call_function</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$function</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::call_function" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$function</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Function name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The function result</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Runs a native PHP function , using a platform agnostic
+wrapper.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::cache_set_path">
+<code class="descname">cache_set_path</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$path = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::cache_set_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to the cache directory</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the directory path to use for caching storage.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::cache_on">
+<code class="descname">cache_on</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::cache_on" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if caching is on, FALSE if not</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Enable database results caching.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::cache_off">
+<code class="descname">cache_off</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::cache_off" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if caching is on, FALSE if not</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Disable database results caching.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::cache_delete">
+<code class="descname">cache_delete</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$segment_one = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$segment_two = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::cache_delete" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$segment_one</strong> (<em>string</em>) – First URI segment</li>
+<li><strong>$segment_two</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Second URI segment</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Delete the cache files associated with a particular URI.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::cache_delete_all">
+<code class="descname">cache_delete_all</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::cache_delete_all" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Delete all cache files.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::close">
+<code class="descname">close</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">void</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Close the DB Connection.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::display_error">
+<code class="descname">display_error</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$error = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$swap = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$native = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::display_error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$error</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The error message</li>
+<li><strong>$swap</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Any “swap” values</li>
+<li><strong>$native</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to localize the message</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Displays the DB error screensends the application/views/errors/error_db.php template</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Display an error message and stop script execution.</p>
+<p>The message is displayed using the
+<em>application/views/errors/error_db.php</em> template.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_driver::protect_identifiers">
+<code class="descname">protect_identifiers</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$item</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$prefix_single = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$protect_identifiers = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$field_exists = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_driver::protect_identifiers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$item</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The item to work with</li>
+<li><strong>$prefix_single</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply the dbprefix even if the input item is a single identifier</li>
+<li><strong>$protect_identifiers</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to quote identifiers</li>
+<li><strong>$field_exists</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether the supplied item contains a field name or not</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The modified item</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes a column or table name (optionally with an alias)
+and applies the configured <em>dbprefix</em> to it.</p>
+<p>Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
+column names that include the path.</p>
+<p>Consider a query like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">hostname</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">table</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">column</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="nx">c</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">hostname</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">table</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or a query with aliasing:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">SELECT</span> <span class="nx">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">member_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">member_name</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">members</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="nx">m</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Since the column name can include up to four segments
+(host, DB, table, column) or also have an alias prefix,
+we need to do a bit of work to figure this out and
+insert the table prefix (if it exists) in the proper
+position, and escape only the correct identifiers.</p>
+<p>This method is used extensively by the Query Builder class.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="../helpers/index.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Helpers">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="utilities.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Database Utility Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/database/examples.html b/user_guide/database/examples.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc1a46c4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/database/examples.html
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Database Quick Start: Example Code &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Database Reference" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Database Configuration" href="configuration.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Database Reference" href="index.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+
+          
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+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
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+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Database Reference</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Database Quick Start: Example Code</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="database-quick-start-example-code">
+<h1>Database Quick Start: Example Code<a class="headerlink" href="#database-quick-start-example-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The following page contains example code showing how the database class
+is used. For complete details please read the individual pages
+describing each function.</p>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-database-class">
+<h2>Initializing the Database Class<a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-database-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following code loads and initializes the database class based on
+your <a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html"><span class="doc">configuration</span></a> settings:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded the class is ready to be used as described below.</p>
+<p>Note: If all your pages require database access you can connect
+automatically. See the <a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html"><span class="doc">connecting</span></a> page for details.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="standard-query-with-multiple-results-object-version">
+<h2>Standard Query With Multiple Results (Object Version)<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-query-with-multiple-results-object-version" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT name, title, email FROM my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Total Results: &#39;</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">num_rows</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above result() function returns an array of <strong>objects</strong>. Example:
+$row-&gt;title</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="standard-query-with-multiple-results-array-version">
+<h2>Standard Query With Multiple Results (Array Version)<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-query-with-multiple-results-array-version" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT name, title, email FROM my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above result_array() function returns an array of standard array
+indexes. Example: $row[‘title’]</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="standard-query-with-single-result">
+<h2>Standard Query With Single Result<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-query-with-single-result" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT name FROM my_table LIMIT 1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above row() function returns an <strong>object</strong>. Example: $row-&gt;name</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="standard-query-with-single-result-array-version">
+<h2>Standard Query With Single Result (Array version)<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-query-with-single-result-array-version" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT name FROM my_table LIMIT 1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above row_array() function returns an <strong>array</strong>. Example:
+$row[‘name’]</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="standard-insert">
+<h2>Standard Insert<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-insert" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO mytable (title, name) VALUES (&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;, &quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">affected_rows</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="query-builder-query">
+<h2>Query Builder Query<a class="headerlink" href="#query-builder-query" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder Pattern</span></a> gives you a simplified
+means of retrieving data:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above get() function retrieves all the results from the supplied
+table. The <a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> class contains a full
+compliment of functions for working with data.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="query-builder-insert">
+<h2>Query Builder Insert<a class="headerlink" href="#query-builder-insert" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$date</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: INSERT INTO mytable (title, name, date) VALUES (&#39;{$title}&#39;, &#39;{$name}&#39;, &#39;{$date}&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="configuration.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Database Configuration">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="index.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Database Reference"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/database/forge.html b/user_guide/database/forge.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4f065bbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/database/forge.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1034 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Database Forge Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Database Reference" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Database Utility Class" href="utilities.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Database Caching Class" href="caching.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
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+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="database-forge-class">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Database Forge Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#database-forge-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Database Forge Class contains methods that help you manage your
+database.</p>
+<div class="contents topic" id="table-of-contents">
+<p class="topic-title first">Table of Contents</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#database-forge-class" id="id1">Database Forge Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-forge-class" id="id2">Initializing the Forge Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-and-dropping-databases" id="id3">Creating and Dropping Databases</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-and-dropping-tables" id="id4">Creating and Dropping Tables</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-fields" id="id5">Adding fields</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-keys" id="id6">Adding Keys</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-table" id="id7">Creating a table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dropping-a-table" id="id8">Dropping a table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#renaming-a-table" id="id9">Renaming a table</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#modifying-tables" id="id10">Modifying Tables</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-a-column-to-a-table" id="id11">Adding a Column to a Table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dropping-a-column-from-a-table" id="id12">Dropping a Column From a Table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#modifying-a-column-in-a-table" id="id13">Modifying a Column in a Table</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id14">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-forge-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Forge Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-forge-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">In order to initialize the Forge class, your database
+driver must already be running, since the forge class relies on it.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Load the Forge Class as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also pass another database object to the DB Forge loader, in case
+the database you want to manage isn’t the default one:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">myforge</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">other_db</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, we’re passing a custom database object as the first
+parameter and then tell it to return the dbforge object, instead of
+assigning it directly to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;dbforge</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Both of the parameters can be used individually, just pass an empty
+value as the first one if you wish to skip it.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Once initialized you will access the methods using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;dbforge</span></code>
+object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-and-dropping-databases">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Creating and Dropping Databases</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-and-dropping-databases" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;dbforge-&gt;create_database(‘db_name’)</strong></p>
+<p>Permits you to create the database specified in the first parameter.
+Returns TRUE/FALSE based on success or failure:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">create_database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_db&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Database created!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;dbforge-&gt;drop_database(‘db_name’)</strong></p>
+<p>Permits you to drop the database specified in the first parameter.
+Returns TRUE/FALSE based on success or failure:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">drop_database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_db&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Database deleted!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-and-dropping-tables">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Creating and Dropping Tables</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-and-dropping-tables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are several things you may wish to do when creating tables. Add
+fields, add keys to the table, alter columns. CodeIgniter provides a
+mechanism for this.</p>
+<div class="section" id="adding-fields">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Adding fields</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-fields" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Fields are created via an associative array. Within the array you must
+include a ‘type’ key that relates to the datatype of the field. For
+example, INT, VARCHAR, TEXT, etc. Many datatypes (for example VARCHAR)
+also require a ‘constraint’ key.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;users&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;VARCHAR&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;constraint&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;100&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// will translate to &quot;users VARCHAR(100)&quot; when the field is added.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Additionally, the following key/values can be used:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>unsigned/true : to generate “UNSIGNED” in the field definition.</li>
+<li>default/value : to generate a default value in the field definition.</li>
+<li>null/true : to generate “NULL” in the field definition. Without this,
+the field will default to “NOT NULL”.</li>
+<li>auto_increment/true : generates an auto_increment flag on the
+field. Note that the field type must be a type that supports this,
+such as integer.</li>
+<li>unique/true : to generate a unique key for the field definition.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;INT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;constraint&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;unsigned&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;auto_increment&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;VARCHAR&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;constraint&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;100&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;unique&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_author&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="s1">&#39;VARCHAR&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;constraint&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;100&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;King of Town&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_description&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;TEXT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;null&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>After the fields have been defined, they can be added using
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;dbforge-&gt;add_field($fields);</span></code> followed by a call to the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_table()</span></code> method.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;dbforge-&gt;add_field()</strong></p>
+<p>The add fields method will accept the above array.</p>
+<div class="section" id="passing-strings-as-fields">
+<h4>Passing strings as fields<a class="headerlink" href="#passing-strings-as-fields" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>If you know exactly how you want a field to be created, you can pass the
+string into the field definitions with add_field()</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;label varchar(100) NOT NULL DEFAULT &#39;default label&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Passing raw strings as fields cannot be followed by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_key()</span></code> calls on those fields.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Multiple calls to add_field() are cumulative.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-an-id-field">
+<h4>Creating an id field<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-an-id-field" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>There is a special exception for creating id fields. A field with type
+id will automatically be assigned as an INT(9) auto_incrementing
+Primary Key.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// gives id INT(9) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-keys">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Adding Keys</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-keys" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Generally speaking, you’ll want your table to have Keys. This is
+accomplished with $this-&gt;dbforge-&gt;add_key(‘field’). An optional second
+parameter set to TRUE will make it a primary key. Note that add_key()
+must be followed by a call to create_table().</p>
+<p>Multiple column non-primary keys must be sent as an array. Sample output
+below is for MySQL.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// gives PRIMARY KEY `blog_id` (`blog_id`)</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;site_id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// gives PRIMARY KEY `blog_id_site_id` (`blog_id`, `site_id`)</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// gives KEY `blog_name` (`blog_name`)</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blog_label&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="c1">// gives KEY `blog_name_blog_label` (`blog_name`, `blog_label`)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-a-table">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Creating a table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>After fields and keys have been declared, you can create a new table
+with</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">create_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// gives CREATE TABLE table_name</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>An optional second parameter set to TRUE adds an “IF NOT EXISTS” clause
+into the definition</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">create_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// gives CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS table_name</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You could also pass optional table attributes, such as MySQL’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ENGINE</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$attributes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ENGINE&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;InnoDB&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">create_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$attributes</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// produces: CREATE TABLE `table_name` (...) ENGINE = InnoDB DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Unless you specify the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CHARACTER</span> <span class="pre">SET</span></code> and/or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">COLLATE</span></code> attributes,
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_table()</span></code> will always add them with your configured <em>char_set</em>
+and <em>dbcollat</em> values, as long as they are not empty (MySQL only).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="dropping-a-table">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Dropping a table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#dropping-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Execute a DROP TABLE statement and optionally add an IF EXISTS clause.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Produces: DROP TABLE table_name</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">drop_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces: DROP TABLE IF EXISTS table_name</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">drop_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="renaming-a-table">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Renaming a table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#renaming-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Executes a TABLE rename</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">rename_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;old_table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;new_table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// gives ALTER TABLE old_table_name RENAME TO new_table_name</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="modifying-tables">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Modifying Tables</a><a class="headerlink" href="#modifying-tables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="adding-a-column-to-a-table">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Adding a Column to a Table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-a-column-to-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;dbforge-&gt;add_column()</strong></p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_column()</span></code> method is used to modify an existing table. It
+accepts the same field array as above, and can be used for an unlimited
+number of additional fields.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;preferences&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;TEXT&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$fields</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Executes: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD preferences TEXT</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you are using MySQL or CUBIRD, then you can take advantage of their
+AFTER and FIRST clauses to position the new column.</p>
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Will place the new column after the `another_field` column:</span>
+<span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;preferences&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;TEXT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;after&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;another_field&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Will place the new column at the start of the table definition:</span>
+<span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;preferences&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;TEXT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;first&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="dropping-a-column-from-a-table">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Dropping a Column From a Table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#dropping-a-column-from-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;dbforge-&gt;drop_column()</strong></p>
+<p>Used to remove a column from a table.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">drop_column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;column_to_drop&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="modifying-a-column-in-a-table">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Modifying a Column in a Table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#modifying-a-column-in-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;dbforge-&gt;modify_column()</strong></p>
+<p>The usage of this method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_column()</span></code>, except it
+alters an existing column rather than adding a new one. In order to
+change the name you can add a “name” key into the field defining array.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;old_name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;new_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;TEXT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">modify_column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$fields</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// gives ALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE old_name new_name TEXT</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_DB_forge</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge::add_column">
+<code class="descname">add_column</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$field = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$_after = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge::add_column" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name to add the column to</li>
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Column definition(s)</li>
+<li><strong>$_after</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Column for AFTER clause (deprecated)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a column to a table. Usage:  See <a class="reference internal" href="#adding-a-column-to-a-table">Adding a Column to a Table</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge::add_field">
+<code class="descname">add_field</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge::add_field" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Field definition to add</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_forge instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_forge</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a field to the set that will be used to create a table. Usage:  See <a class="reference internal" href="#adding-fields">Adding fields</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge::add_key">
+<code class="descname">add_key</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$primary = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge::add_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Name of a key field</li>
+<li><strong>$primary</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Set to TRUE if it should be a primary key or a regular one</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_forge instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_forge</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a key to the set that will be used to create a table. Usage:  See <a class="reference internal" href="#adding-keys">Adding Keys</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge::create_database">
+<code class="descname">create_database</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$db_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge::create_database" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$db_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Name of the database to create</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Creates a new database. Usage:  See <a class="reference internal" href="#creating-and-dropping-databases">Creating and Dropping Databases</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge::create_table">
+<code class="descname">create_table</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$if_not_exists = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>array $attributes = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge::create_table" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Name of the table to create</li>
+<li><strong>$if_not_exists</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Set to TRUE to add an ‘IF NOT EXISTS’ clause</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>string</em>) – An associative array of table attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Creates a new table. Usage:  See <a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-table">Creating a table</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge::drop_column">
+<code class="descname">drop_column</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em>, <em>$column_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge::drop_column" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$column_name</strong> (<em>array</em>) – The column name to drop</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Drops a column from a table. Usage:  See <a class="reference internal" href="#dropping-a-column-from-a-table">Dropping a Column From a Table</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge::drop_database">
+<code class="descname">drop_database</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$db_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge::drop_database" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$db_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Name of the database to drop</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Drops a database. Usage:  See <a class="reference internal" href="#creating-and-dropping-databases">Creating and Dropping Databases</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge::drop_table">
+<code class="descname">drop_table</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table_name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$if_exists = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge::drop_table" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Name of the table to drop</li>
+<li><strong>$if_exists</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Set to TRUE to add an ‘IF EXISTS’ clause</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Drops a table. Usage:  See <a class="reference internal" href="#dropping-a-table">Dropping a table</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge::modify_column">
+<code class="descname">modify_column</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em>, <em>$field</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge::modify_column" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Column definition(s)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Modifies a table column. Usage:  See <a class="reference internal" href="#modifying-a-column-in-a-table">Modifying a Column in a Table</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_forge::rename_table">
+<code class="descname">rename_table</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table_name</em>, <em>$new_table_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_forge::rename_table" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Current of the table</li>
+<li><strong>$new_table_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – New name of the table</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Renames a table. Usage:  See <a class="reference internal" href="#renaming-a-table">Renaming a table</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="utilities.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Database Utility Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+  <hr/>
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+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Database Reference</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Query Helper Methods</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="query-helper-methods">
+<h1>Query Helper Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#query-helper-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="information-from-executing-a-query">
+<h2>Information From Executing a Query<a class="headerlink" href="#information-from-executing-a-query" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;insert_id()</strong></p>
+<p>The insert ID number when performing database inserts.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If using the PDO driver with PostgreSQL, or using the Interbase
+driver, this function requires a $name parameter, which specifies the
+appropriate sequence to check for the insert id.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;affected_rows()</strong></p>
+<p>Displays the number of affected rows, when doing “write” type queries
+(insert, update, etc.).</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In MySQL “DELETE FROM TABLE” returns 0 affected rows. The database
+class has a small hack that allows it to return the correct number of
+affected rows. By default this hack is enabled but it can be turned off
+in the database driver file.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;last_query()</strong></p>
+<p>Returns the last query that was run (the query string, not the result).
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">last_query</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces:  SELECT * FROM sometable....</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Disabling the <strong>save_queries</strong> setting in your database
+configuration will render this function useless.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="information-about-your-database">
+<h2>Information About Your Database<a class="headerlink" href="#information-about-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;count_all()</strong></p>
+<p>Permits you to determine the number of rows in a particular table.
+Submit the table name in the first parameter. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">count_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces an integer, like 25</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;platform()</strong></p>
+<p>Outputs the database platform you are running (MySQL, MS SQL, Postgres,
+etc…):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">platform</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;version()</strong></p>
+<p>Outputs the database version you are running:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">version</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="making-your-queries-easier">
+<h2>Making Your Queries Easier<a class="headerlink" href="#making-your-queries-easier" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;insert_string()</strong></p>
+<p>This function simplifies the process of writing database inserts. It
+returns a correctly formatted SQL insert string. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$url</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter is the table name, the second is an associative
+array with the data to be inserted. The above example produces:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">INSERT</span> <span class="nx">INTO</span> <span class="nx">table_name</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">url</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;rick@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Values are automatically escaped, producing safer queries.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;update_string()</strong></p>
+<p>This function simplifies the process of writing database updates. It
+returns a correctly formatted SQL update string. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$url</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$where</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;author_id = 1 AND status = &#39;active&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$where</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter is the table name, the second is an associative
+array with the data to be updated, and the third parameter is the
+“where” clause. The above example produces:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">UPDATE</span> <span class="nx">table_name</span> <span class="nx">SET</span> <span class="nx">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">email</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;rick@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;example.com&#39;</span> <span class="nx">WHERE</span> <span class="nx">author_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;active&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Values are automatically escaped, producing safer queries.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
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+  
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diff --git a/user_guide/database/index.html b/user_guide/database/index.html
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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+</ul>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Database Reference</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="database-reference">
+<h1>Database Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#database-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter comes with a full-featured and very fast abstracted database
+class that supports both traditional structures and Query Builder
+patterns. The database functions offer clear, simple syntax.</p>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="examples.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Database Quick Start: Example Code">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="../libraries/zip.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Zip Encoding Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/database/metadata.html b/user_guide/database/metadata.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..342a45e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/database/metadata.html
@@ -0,0 +1,614 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Database Metadata &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Database Reference" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Custom Function Calls" href="call_function.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Transactions" href="transactions.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
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+</ul>
+</li>
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+
+          
+        
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+    </nav>
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+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
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+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Database Reference</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Database Metadata</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="database-metadata">
+<h1>Database Metadata<a class="headerlink" href="#database-metadata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="table-metadata">
+<h2>Table MetaData<a class="headerlink" href="#table-metadata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>These functions let you fetch table information.</p>
+<div class="section" id="list-the-tables-in-your-database">
+<h3>List the Tables in Your Database<a class="headerlink" href="#list-the-tables-in-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;list_tables();</strong></p>
+<p>Returns an array containing the names of all the tables in the database
+you are currently connected to. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$tables</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">list_tables</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$tables</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$table</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$table</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="determine-if-a-table-exists">
+<h3>Determine If a Table Exists<a class="headerlink" href="#determine-if-a-table-exists" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;table_exists();</strong></p>
+<p>Sometimes it’s helpful to know whether a particular table exists before
+running an operation on it. Returns a boolean TRUE/FALSE. Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// some code...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Replace <em>table_name</em> with the name of the table you are looking for.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="field-metadata">
+<h2>Field MetaData<a class="headerlink" href="#field-metadata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="list-the-fields-in-a-table">
+<h3>List the Fields in a Table<a class="headerlink" href="#list-the-fields-in-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;list_fields()</strong></p>
+<p>Returns an array containing the field names. This query can be called
+two ways:</p>
+<p>1. You can supply the table name and call it from the $this-&gt;db-&gt;
+object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">list_fields</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>2. You can gather the field names associated with any query you run by
+calling the function from your query result object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT * FROM some_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">list_fields</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="determine-if-a-field-is-present-in-a-table">
+<h3>Determine If a Field is Present in a Table<a class="headerlink" href="#determine-if-a-field-is-present-in-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;field_exists()</strong></p>
+<p>Sometimes it’s helpful to know whether a particular field exists before
+performing an action. Returns a boolean TRUE/FALSE. Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">field_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// some code...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Replace <em>field_name</em> with the name of the column you are looking
+for, and replace <em>table_name</em> with the name of the table you are
+looking for.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="retrieve-field-metadata">
+<h3>Retrieve Field Metadata<a class="headerlink" href="#retrieve-field-metadata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;field_data()</strong></p>
+<p>Returns an array of objects containing field information.</p>
+<p>Sometimes it’s helpful to gather the field names or other metadata, like
+the column type, max length, etc.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Not all databases provide meta-data.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">field_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">type</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">max_length</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">primary_key</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you have run a query already you can use the result object instead of
+supplying the table name:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;YOUR QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">field_data</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The following data is available from this function if supported by your
+database:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>name - column name</li>
+<li>max_length - maximum length of the column</li>
+<li>primary_key - 1 if the column is a primary key</li>
+<li>type - the type of the column</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
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diff --git a/user_guide/database/queries.html b/user_guide/database/queries.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..473549d90
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@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+
+
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+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
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+
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+        <li><a href="index.html">Database Reference</a> &raquo;</li>
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+    <li>Queries</li>
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="queries">
+<h1>Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="query-basics">
+<h2>Query Basics<a class="headerlink" href="#query-basics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="regular-queries">
+<h3>Regular Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To submit a query, use the <strong>query</strong> function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY HERE&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The query() function returns a database result <strong>object</strong> when “read”
+type queries are run, which you can use to <a class="reference internal" href="results.html"><span class="doc">show your
+results</span></a>. When “write” type queries are run it simply
+returns TRUE or FALSE depending on success or failure. When retrieving
+data you will typically assign the query to your own variable, like
+this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY HERE&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="simplified-queries">
+<h3>Simplified Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#simplified-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <strong>simple_query</strong> method is a simplified version of the
+$this-&gt;db-&gt;query() method. It DOES
+NOT return a database result set, nor does it set the query timer, or
+compile bind data, or store your query for debugging. It simply lets you
+submit a query. Most users will rarely use this function.</p>
+<p>It returns whatever the database drivers’ “execute” function returns.
+That typically is TRUE/FALSE on success or failure for write type queries
+such as INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statements (which is what it really
+should be used for) and a resource/object on success for queries with
+fetchable results.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Success!&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Query failed!&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">PostgreSQL’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg_exec()</span></code> function (for example) always
+returns a resource on success, even for write type queries.
+So take that in mind if you’re looking for a boolean value.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="working-with-database-prefixes-manually">
+<h2>Working with Database prefixes manually<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-database-prefixes-manually" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you have configured a database prefix and would like to prepend it to
+a table name for use in a native SQL query for example, then you can use
+the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs prefix_tablename</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If for any reason you would like to change the prefix programatically
+without needing to create a new connection, you can use this method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;newprefix_&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs newprefix_tablename</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="protecting-identifiers">
+<h2>Protecting identifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#protecting-identifiers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In many databases it is advisable to protect table and field names - for
+example with backticks in MySQL. <strong>Query Builder queries are
+automatically protected</strong>, however if you need to manually protect an
+identifier you can use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Although the Query Builder will try its best to properly
+quote any field and table names that you feed it, note that it
+is NOT designed to work with arbitrary user input. DO NOT feed it
+with unsanitized user data.</p>
+</div>
+<p>This function will also add a table prefix to your table, assuming you
+have a prefix specified in your database config file. To enable the
+prefixing set TRUE (boolean) via the second parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="escaping-queries">
+<h2>Escaping Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>It’s a very good security practice to escape your data before submitting
+it into your database. CodeIgniter has three methods that help you do
+this:</p>
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li><p class="first"><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;escape()</strong> This function determines the data type so
+that it can escape only string data. It also automatically adds
+single quotes around the data so you don’t have to:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES(&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;escape_str()</strong> This function escapes the data passed to
+it, regardless of type. Most of the time you’ll use the above
+function rather than this one. Use the function like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES(&#39;&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;&#39;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;escape_like_str()</strong> This method should be used when
+strings are to be used in LIKE conditions so that LIKE wildcards
+(‘%’, ‘_’) in the string are also properly escaped.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$search</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;20% raise&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT id FROM table WHERE column LIKE &#39;%&quot;</span> <span class="o">.</span>
+    <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape_like_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$search</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_like_str()</span></code> method uses ‘!’ (exclamation mark)
+to escape special characters for <em>LIKE</em> conditions. Because this
+method escapes partial strings that you would wrap in quotes
+yourself, it cannot automatically add the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ESCAPE</span> <span class="pre">'!'</span></code>
+condition for you, and so you’ll have to manually do that.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="query-bindings">
+<h2>Query Bindings<a class="headerlink" href="#query-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Bindings enable you to simplify your query syntax by letting the system
+put the queries together for you. Consider the following example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id = ? AND status = ? AND author = ?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The question marks in the query are automatically replaced with the
+values in the array in the second parameter of the query function.</p>
+<p>Binding also work with arrays, which will be transformed to IN sets:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id IN ? AND status = ? AND author = ?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The resulting query will be:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">some_table</span> <span class="nx">WHERE</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">IN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The secondary benefit of using binds is that the values are
+automatically escaped, producing safer queries. You don’t have to
+remember to manually escape data; the engine does it automatically for
+you.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="handling-errors">
+<h2>Handling Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;error();</strong></p>
+<p>If you need to get the last error that has occurred, the error() method
+will return an array containing its code and message. Here’s a quick
+example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT `example_field` FROM `example_table`&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">error</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Has keys &#39;code&#39; and &#39;message&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="results.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Generating Query Results">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="connecting.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Connecting to your Database"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
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+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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new file mode 100644
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="query-builder-class">
+<h1>Query Builder Class<a class="headerlink" href="#query-builder-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter gives you access to a Query Builder class. This pattern
+allows information to be retrieved, inserted, and updated in your
+database with minimal scripting. In some cases only one or two lines
+of code are necessary to perform a database action.
+CodeIgniter does not require that each database table be its own class
+file. It instead provides a more simplified interface.</p>
+<p>Beyond simplicity, a major benefit to using the Query Builder features
+is that it allows you to create database independent applications, since
+the query syntax is generated by each database adapter. It also allows
+for safer queries, since the values are escaped automatically by the
+system.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you intend to write your own queries you can disable this
+class in your database config file, allowing the core database library
+and adapter to utilize fewer resources.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#selecting-data" id="id1">Selecting Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#looking-for-specific-data" id="id2">Looking for Specific Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#looking-for-similar-data" id="id3">Looking for Similar Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ordering-results" id="id4">Ordering results</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#limiting-or-counting-results" id="id5">Limiting or Counting Results</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#query-grouping" id="id6">Query grouping</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#inserting-data" id="id7">Inserting Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#updating-data" id="id8">Updating Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deleting-data" id="id9">Deleting Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#method-chaining" id="id10">Method Chaining</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#query-builder-caching" id="id11">Query Builder Caching</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#resetting-query-builder" id="id12">Resetting Query Builder</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id13">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="selecting-data">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Selecting Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#selecting-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions allow you to build SQL <strong>SELECT</strong> statements.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;get()</strong></p>
+<p>Runs the selection query and returns the result. Can be used by itself
+to retrieve all records from a table:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: SELECT * FROM mytable</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The second and third parameters enable you to set a limit and offset
+clause:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Executes: SELECT * FROM mytable LIMIT 20, 10</span>
+<span class="c1">// (in MySQL. Other databases have slightly different syntax)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You’ll notice that the above function is assigned to a variable named
+$query, which can be used to show the results:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please visit the <a class="reference internal" href="results.html"><span class="doc">result functions</span></a> page for a full
+discussion regarding result generation.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;get_compiled_select()</strong></p>
+<p>Compiles the selection query just like <strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;get()</strong> but does not <em>run</em>
+the query. This method simply returns the SQL query as a string.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_compiled_select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Prints string: SELECT * FROM mytable</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The second parameter enables you to set whether or not the query builder query
+will be reset (by default it will be reset, just like when using <cite>$this-&gt;db-&gt;get()</cite>):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_compiled_select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Prints string: SELECT * FROM mytable LIMIT 20, 10</span>
+<span class="c1">// (in MySQL. Other databases have slightly different syntax)</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title, content, date&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_compiled_select</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Prints string: SELECT title, content, date FROM mytable LIMIT 20, 10</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The key thing to notice in the above example is that the second query did not
+utilize <strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;from()</strong> and did not pass a table name into the first
+parameter. The reason for this outcome is because the query has not been
+executed using <strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;get()</strong> which resets values or reset directly
+using <strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;reset_query()</strong>.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;get_where()</strong></p>
+<p>Identical to the above function except that it permits you to add a
+“where” clause in the second parameter, instead of using the db-&gt;where()
+function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nv">$limit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$offset</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please read the about the where function below for more information.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">get_where() was formerly known as getwhere(), which has been removed</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;select()</strong></p>
+<p>Permits you to write the SELECT portion of your query:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title, content, date&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Executes: SELECT title, content, date FROM mytable</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you are selecting all (*) from a table you do not need to
+use this function. When omitted, CodeIgniter assumes that you wish
+to select all fields and automatically adds ‘SELECT *’.</p>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db-&gt;select()</span></code> accepts an optional second parameter. If you set it
+to FALSE, CodeIgniter will not try to protect your field or table names.
+This is useful if you need a compound select statement where automatic
+escaping of fields may break them.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;(SELECT SUM(payments.amount) FROM payments WHERE payments.invoice_id=4) AS amount_paid&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;select_max()</strong></p>
+<p>Writes a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SELECT</span> <span class="pre">MAX(field)</span></code> portion for your query. You can optionally
+include a second parameter to rename the resulting field.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select_max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;age&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;members&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: SELECT MAX(age) as age FROM members</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select_max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;age&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;member_age&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;members&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Produces: SELECT MAX(age) as member_age FROM members</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;select_min()</strong></p>
+<p>Writes a “SELECT MIN(field)” portion for your query. As with
+select_max(), You can optionally include a second parameter to rename
+the resulting field.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select_min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;age&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;members&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Produces: SELECT MIN(age) as age FROM members</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;select_avg()</strong></p>
+<p>Writes a “SELECT AVG(field)” portion for your query. As with
+select_max(), You can optionally include a second parameter to rename
+the resulting field.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select_avg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;age&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;members&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Produces: SELECT AVG(age) as age FROM members</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;select_sum()</strong></p>
+<p>Writes a “SELECT SUM(field)” portion for your query. As with
+select_max(), You can optionally include a second parameter to rename
+the resulting field.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select_sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;age&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;members&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Produces: SELECT SUM(age) as age FROM members</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;from()</strong></p>
+<p>Permits you to write the FROM portion of your query:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title, content, date&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: SELECT title, content, date FROM mytable</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">As shown earlier, the FROM portion of your query can be specified
+in the $this-&gt;db-&gt;get() function, so use whichever method you prefer.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;join()</strong></p>
+<p>Permits you to write the JOIN portion of your query:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;*&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogs&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;comments&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;comments.id = blogs.id&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces:</span>
+<span class="c1">// SELECT * FROM blogs JOIN comments ON comments.id = blogs.id</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Multiple function calls can be made if you need several joins in one
+query.</p>
+<p>If you need a specific type of JOIN you can specify it via the third
+parameter of the function. Options are: left, right, outer, inner, left
+outer, and right outer.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;comments&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;comments.id = blogs.id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;left&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.id = blogs.id</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="looking-for-specific-data">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Looking for Specific Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#looking-for-specific-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;where()</strong></p>
+<p>This function enables you to set <strong>WHERE</strong> clauses using one of four
+methods:</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">All values passed to this function are escaped automatically,
+producing safer queries.</p>
+</div>
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li><p class="first"><strong>Simple key/value method:</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Produces: WHERE name = &#39;Joe&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notice that the equal sign is added for you.</p>
+<p>If you use multiple function calls they will be chained together with
+AND between them:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;status&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$status</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHERE name = &#39;Joe&#39; AND title = &#39;boss&#39; AND status = &#39;active&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><strong>Custom key/value method:</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><p>You can include an operator in the first parameter in order to
+control the comparison:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name !=&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id &lt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Produces: WHERE name != &#39;Joe&#39; AND id &lt; 45</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><strong>Associative array method:</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;status&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$status</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: WHERE name = &#39;Joe&#39; AND title = &#39;boss&#39; AND status = &#39;active&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can include your own operators using this method as well:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name !=&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;id &lt;&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;date &gt;&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$date</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="first docutils">
+<dt><strong>Custom string:</strong></dt>
+<dd><p class="first">You can write your own clauses manually:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$where</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;name=&#39;Joe&#39; AND status=&#39;boss&#39; OR status=&#39;active&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$where</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db-&gt;where()</span></code> accepts an optional third parameter. If you set it to
+FALSE, CodeIgniter will not try to protect your field or table names.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;MATCH (field) AGAINST (&quot;value&quot;)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;or_where()</strong></p>
+<p>This function is identical to the one above, except that multiple
+instances are joined by OR:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name !=&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">or_where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id &gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: WHERE name != &#39;Joe&#39; OR id &gt; 50</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">or_where() was formerly known as orwhere(), which has been
+removed.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;where_in()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates a WHERE field IN (‘item’, ‘item’) SQL query joined with AND if
+appropriate</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Frank&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Todd&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;James&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where_in</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$names</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: WHERE username IN (&#39;Frank&#39;, &#39;Todd&#39;, &#39;James&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;or_where_in()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates a WHERE field IN (‘item’, ‘item’) SQL query joined with OR if
+appropriate</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Frank&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Todd&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;James&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">or_where_in</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$names</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: OR username IN (&#39;Frank&#39;, &#39;Todd&#39;, &#39;James&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;where_not_in()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates a WHERE field NOT IN (‘item’, ‘item’) SQL query joined with
+AND if appropriate</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Frank&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Todd&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;James&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where_not_in</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$names</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: WHERE username NOT IN (&#39;Frank&#39;, &#39;Todd&#39;, &#39;James&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;or_where_not_in()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates a WHERE field NOT IN (‘item’, ‘item’) SQL query joined with OR
+if appropriate</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Frank&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Todd&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;James&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">or_where_not_in</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$names</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: OR username NOT IN (&#39;Frank&#39;, &#39;Todd&#39;, &#39;James&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="looking-for-similar-data">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Looking for Similar Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#looking-for-similar-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;like()</strong></p>
+<p>This method enables you to generate <strong>LIKE</strong> clauses, useful for doing
+searches.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">All values passed to this method are escaped automatically.</p>
+</div>
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li><p class="first"><strong>Simple key/value method:</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: WHERE `title` LIKE &#39;%match%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you use multiple method calls they will be chained together with
+AND between them:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHERE `title` LIKE &#39;%match%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39; AND  `body` LIKE &#39;%match% ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to control where the wildcard (%) is placed, you can use
+an optional third argument. Your options are ‘before’, ‘after’ and
+‘both’ (which is the default).</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;before&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>    <span class="c1">// Produces: WHERE `title` LIKE &#39;%match&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;after&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>     <span class="c1">// Produces: WHERE `title` LIKE &#39;match%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;both&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>      <span class="c1">// Produces: WHERE `title` LIKE &#39;%match%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><strong>Associative array method:</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$match</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;page1&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$match</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;page2&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$match</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHERE `title` LIKE &#39;%match%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39; AND  `page1` LIKE &#39;%match%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39; AND  `page2` LIKE &#39;%match%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;or_like()</strong></p>
+<p>This method is identical to the one above, except that multiple
+instances are joined by OR:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">or_like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$match</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHERE `title` LIKE &#39;%match%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39; OR  `body` LIKE &#39;%match%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_like()</span></code> was formerly known as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">orlike()</span></code>, which has been removed.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;not_like()</strong></p>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">like()</span></code>, except that it generates
+NOT LIKE statements:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">not_like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// WHERE `title` NOT LIKE &#39;%match% ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;or_not_like()</strong></p>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not_like()</span></code>, except that multiple
+instances are joined by OR:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">or_not_like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHERE `title` LIKE &#39;%match% OR  `body` NOT LIKE &#39;%match%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;group_by()</strong></p>
+<p>Permits you to write the GROUP BY portion of your query:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">group_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Produces: GROUP BY title</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also pass an array of multiple values as well:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">group_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;date&quot;</span><span class="p">));</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: GROUP BY title, date</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">group_by() was formerly known as groupby(), which has been
+removed.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;distinct()</strong></p>
+<p>Adds the “DISTINCT” keyword to a query</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">distinct</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Produces: SELECT DISTINCT * FROM table</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;having()</strong></p>
+<p>Permits you to write the HAVING portion of your query. There are 2
+possible syntaxes, 1 argument or 2:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">having</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;user_id = 45&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: HAVING user_id = 45</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">having</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;user_id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: HAVING user_id = 45</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also pass an array of multiple values as well:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">having</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title =&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;id &lt;&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: HAVING title = &#39;My Title&#39;, id &lt; 45</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you are using a database that CodeIgniter escapes queries for, you
+can prevent escaping content by passing an optional third argument, and
+setting it to FALSE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">having</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;user_id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: HAVING `user_id` = 45 in some databases such as MySQL</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">having</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;user_id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: HAVING user_id = 45</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;or_having()</strong></p>
+<p>Identical to having(), only separates multiple clauses with “OR”.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="ordering-results">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Ordering results</a><a class="headerlink" href="#ordering-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;order_by()</strong></p>
+<p>Lets you set an ORDER BY clause.</p>
+<p>The first parameter contains the name of the column you would like to order by.</p>
+<p>The second parameter lets you set the direction of the result.
+Options are <strong>ASC</strong>, <strong>DESC</strong> AND <strong>RANDOM</strong>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;DESC&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: ORDER BY `title` DESC</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also pass your own string in the first parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title DESC, name ASC&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: ORDER BY `title` DESC, `name` ASC</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or multiple function calls can be made if you need multiple fields.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;DESC&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ASC&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: ORDER BY `title` DESC, `name` ASC</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you choose the <strong>RANDOM</strong> direction option, then the first parameters will
+be ignored, unless you specify a numeric seed value.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;RANDOM&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: ORDER BY RAND()</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;RANDOM&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: ORDER BY RAND(42)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">order_by() was formerly known as orderby(), which has been
+removed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Random ordering is not currently supported in Oracle and
+will default to ASC instead.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="limiting-or-counting-results">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Limiting or Counting Results</a><a class="headerlink" href="#limiting-or-counting-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;limit()</strong></p>
+<p>Lets you limit the number of rows you would like returned by the query:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: LIMIT 10</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The second parameter lets you set a result offset.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: LIMIT 20, 10 (in MySQL.  Other databases have slightly different syntax)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;count_all_results()</strong></p>
+<p>Permits you to determine the number of rows in a particular Active
+Record query. Queries will accept Query Builder restrictors such as
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">where()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_where()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">like()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_like()</span></code>, etc. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">count_all_results</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces an integer, like 25</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;match&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">count_all_results</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Produces an integer, like 17</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>However, this method also resets any field values that you may have passed
+to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">select()</span></code>. If you need to keep them, you can pass <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FALSE</span></code> as the
+second parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">count_all_results</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;count_all()</strong></p>
+<p>Permits you to determine the number of rows in a particular table.
+Submit the table name in the first parameter. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">count_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces an integer, like 25</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="query-grouping">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Query grouping</a><a class="headerlink" href="#query-grouping" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Query grouping allows you to create groups of WHERE clauses by enclosing them in parentheses. This will allow
+you to create queries with complex WHERE clauses. Nested groups are supported. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;*&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">group_start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+                <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">or_group_start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+                        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">group_end</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">group_end</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Generates:</span>
+<span class="c1">// SELECT * FROM (`my_table`) WHERE ( `a` = &#39;a&#39; OR ( `b` = &#39;b&#39; AND `c` = &#39;c&#39; ) ) AND `d` = &#39;d&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">groups need to be balanced, make sure every group_start() is matched by a group_end().</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;group_start()</strong></p>
+<p>Starts a new group by adding an opening parenthesis to the WHERE clause of the query.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;or_group_start()</strong></p>
+<p>Starts a new group by adding an opening parenthesis to the WHERE clause of the query, prefixing it with ‘OR’.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;not_group_start()</strong></p>
+<p>Starts a new group by adding an opening parenthesis to the WHERE clause of the query, prefixing it with ‘NOT’.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;or_not_group_start()</strong></p>
+<p>Starts a new group by adding an opening parenthesis to the WHERE clause of the query, prefixing it with ‘OR NOT’.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;group_end()</strong></p>
+<p>Ends the current group by adding an closing parenthesis to the WHERE clause of the query.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="inserting-data">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Inserting Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#inserting-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;insert()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates an insert string based on the data you supply, and runs the
+query. You can either pass an <strong>array</strong> or an <strong>object</strong> to the
+function. Here is an example using an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My date&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: INSERT INTO mytable (title, name, date) VALUES (&#39;My title&#39;, &#39;My name&#39;, &#39;My date&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter will contain the table name, the second is an
+associative array of values.</p>
+<p>Here is an example using an object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">class Myclass {</span>
+<span class="cm">        public $title = &#39;My Title&#39;;</span>
+<span class="cm">        public $content = &#39;My Content&#39;;</span>
+<span class="cm">        public $date = &#39;My Date&#39;;</span>
+<span class="cm">}</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">Myclass</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$object</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: INSERT INTO mytable (title, content, date) VALUES (&#39;My Title&#39;, &#39;My Content&#39;, &#39;My Date&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter will contain the table name, the second is an
+object.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">All values are escaped automatically producing safer queries.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;get_compiled_insert()</strong></p>
+<p>Compiles the insertion query just like $this-&gt;db-&gt;insert() but does not
+<em>run</em> the query. This method simply returns the SQL query as a string.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My date&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_compiled_insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces string: INSERT INTO mytable (`title`, `name`, `date`) VALUES (&#39;My title&#39;, &#39;My name&#39;, &#39;My date&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The second parameter enables you to set whether or not the query builder query
+will be reset (by default it will be–just like $this-&gt;db-&gt;insert()):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Title&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_compiled_insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces string: INSERT INTO mytable (`title`) VALUES (&#39;My Title&#39;)</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Content&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_compiled_insert</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces string: INSERT INTO mytable (`title`, `content`) VALUES (&#39;My Title&#39;, &#39;My Content&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The key thing to notice in the above example is that the second query did not
+utilize <cite>$this-&gt;db-&gt;from()</cite> nor did it pass a table name into the first
+parameter. The reason this worked is because the query has not been executed
+using <cite>$this-&gt;db-&gt;insert()</cite> which resets values or reset directly using
+<cite>$this-&gt;db-&gt;reset_query()</cite>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method doesn’t work for batched inserts.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;insert_batch()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates an insert string based on the data you supply, and runs the
+query. You can either pass an <strong>array</strong> or an <strong>object</strong> to the
+function. Here is an example using an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My date&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Another title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Another Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Another date&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert_batch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: INSERT INTO mytable (title, name, date) VALUES (&#39;My title&#39;, &#39;My name&#39;, &#39;My date&#39;),  (&#39;Another title&#39;, &#39;Another name&#39;, &#39;Another date&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter will contain the table name, the second is an
+associative array of values.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">All values are escaped automatically producing safer queries.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="updating-data">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Updating Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#updating-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;replace()</strong></p>
+<p>This method executes a REPLACE statement, which is basically the SQL
+standard for (optional) DELETE + INSERT, using <em>PRIMARY</em> and <em>UNIQUE</em>
+keys as the determining factor.
+In our case, it will save you from the need to implement complex
+logics with different combinations of  <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">select()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update()</span></code>,
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert()</span></code> calls.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My date&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Executes: REPLACE INTO mytable (title, name, date) VALUES (&#39;My title&#39;, &#39;My name&#39;, &#39;My date&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, if we assume that the <em>title</em> field is our primary
+key, then if a row containing ‘My title’ as the <em>title</em> value, that row
+will be deleted with our new row data replacing it.</p>
+<p>Usage of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set()</span></code> method is also allowed and all fields are
+automatically escaped, just like with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert()</span></code>.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;set()</strong></p>
+<p>This function enables you to set values for inserts or updates.</p>
+<p><strong>It can be used instead of passing a data array directly to the insert
+or update functions:</strong></p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: INSERT INTO mytable (`name`) VALUES (&#39;{$name}&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you use multiple function called they will be assembled properly
+based on whether you are doing an insert or an update:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;status&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$status</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>set()</strong> will also accept an optional third parameter (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$escape</span></code>), that
+will prevent data from being escaped if set to FALSE. To illustrate the
+difference, here is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set()</span></code> used both with and without the escape
+parameter.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;field+1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// gives UPDATE mytable SET field = field+1 WHERE id = 2</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;field+1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// gives UPDATE `mytable` SET `field` = &#39;field+1&#39; WHERE `id` = 2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also pass an associative array to this function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;status&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$status</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or an object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">class Myclass {</span>
+<span class="cm">        public $title = &#39;My Title&#39;;</span>
+<span class="cm">        public $content = &#39;My Content&#39;;</span>
+<span class="cm">        public $date = &#39;My Date&#39;;</span>
+<span class="cm">}</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">Myclass</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$object</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;update()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates an update string and runs the query based on the data you
+supply. You can pass an <strong>array</strong> or an <strong>object</strong> to the function. Here
+is an example using an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$date</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces:</span>
+<span class="c1">//</span>
+<span class="c1">//      UPDATE mytable</span>
+<span class="c1">//      SET title = &#39;{$title}&#39;, name = &#39;{$name}&#39;, date = &#39;{$date}&#39;</span>
+<span class="c1">//      WHERE id = $id</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or you can supply an object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">class Myclass {</span>
+<span class="cm">        public $title = &#39;My Title&#39;;</span>
+<span class="cm">        public $content = &#39;My Content&#39;;</span>
+<span class="cm">        public $date = &#39;My Date&#39;;</span>
+<span class="cm">}</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">Myclass</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$object</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces:</span>
+<span class="c1">//</span>
+<span class="c1">// UPDATE `mytable`</span>
+<span class="c1">// SET `title` = &#39;{$title}&#39;, `name` = &#39;{$name}&#39;, `date` = &#39;{$date}&#39;</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHERE id = `$id`</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">All values are escaped automatically producing safer queries.</p>
+</div>
+<p>You’ll notice the use of the $this-&gt;db-&gt;where() function, enabling you
+to set the WHERE clause. You can optionally pass this information
+directly into the update function as a string:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;id = 4&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or as an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You may also use the $this-&gt;db-&gt;set() function described above when
+performing updates.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;update_batch()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates an update string based on the data you supply, and runs the query.
+You can either pass an <strong>array</strong> or an <strong>object</strong> to the function.
+Here is an example using an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+   <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+      <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My title&#39;</span> <span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Name 2&#39;</span> <span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My date 2&#39;</span>
+   <span class="p">),</span>
+   <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+      <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Another title&#39;</span> <span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Another Name 2&#39;</span> <span class="p">,</span>
+      <span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Another date 2&#39;</span>
+   <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update_batch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces:</span>
+<span class="c1">// UPDATE `mytable` SET `name` = CASE</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHEN `title` = &#39;My title&#39; THEN &#39;My Name 2&#39;</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHEN `title` = &#39;Another title&#39; THEN &#39;Another Name 2&#39;</span>
+<span class="c1">// ELSE `name` END,</span>
+<span class="c1">// `date` = CASE</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHEN `title` = &#39;My title&#39; THEN &#39;My date 2&#39;</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHEN `title` = &#39;Another title&#39; THEN &#39;Another date 2&#39;</span>
+<span class="c1">// ELSE `date` END</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHERE `title` IN (&#39;My title&#39;,&#39;Another title&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter will contain the table name, the second is an associative
+array of values, the third parameter is the where key.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">All values are escaped automatically producing safer queries.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">affected_rows()</span></code> won’t give you proper results with this method,
+due to the very nature of how it works. Instead, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_batch()</span></code>
+returns the number of rows affected.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;get_compiled_update()</strong></p>
+<p>This works exactly the same way as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db-&gt;get_compiled_insert()</span></code> except
+that it produces an UPDATE SQL string instead of an INSERT SQL string.</p>
+<p>For more information view documentation for <cite>$this-&gt;db-&gt;get_compiled_insert()</cite>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method doesn’t work for batched updates.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deleting-data">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Deleting Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#deleting-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;delete()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates a delete SQL string and runs the query.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">));</span>  <span class="c1">// Produces: // DELETE FROM mytable  // WHERE id = $id</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter is the table name, the second is the where clause.
+You can also use the where() or or_where() functions instead of passing
+the data to the second parameter of the function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces:</span>
+<span class="c1">// DELETE FROM mytable</span>
+<span class="c1">// WHERE id = $id</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>An array of table names can be passed into delete() if you would like to
+delete data from more than 1 table.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$tables</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;table2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;table3&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;5&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$tables</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to delete all data from a table, you can use the truncate()
+function, or empty_table().</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;empty_table()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates a delete SQL string and runs the
+query.:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">empty_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Produces: DELETE FROM mytable</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;truncate()</strong></p>
+<p>Generates a truncate SQL string and runs the query.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">truncate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// or</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">truncate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produce:</span>
+<span class="c1">// TRUNCATE mytable</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If the TRUNCATE command isn’t available, truncate() will
+execute as “DELETE FROM table”.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;get_compiled_delete()</strong></p>
+<p>This works exactly the same way as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db-&gt;get_compiled_insert()</span></code> except
+that it produces a DELETE SQL string instead of an INSERT SQL string.</p>
+<p>For more information view documentation for $this-&gt;db-&gt;get_compiled_insert().</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="method-chaining">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Method Chaining</a><a class="headerlink" href="#method-chaining" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Method chaining allows you to simplify your syntax by connecting
+multiple functions. Consider this example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">limit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="query-builder-caching">
+<span id="ar-caching"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Query Builder Caching</a><a class="headerlink" href="#query-builder-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>While not “true” caching, Query Builder enables you to save (or “cache”)
+certain parts of your queries for reuse at a later point in your
+script’s execution. Normally, when an Query Builder call is completed,
+all stored information is reset for the next call. With caching, you can
+prevent this reset, and reuse information easily.</p>
+<p>Cached calls are cumulative. If you make 2 cached select() calls, and
+then 2 uncached select() calls, this will result in 4 select() calls.
+There are three Caching functions available:</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;start_cache()</strong></p>
+<p>This function must be called to begin caching. All Query Builder queries
+of the correct type (see below for supported queries) are stored for
+later use.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;stop_cache()</strong></p>
+<p>This function can be called to stop caching.</p>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;flush_cache()</strong></p>
+<p>This function deletes all items from the Query Builder cache.</p>
+<div class="section" id="an-example-of-caching">
+<h3>An example of caching<a class="headerlink" href="#an-example-of-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Here’s a usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">start_cache</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">stop_cache</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">//Generates: SELECT `field1` FROM (`tablename`)</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field2&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">//Generates:  SELECT `field1`, `field2` FROM (`tablename`)</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">flush_cache</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field2&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">//Generates:  SELECT `field2` FROM (`tablename`)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The following statements can be cached: select, from, join,
+where, like, group_by, having, order_by</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="resetting-query-builder">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Resetting Query Builder</a><a class="headerlink" href="#resetting-query-builder" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;reset_query()</strong></p>
+<p>Resetting Query Builder allows you to start fresh with your query without
+executing it first using a method like $this-&gt;db-&gt;get() or $this-&gt;db-&gt;insert().
+Just like the methods that execute a query, this will <em>not</em> reset items you’ve
+cached using <a class="reference internal" href="#query-builder-caching">Query Builder Caching</a>.</p>
+<p>This is useful in situations where you are using Query Builder to generate SQL
+(ex. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db-&gt;get_compiled_select()</span></code>) but then choose to, for instance,
+run the query:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Note that the second parameter of the get_compiled_select method is FALSE</span>
+<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;field2&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+                                <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field3&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                                <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_compiled_select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="c1">// Do something crazy with the SQL code... like add it to a cron script for</span>
+<span class="c1">// later execution or something...</span>
+<span class="c1">// ...</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Would execute and return an array of results of the following query:</span>
+<span class="c1">// SELECT field1, field1 from mytable where field3 = 5;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Double calls to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_compiled_select()</span></code> while you’re using the
+Query Builder Caching functionality and NOT resetting your queries
+will results in the cache being merged twice. That in turn will
+i.e. if you’re caching a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">select()</span></code> - select the same field twice.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_DB_query_builder</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::reset_query">
+<code class="descname">reset_query</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::reset_query" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Resets the current Query Builder state.  Useful when you want
+to build a query that can be cancelled under certain conditions.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::start_cache">
+<code class="descname">start_cache</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::start_cache" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Starts the Query Builder cache.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::stop_cache">
+<code class="descname">stop_cache</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::stop_cache" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Stops the Query Builder cache.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::flush_cache">
+<code class="descname">flush_cache</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::flush_cache" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Empties the Query Builder cache.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::set_dbprefix">
+<code class="descname">set_dbprefix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$prefix = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::set_dbprefix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$prefix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The new prefix to use</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The DB prefix in use</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the database prefix, without having to reconnect.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::dbprefix">
+<code class="descname">dbprefix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::dbprefix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The table name to prefix</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The prefixed table name</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Prepends a database prefix, if one exists in configuration.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::count_all_results">
+<code class="descname">count_all_results</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$reset = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::count_all_results" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$reset</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to reset values for SELECTs</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Number of rows in the query result</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">int</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates a platform-specific query string that counts
+all records returned by an Query Builder query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::get">
+<code class="descname">get</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$limit = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$offset = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The table to query</li>
+<li><strong>$limit</strong> (<em>int</em>) – The LIMIT clause</li>
+<li><strong>$offset</strong> (<em>int</em>) – The OFFSET clause</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_result instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_result</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles and runs SELECT statement based on the already
+called Query Builder methods.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::get_where">
+<code class="descname">get_where</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$where = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$limit = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$offset = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::get_where" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – The table(s) to fetch data from; string or array</li>
+<li><strong>$where</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The WHERE clause</li>
+<li><strong>$limit</strong> (<em>int</em>) – The LIMIT clause</li>
+<li><strong>$offset</strong> (<em>int</em>) – The OFFSET clause</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_result instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_result</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Same as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></code>, but also allows the WHERE to be added directly.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::select">
+<code class="descname">select</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$select = '*'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::select" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$select</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The SELECT portion of a query</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a SELECT clause to a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::select_avg">
+<code class="descname">select_avg</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$select = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$alias = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::select_avg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$select</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field to compute the average of</li>
+<li><strong>$alias</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Alias for the resulting value name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a SELECT AVG(field) clause to a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::select_max">
+<code class="descname">select_max</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$select = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$alias = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::select_max" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$select</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field to compute the maximum of</li>
+<li><strong>$alias</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Alias for the resulting value name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a SELECT MAX(field) clause to a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::select_min">
+<code class="descname">select_min</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$select = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$alias = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::select_min" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$select</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field to compute the minimum of</li>
+<li><strong>$alias</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Alias for the resulting value name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a SELECT MIN(field) clause to a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::select_sum">
+<code class="descname">select_sum</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$select = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$alias = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::select_sum" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$select</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field to compute the sum of</li>
+<li><strong>$alias</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Alias for the resulting value name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a SELECT SUM(field) clause to a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::distinct">
+<code class="descname">distinct</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$val = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::distinct" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$val</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Desired value of the “distinct” flag</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets a flag which tells the query builder to add
+a DISTINCT clause to the SELECT portion of the query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::from">
+<code class="descname">from</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$from</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::from" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$from</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Table name(s); string or array</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Specifies the FROM clause of a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::join">
+<code class="descname">join</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em>, <em>$cond</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$type = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::join" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name to join</li>
+<li><strong>$cond</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The JOIN ON condition</li>
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The JOIN type</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a JOIN clause to a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::where">
+<code class="descname">where</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::where" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Name of field to compare, or associative array</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – If a single key, compared to this value</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">DB_query_builder instance</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">object</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates the WHERE portion of the query.
+Separates multiple calls with ‘AND’.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::or_where">
+<code class="descname">or_where</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::or_where" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Name of field to compare, or associative array</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – If a single key, compared to this value</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">DB_query_builder instance</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">object</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates the WHERE portion of the query.
+Separates multiple calls with ‘OR’.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::or_where_in">
+<code class="descname">or_where_in</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$key = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$values = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::or_where_in" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The field to search</li>
+<li><strong>$values</strong> (<em>array</em>) – The values searched on</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">DB_query_builder instance</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">object</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates a WHERE field IN(‘item’, ‘item’) SQL query,
+joined with ‘OR’ if appropriate.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::or_where_not_in">
+<code class="descname">or_where_not_in</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$key = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$values = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::or_where_not_in" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The field to search</li>
+<li><strong>$values</strong> (<em>array</em>) – The values searched on</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">DB_query_builder instance</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">object</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates a WHERE field NOT IN(‘item’, ‘item’) SQL query,
+joined with ‘OR’ if appropriate.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::where_in">
+<code class="descname">where_in</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$key = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$values = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::where_in" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Name of field to examine</li>
+<li><strong>$values</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Array of target values</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">DB_query_builder instance</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">object</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates a WHERE field IN(‘item’, ‘item’) SQL query,
+joined with ‘AND’ if appropriate.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::where_not_in">
+<code class="descname">where_not_in</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$key = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$values = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::where_not_in" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Name of field to examine</li>
+<li><strong>$values</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Array of target values</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">DB_query_builder instance</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">object</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates a WHERE field NOT IN(‘item’, ‘item’) SQL query,
+joined with ‘AND’ if appropriate.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::group_start">
+<code class="descname">group_start</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::group_start" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Starts a group expression, using ANDs for the conditions inside it.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::or_group_start">
+<code class="descname">or_group_start</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::or_group_start" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Starts a group expression, using ORs for the conditions inside it.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::not_group_start">
+<code class="descname">not_group_start</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::not_group_start" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Starts a group expression, using AND NOTs for the conditions inside it.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::or_not_group_start">
+<code class="descname">or_not_group_start</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::or_not_group_start" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_DB_query_builder</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Starts a group expression, using OR NOTs for the conditions inside it.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::group_end">
+<code class="descname">group_end</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::group_end" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">DB_query_builder instance</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">object</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Ends a group expression.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::like">
+<code class="descname">like</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$match = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$side = 'both'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::like" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$match</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Text portion to match</li>
+<li><strong>$side</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Which side of the expression to put the ‘%’ wildcard on</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a LIKE clause to a query, separating multiple calls with AND.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::or_like">
+<code class="descname">or_like</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$match = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$side = 'both'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::or_like" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$match</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Text portion to match</li>
+<li><strong>$side</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Which side of the expression to put the ‘%’ wildcard on</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a LIKE clause to a query, separating multiple class with OR.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::not_like">
+<code class="descname">not_like</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$match = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$side = 'both'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::not_like" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$match</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Text portion to match</li>
+<li><strong>$side</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Which side of the expression to put the ‘%’ wildcard on</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a NOT LIKE clause to a query, separating multiple calls with AND.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::or_not_like">
+<code class="descname">or_not_like</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$match = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$side = 'both'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::or_not_like" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$match</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Text portion to match</li>
+<li><strong>$side</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Which side of the expression to put the ‘%’ wildcard on</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a NOT LIKE clause to a query, separating multiple calls with OR.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::having">
+<code class="descname">having</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::having" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Identifier (string) or associative array of field/value pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Value sought if $key is an identifier</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a HAVING clause to a query, separating multiple calls with AND.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::or_having">
+<code class="descname">or_having</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::or_having" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Identifier (string) or associative array of field/value pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Value sought if $key is an identifier</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a HAVING clause to a query, separating multiple calls with OR.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::group_by">
+<code class="descname">group_by</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$by</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::group_by" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$by</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Field(s) to group by; string or array</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds a GROUP BY clause to a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::order_by">
+<code class="descname">order_by</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$orderby</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$direction = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::order_by" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$orderby</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field to order by</li>
+<li><strong>$direction</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The order requested - ASC, DESC or random</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds an ORDER BY clause to a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::limit">
+<code class="descname">limit</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$value</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$offset = 0</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::limit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of rows to limit the results to</li>
+<li><strong>$offset</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of rows to skip</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds LIMIT and OFFSET clauses to a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::offset">
+<code class="descname">offset</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$offset</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::offset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$offset</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of rows to skip</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds an OFFSET clause to a query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::set">
+<code class="descname">set</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::set" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Field name, or an array of field/value pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value, if $key is a single field</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds field/value pairs to be passed later to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert()</span></code>,
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update()</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">replace()</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::insert">
+<code class="descname">insert</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$set = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::insert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$set</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array of field/value pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles and executes an INSERT statement.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::insert_batch">
+<code class="descname">insert_batch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$set = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$batch_size = 100</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::insert_batch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$set</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Data to insert</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+<li><strong>$batch_size</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Count of rows to insert at once</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Number of rows inserted or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles and executes batch <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> statements.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">When more than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$batch_size</span></code> rows are provided, multiple
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> queries will be executed, each trying to insert
+up to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$batch_size</span></code> rows.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::set_insert_batch">
+<code class="descname">set_insert_batch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::set_insert_batch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Field name or an array of field/value pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value, if $key is a single field</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds field/value pairs to be inserted in a table later via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert_batch()</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::update">
+<code class="descname">update</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$set = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$where = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$limit = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::update" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$set</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array of field/value pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$where</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The WHERE clause</li>
+<li><strong>$limit</strong> (<em>int</em>) – The LIMIT clause</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles and executes an UPDATE statement.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::update_batch">
+<code class="descname">update_batch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$set = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$batch_size = 100</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::update_batch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$set</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Field name, or an associative array of field/value pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value, if $set is a single field</li>
+<li><strong>$batch_size</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Count of conditions to group in a single query</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Number of rows updated or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles and executes batch <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statements.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">When more than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$batch_size</span></code> field/value pairs are provided,
+multiple queries will be executed, each handling up to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$batch_size</span></code> field/value pairs.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::set_update_batch">
+<code class="descname">set_update_batch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$escape = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::set_update_batch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Field name or an array of field/value pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value, if $key is a single field</li>
+<li><strong>$escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to escape values and identifiers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_DB_query_builder</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds field/value pairs to be updated in a table later via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_batch()</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::replace">
+<code class="descname">replace</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$set = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::replace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$set</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array of field/value pairs</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles and executes a REPLACE statement.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::delete">
+<code class="descname">delete</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$where = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$limit = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$reset_data = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::delete" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – The table(s) to delete from; string or array</li>
+<li><strong>$where</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The WHERE clause</li>
+<li><strong>$limit</strong> (<em>int</em>) – The LIMIT clause</li>
+<li><strong>$reset_data</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – TRUE to reset the query “write” clause</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_DB_query_builder instance (method chaining) or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles and executes a DELETE query.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::truncate">
+<code class="descname">truncate</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::truncate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Executes a TRUNCATE statement on a table.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If the database platform in use doesn’t support TRUNCATE,
+a DELETE statement will be used instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::empty_table">
+<code class="descname">empty_table</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::empty_table" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Deletes all records from a table via a DELETE statement.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_select">
+<code class="descname">get_compiled_select</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$reset = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_select" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$reset</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to reset the current QB values or not</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The compiled SQL statement as a string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles a SELECT statement and returns it as a string.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_insert">
+<code class="descname">get_compiled_insert</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$reset = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_insert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$reset</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to reset the current QB values or not</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The compiled SQL statement as a string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles an INSERT statement and returns it as a string.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_update">
+<code class="descname">get_compiled_update</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$reset = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_update" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$reset</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to reset the current QB values or not</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The compiled SQL statement as a string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles an UPDATE statement and returns it as a string.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_delete">
+<code class="descname">get_compiled_delete</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$reset = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_delete" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table name</li>
+<li><strong>$reset</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to reset the current QB values or not</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The compiled SQL statement as a string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Compiles a DELETE statement and returns it as a string.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
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+        <a href="transactions.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Transactions">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+
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+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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diff --git a/user_guide/database/results.html b/user_guide/database/results.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a876c5a8
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@@ -0,0 +1,1231 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>Generating Query Results &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Generating Query Results</a></li>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="generating-query-results">
+<h1>Generating Query Results<a class="headerlink" href="#generating-query-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>There are several ways to generate query results:</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#result-arrays" id="id1">Result Arrays</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#result-rows" id="id2">Result Rows</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#custom-result-objects" id="id3">Custom Result Objects</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#result-helper-methods" id="id4">Result Helper Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id5">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="result-arrays">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Result Arrays</a><a class="headerlink" href="#result-arrays" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>result()</strong></p>
+<p>This method returns the query result as an array of <strong>objects</strong>, or
+<strong>an empty array</strong> on failure. Typically you’ll use this in a foreach
+loop, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;YOUR QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above method is an alias of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result_object()</span></code>.</p>
+<p>You can also pass a string to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result()</span></code> which represents a class to
+instantiate for each result object (note: this class must be loaded)</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM users;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;User&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$user</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$user</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// access attributes</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$user</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">reverse_name</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// or methods defined on the &#39;User&#39; class</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>result_array()</strong></p>
+<p>This method returns the query result as a pure array, or an empty
+array when no result is produced. Typically you’ll use this in a foreach
+loop, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;YOUR QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="result-rows">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Result Rows</a><a class="headerlink" href="#result-rows" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>row()</strong></p>
+<p>This method returns a single result row. If your query has more than
+one row, it returns only the first row. The result is returned as an
+<strong>object</strong>. Here’s a usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;YOUR QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">isset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want a specific row returned you can submit the row number as a
+digit in the first parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also add a second String parameter, which is the name of a class
+to instantiate the row with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 1;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;User&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// access attributes</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">reverse_name</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// or methods defined on the &#39;User&#39; class</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>row_array()</strong></p>
+<p>Identical to the above <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">row()</span></code> method, except it returns an array.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;YOUR QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">isset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want a specific row returned you can submit the row number as a
+digit in the first parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In addition, you can walk forward/backwards/first/last through your
+results using these variations:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line"><strong>$row = $query-&gt;first_row()</strong></div>
+<div class="line"><strong>$row = $query-&gt;last_row()</strong></div>
+<div class="line"><strong>$row = $query-&gt;next_row()</strong></div>
+<div class="line"><strong>$row = $query-&gt;previous_row()</strong></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>By default they return an object unless you put the word “array” in the
+parameter:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line"><strong>$row = $query-&gt;first_row(‘array’)</strong></div>
+<div class="line"><strong>$row = $query-&gt;last_row(‘array’)</strong></div>
+<div class="line"><strong>$row = $query-&gt;next_row(‘array’)</strong></div>
+<div class="line"><strong>$row = $query-&gt;previous_row(‘array’)</strong></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">All the methods above will load the whole result into memory
+(prefetching). Use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unbuffered_row()</span></code> for processing large
+result sets.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>unbuffered_row()</strong></p>
+<p>This method returns a single result row without prefetching the whole
+result in memory as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">row()</span></code> does. If your query has more than one row,
+it returns the current row and moves the internal data pointer ahead.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;YOUR QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unbuffered_row</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can optionally pass ‘object’ (default) or ‘array’ in order to specify
+the returned value’s type:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unbuffered_row</span><span class="p">();</span>               <span class="c1">// object</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unbuffered_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;object&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>       <span class="c1">// object</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unbuffered_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;array&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>        <span class="c1">// associative array</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="custom-result-objects">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Custom Result Objects</a><a class="headerlink" href="#custom-result-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You can have the results returned as an instance of a custom class instead
+of a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdClass</span></code> or array, as the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result_array()</span></code>
+methods allow. This requires that the class is already loaded into memory.
+The object will have all values returned from the database set as properties.
+If these have been declared and are non-public then you should provide a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__set()</span></code> method to allow them to be set.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$email</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$username</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+        <span class="k">protected</span> <span class="nv">$last_login</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">last_login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$format</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">last_login</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$format</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s1">&#39;last_login&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">last_login</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">DateTime</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">createFromFormat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;U&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">isset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">))</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In addition to the two methods listed below, the following methods also can
+take a class name to return the results as: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">first_row()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">last_row()</span></code>,
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">next_row()</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">previous_row()</span></code>.</p>
+<p><strong>custom_result_object()</strong></p>
+<p>Returns the entire result set as an array of instances of the class requested.
+The only parameter is the name of the class to instantiate.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;YOUR QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$rows</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">custom_result_object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;User&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$rows</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">id</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">last_login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Y-m-d&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>custom_row_object()</strong></p>
+<p>Returns a single row from your query results. The first parameter is the row
+number of the results. The second parameter is the class name to instantiate.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;YOUR QUERY&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">custom_row_object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;User&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">isset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="p">;</span>   <span class="c1">// access attributes</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">last_login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Y-m-d&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>   <span class="c1">// access class methods</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">row()</span></code> method in exactly the same way.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">custom_row_object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;User&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="result-helper-methods">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Result Helper Methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#result-helper-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>num_rows()</strong></p>
+<p>The number of rows returned by the query. Note: In this example, $query
+is the variable that the query result object is assigned to:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT * FROM my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">num_rows</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Not all database drivers have a native way of getting the total
+number of rows for a result set. When this is the case, all of
+the data is prefetched and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">count()</span></code> is manually called on the
+resulting array in order to achieve the same result.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>num_fields()</strong></p>
+<p>The number of FIELDS (columns) returned by the query. Make sure to call
+the method using your query result object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT * FROM my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">num_fields</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>free_result()</strong></p>
+<p>It frees the memory associated with the result and deletes the result
+resource ID. Normally PHP frees its memory automatically at the end of
+script execution. However, if you are running a lot of queries in a
+particular script you might want to free the result after each query
+result has been generated in order to cut down on memory consumption.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT title FROM my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">free_result</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// The $query result object will no longer be available</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$query2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT name FROM some_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query2</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$query2</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">free_result</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// The $query2 result object will no longer be available</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>data_seek()</strong></p>
+<p>This method sets the internal pointer for the next result row to be
+fetched. It is only useful in combination with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unbuffered_row()</span></code>.</p>
+<p>It accepts a positive integer value, which defaults to 0 and returns
+TRUE on success or FALSE on failure.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT `field_name` FROM `table_name`&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">data_seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Skip the first 5 rows</span>
+<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unbuffered_row</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Not all database drivers support this feature and will return FALSE.
+Most notably - you won’t be able to use it with PDO.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_DB_result</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::result">
+<code class="descname">result</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$type = 'object'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::result" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Type of requested results - array, object, or class name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array containing the fetched rows</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>A wrapper for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result_array()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result_object()</span></code>
+and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">custom_result_object()</span></code> methods.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-arrays">Result Arrays</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::result_array">
+<code class="descname">result_array</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::result_array" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array containing the fetched rows</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the query results as an array of rows, where each
+row is itself an associative array.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-arrays">Result Arrays</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::result_object">
+<code class="descname">result_object</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::result_object" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array containing the fetched rows</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the query results as an array of rows, where each
+row is an object of type <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdClass</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-arrays">Result Arrays</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::custom_result_object">
+<code class="descname">custom_result_object</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$class_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::custom_result_object" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$class_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Class name for the resulting rows</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array containing the fetched rows</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the query results as an array of rows, where each
+row is an instance of the specified class.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::row">
+<code class="descname">row</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$n = 0</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$type = 'object'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::row" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Index of the query results row to be returned</li>
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The requested row or NULL if it doesn’t exist</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>A wrapper for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">row_array()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">row_object()</span> <span class="pre">and</span>
+<span class="pre">``custom_row_object()</span></code> methods.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-rows">Result Rows</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::unbuffered_row">
+<code class="descname">unbuffered_row</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$type = 'object'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::unbuffered_row" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Next row from the result set or NULL if it doesn’t exist</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Fetches the next result row and returns it in the
+requested form.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-rows">Result Rows</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::row_array">
+<code class="descname">row_array</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$n = 0</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::row_array" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Index of the query results row to be returned</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The requested row or NULL if it doesn’t exist</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the requested result row as an associative array.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-rows">Result Rows</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::row_object">
+<code class="descname">row_object</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$n = 0</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::row_object" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Index of the query results row to be returned</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The requested row or NULL if it doesn’t exist</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">stdClass</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the requested result row as an object of type
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdClass</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-rows">Result Rows</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::custom_row_object">
+<code class="descname">custom_row_object</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$n</em>, <em>$type</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::custom_row_object" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Index of the results row to return</li>
+<li><strong>$class_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Class name for the resulting row</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The requested row or NULL if it doesn’t exist</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">$type</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the requested result row as an instance of the
+requested class.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::data_seek">
+<code class="descname">data_seek</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$n = 0</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::data_seek" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Index of the results row to be returned next</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Moves the internal results row pointer to the desired offset.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-helper-methods">Result Helper Methods</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::set_row">
+<code class="descname">set_row</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::set_row" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Column name or array of key/value pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Value to assign to the column, $key is a single field name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Assigns a value to a particular column.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::next_row">
+<code class="descname">next_row</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$type = 'object'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::next_row" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Next row of result set, or NULL if it doesn’t exist</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the next row from the result set.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::previous_row">
+<code class="descname">previous_row</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$type = 'object'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::previous_row" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Previous row of result set, or NULL if it doesn’t exist</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the previous row from the result set.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::first_row">
+<code class="descname">first_row</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$type = 'object'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::first_row" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">First row of result set, or NULL if it doesn’t exist</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the first row from the result set.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::last_row">
+<code class="descname">last_row</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$type = 'object'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::last_row" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Last row of result set, or NULL if it doesn’t exist</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the last row from the result set.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::num_rows">
+<code class="descname">num_rows</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::num_rows" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Number of rows in the result set</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">int</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the number of rows in the result set.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-helper-methods">Result Helper Methods</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::num_fields">
+<code class="descname">num_fields</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::num_fields" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Number of fields in the result set</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">int</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the number of fields in the result set.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-helper-methods">Result Helper Methods</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::field_data">
+<code class="descname">field_data</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::field_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array containing field meta-data</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates an array of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdClass</span></code> objects containing
+field meta-data.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::free_result">
+<code class="descname">free_result</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::free_result" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">void</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Frees a result set.</p>
+<p>Usage: see <a class="reference internal" href="#result-helper-methods">Result Helper Methods</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_result::list_fields">
+<code class="descname">list_fields</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_result::list_fields" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array of column names</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array containing the field names in the
+result set.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="helpers.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Query Helper Methods">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
+        <a href="queries.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Queries"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
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+  
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+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/database/transactions.html b/user_guide/database/transactions.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb8fc401c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/database/transactions.html
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Transactions &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+    
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Transactions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="transactions">
+<h1>Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#transactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s database abstraction allows you to use transactions with
+databases that support transaction-safe table types. In MySQL, you’ll
+need to be running InnoDB or BDB table types rather than the more common
+MyISAM. Most other database platforms support transactions natively.</p>
+<p>If you are not familiar with transactions we recommend you find a good
+online resource to learn about them for your particular database. The
+information below assumes you have a basic understanding of
+transactions.</p>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-s-approach-to-transactions">
+<h2>CodeIgniter’s Approach to Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-s-approach-to-transactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter utilizes an approach to transactions that is very similar to
+the process used by the popular database class ADODB. We’ve chosen that
+approach because it greatly simplifies the process of running
+transactions. In most cases all that is required are two lines of code.</p>
+<p>Traditionally, transactions have required a fair amount of work to
+implement since they demand that you keep track of your queries and
+determine whether to commit or rollback based on the success or failure
+of your queries. This is particularly cumbersome with nested queries. In
+contrast, we’ve implemented a smart transaction system that does all
+this for you automatically (you can also manage your transactions
+manually if you choose to, but there’s really no benefit).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="running-transactions">
+<h2>Running Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#running-transactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To run your queries using transactions you will use the
+$this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_start() and $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_complete() functions as
+follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AND YET ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can run as many queries as you want between the start/complete
+functions and they will all be committed or rolled back based on success
+or failure of any given query.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="strict-mode">
+<h2>Strict Mode<a class="headerlink" href="#strict-mode" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>By default CodeIgniter runs all transactions in Strict Mode. When strict
+mode is enabled, if you are running multiple groups of transactions, if
+one group fails all groups will be rolled back. If strict mode is
+disabled, each group is treated independently, meaning a failure of one
+group will not affect any others.</p>
+<p>Strict Mode can be disabled as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_strict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="managing-errors">
+<h2>Managing Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you have error reporting enabled in your config/database.php file
+you’ll see a standard error message if the commit was unsuccessful. If
+debugging is turned off, you can manage your own errors like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_status</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// generate an error... or use the log_message() function to log your error</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="disabling-transactions">
+<h2>Disabling Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#disabling-transactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you would like to disable transactions you can do so using
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_off()</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_off</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When transactions are disabled, your queries will be auto-committed, just as
+they are when running queries without transactions, practically ignoring
+any calls to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_start()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trans_complete()</span></code>, etc.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="test-mode">
+<h2>Test Mode<a class="headerlink" href="#test-mode" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You can optionally put the transaction system into “test mode”, which
+will cause your queries to be rolled back – even if the queries produce
+a valid result. To use test mode simply set the first parameter in the
+$this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_start() function to TRUE:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_start</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Query will be rolled back</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_complete</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="running-transactions-manually">
+<h2>Running Transactions Manually<a class="headerlink" href="#running-transactions-manually" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you would like to run transactions manually you can do so as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_begin</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AN SQL QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;AND YET ANOTHER QUERY...&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_status</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_rollback</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trans_commit</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Make sure to use $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_begin() when running manual
+transactions, <strong>NOT</strong> $this-&gt;db-&gt;trans_start().</p>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Database Reference</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
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+          
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+    <li>Database Utility Class</li>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="database-utility-class">
+<h1>Database Utility Class<a class="headerlink" href="#database-utility-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Database Utility Class contains methods that help you manage your
+database.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-utility-class" id="id1">Initializing the Utility Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-database-utilities" id="id2">Using the Database Utilities</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#retrieve-list-of-database-names" id="id3">Retrieve list of database names</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#determine-if-a-database-exists" id="id4">Determine If a Database Exists</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#optimize-a-table" id="id5">Optimize a Table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#repair-a-table" id="id6">Repair a Table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#optimize-a-database" id="id7">Optimize a Database</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#export-a-query-result-as-a-csv-file" id="id8">Export a Query Result as a CSV File</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#export-a-query-result-as-an-xml-document" id="id9">Export a Query Result as an XML Document</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#backup-your-database" id="id10">Backup Your Database</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#database-backup-notes" id="id11">Database Backup Notes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#usage-example" id="id12">Usage Example</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-backup-preferences" id="id13">Setting Backup Preferences</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#description-of-backup-preferences" id="id14">Description of Backup Preferences</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id15">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-utility-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Initializing the Utility Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-utility-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">In order to initialize the Utility class, your database
+driver must already be running, since the utilities class relies on it.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Load the Utility Class as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also pass another database object to the DB Utility loader, in case
+the database you want to manage isn’t the default one:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">myutil</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">other_db</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, we’re passing a custom database object as the first
+parameter and then tell it to return the dbutil object, instead of
+assigning it directly to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;dbutil</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Both of the parameters can be used individually, just pass an empty
+value as the first one if you wish to skip it.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Once initialized you will access the methods using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;dbutil</span></code>
+object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-the-database-utilities">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Using the Database Utilities</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-database-utilities" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="retrieve-list-of-database-names">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Retrieve list of database names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#retrieve-list-of-database-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Returns an array of database names:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$dbs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">list_databases</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$dbs</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="determine-if-a-database-exists">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Determine If a Database Exists</a><a class="headerlink" href="#determine-if-a-database-exists" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Sometimes it’s helpful to know whether a particular database exists.
+Returns a boolean TRUE/FALSE. Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;database_name&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// some code...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Replace <em>database_name</em> with the name of the database you are
+looking for. This method is case sensitive.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="optimize-a-table">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Optimize a Table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#optimize-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Permits you to optimize a table using the table name specified in the
+first parameter. Returns TRUE/FALSE based on success or failure:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">optimize_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Success!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Not all database platforms support table optimization. It is
+mostly for use with MySQL.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="repair-a-table">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Repair a Table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#repair-a-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Permits you to repair a table using the table name specified in the
+first parameter. Returns TRUE/FALSE based on success or failure:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">repair_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Success!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Not all database platforms support table repairs.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="optimize-a-database">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Optimize a Database</a><a class="headerlink" href="#optimize-a-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Permits you to optimize the database your DB class is currently
+connected to. Returns an array containing the DB status messages or
+FALSE on failure.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">optimize_database</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$result</span> <span class="o">!==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nb">print_r</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$result</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Not all database platforms support database optimization. It
+it is mostly for use with MySQL.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="export-a-query-result-as-a-csv-file">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Export a Query Result as a CSV File</a><a class="headerlink" href="#export-a-query-result-as-a-csv-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Permits you to generate a CSV file from a query result. The first
+parameter of the method must contain the result object from your
+query. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM mytable&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">csv_from_result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The second, third, and fourth parameters allow you to set the delimiter
+newline, and enclosure characters respectively. By default commas are
+used as the delimiter, “n” is used as a new line, and a double-quote
+is used as the enclosure. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$delimiter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$newline</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$enclosure</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">csv_from_result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$delimiter</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$newline</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$enclosure</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">This method will NOT write the CSV file for you. It
+simply creates the CSV layout. If you need to write the file
+use the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File Helper</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="export-a-query-result-as-an-xml-document">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Export a Query Result as an XML Document</a><a class="headerlink" href="#export-a-query-result-as-an-xml-document" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Permits you to generate an XML file from a query result. The first
+parameter expects a query result object, the second may contain an
+optional array of config parameters. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM mytable&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;element&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;element&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;newline&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;tab&#39;</span>           <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xml_from_result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">This method will NOT write the XML file for you. It
+simply creates the XML layout. If you need to write the file
+use the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File Helper</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="backup-your-database">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Backup Your Database</a><a class="headerlink" href="#backup-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="database-backup-notes">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Database Backup Notes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#database-backup-notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Permits you to backup your full database or individual tables. The
+backup data can be compressed in either Zip or Gzip format.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This feature is only available for MySQL and Interbase/Firebird databases.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>For Interbase/Firebird databases, the backup file name is the only parameter.</p>
+<p class="last">$this-&gt;dbutil-&gt;backup(‘db_backup_filename’);</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Due to the limited execution time and memory available to PHP,
+backing up very large databases may not be possible. If your database is
+very large you might need to backup directly from your SQL server via
+the command line, or have your server admin do it for you if you do not
+have root privileges.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="usage-example">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Usage Example</a><a class="headerlink" href="#usage-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Load the DB utility class</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Backup your entire database and assign it to a variable</span>
+<span class="nv">$backup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">backup</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Load the file helper and write the file to your server</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;file&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nx">write_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/mybackup.gz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$backup</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Load the download helper and send the file to your desktop</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;download&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nx">force_download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mybackup.gz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$backup</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-backup-preferences">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Setting Backup Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-backup-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Backup preferences are set by submitting an array of values to the first
+parameter of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">backup()</span></code> method. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$prefs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;tables&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;table2&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>   <span class="c1">// Array of tables to backup.</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;ignore&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(),</span>                     <span class="c1">// List of tables to omit from the backup</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;format&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;txt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>                       <span class="c1">// gzip, zip, txt</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mybackup.sql&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>              <span class="c1">// File name - NEEDED ONLY WITH ZIP FILES</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;add_drop&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>                        <span class="c1">// Whether to add DROP TABLE statements to backup file</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;add_insert&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>                        <span class="c1">// Whether to add INSERT data to backup file</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;newline&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>                         <span class="c1">// Newline character used in backup file</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbutil</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">backup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$prefs</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="description-of-backup-preferences">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Description of Backup Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#description-of-backup-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="16%" />
+<col width="16%" />
+<col width="16%" />
+<col width="51%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default Value</th>
+<th class="head">Options</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>tables</strong></td>
+<td>empty array</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>An array of tables you want backed up. If left blank all tables will be
+exported.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>ignore</strong></td>
+<td>empty array</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>An array of tables you want the backup routine to ignore.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>format</strong></td>
+<td>gzip</td>
+<td>gzip, zip, txt</td>
+<td>The file format of the export file.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>filename</strong></td>
+<td>the current date/time</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The name of the backed-up file. The name is needed only if you are using
+zip compression.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>add_drop</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE</td>
+<td>Whether to include DROP TABLE statements in your SQL export file.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>add_insert</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE</td>
+<td>Whether to include INSERT statements in your SQL export file.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>newline</strong></td>
+<td>“\n”</td>
+<td>“\n”, “\r”, “\r\n”</td>
+<td>Type of newline to use in your SQL export file.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>foreign_key_checks</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE</td>
+<td>Whether output should keep foreign key checks enabled.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_DB_utility">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_DB_utility</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_utility::backup">
+<code class="descname">backup</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$params = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::backup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array of options</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">raw/(g)zipped SQL query string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Perform a database backup, per user preferences.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_utility::database_exists">
+<code class="descname">database_exists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$database_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::database_exists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$database_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Database name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the database exists, FALSE otherwise</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Check for the existence of a database.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_utility::list_databases">
+<code class="descname">list_databases</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::list_databases" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array of database names found</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Retrieve a list of all the database names.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_utility::optimize_database">
+<code class="descname">optimize_database</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::optimize_database" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array of optimization messages or FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Optimizes the database.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_utility::optimize_table">
+<code class="descname">optimize_table</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::optimize_table" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Name of the table to optimize</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of optimization messages or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Optimizes a database table.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_utility::repair_table">
+<code class="descname">repair_table</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$table_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::repair_table" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Name of the table to repair</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of repair messages or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Repairs a database table.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_utility::csv_from_result">
+<code class="descname">csv_from_result</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$query</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$delim = '</em>, <em>'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$newline = &quot;n&quot;</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$enclosure = '&quot;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::csv_from_result" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$query</strong> (<em>object</em>) – A database result object</li>
+<li><strong>$delim</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The CSV field delimiter to use</li>
+<li><strong>$newline</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The newline character to use</li>
+<li><strong>$enclosure</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The enclosure delimiter to use</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The generated CSV file as a string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Translates a database result object into a CSV document.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_DB_utility::xml_from_result">
+<code class="descname">xml_from_result</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$query</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$params = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_DB_utility::xml_from_result" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$query</strong> (<em>object</em>) – A database result object</li>
+<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array of preferences</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The generated XML document as a string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Translates a database result object into an XML document.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
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+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/documentation/index.html b/user_guide/documentation/index.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/documentation/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  
+  <title>Writing CodeIgniter Documentation &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="writing-codeigniter-documentation">
+<h1>Writing CodeIgniter Documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#writing-codeigniter-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter uses Sphinx to generate its documentation in a variety of formats,
+using reStructuredText to handle the formatting.  If you are familiar with
+Markdown or Textile, you will quickly grasp reStructuredText.  The focus is
+on readability and user friendliness.
+While they can be quite technical, we always write for humans!</p>
+<p>A local table of contents should always be included, like the one below.
+It is created automatically by inserting the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">..</span> <span class="nx">contents</span><span class="o">::</span>
+        <span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">local</span><span class="o">:</span>
+
+<span class="o">..</span> <span class="nx">raw</span><span class="o">::</span> <span class="na">html</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">div</span> <span class="nx">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;custom-index container&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nx">div</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tools-required" id="id1">Tools Required</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#page-and-section-headings-and-subheadings" id="id2">Page and Section Headings and Subheadings</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#method-documentation" id="id3">Method Documentation</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><p>The &lt;div&gt; that is inserted as raw HTML is a hook for the documentation’s
+JavaScript to dynamically add links to any function and method definitions
+contained in the current page.</p>
+<div class="section" id="tools-required">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Tools Required</a><a class="headerlink" href="#tools-required" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To see the rendered HTML, ePub, PDF, etc., you will need to install Sphinx
+along with the PHP domain extension for Sphinx.  The underlying requirement
+is to have Python installed.  Lastly, you will install the CI Lexer for
+Pygments, so that code blocks can be properly highlighted.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>easy_install <span class="s2">&quot;sphinx==1.2.3&quot;</span>
+easy_install <span class="s2">&quot;sphinxcontrib-phpdomain==0.1.3.post1&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then follow the directions in the README file in the <code class="samp docutils literal"><span class="pre">cilexer</span></code> folder
+inside the documentation repository to install the CI Lexer.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="page-and-section-headings-and-subheadings">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Page and Section Headings and Subheadings</a><a class="headerlink" href="#page-and-section-headings-and-subheadings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Headings not only provide order and sections within a page, but they also
+are used to automatically build both the page and document table of contents.
+Headings are formed by using certain characters as underlines for a bit of
+text.  Major headings, like page titles and section headings also use
+overlines.  Other headings just use underlines, with the following hierarchy:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># with overline for page titles</span>
+<span class="o">*</span> <span class="nx">with</span> <span class="nx">overline</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nx">major</span> <span class="nx">sections</span>
+<span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nx">subsections</span>
+<span class="o">-</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nx">subsubsections</span>
+<span class="o">^</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nx">subsubsubsections</span>
+<span class="s2">&quot; for subsubsubsubsections (!)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <a class="reference download internal" href="../_downloads/ELDocs.tmbundle.zip" download=""><code class="xref download docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextMate</span> <span class="pre">ELDocs</span> <span class="pre">Bundle</span></code></a> can help you
+create these with the following tab triggers:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="c1">##########</span>
+        <span class="nx">Page</span> <span class="nx">Title</span>
+        <span class="c1">##########</span>
+
+<span class="nx">sec</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="o">*************</span>
+        <span class="nx">Major</span> <span class="nx">Section</span>
+        <span class="o">*************</span>
+
+<span class="nx">sub</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="na">Subsection</span>
+        <span class="o">==========</span>
+
+<span class="nx">sss</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="na">SubSubSection</span>
+        <span class="o">-------------</span>
+
+<span class="nx">ssss</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="na">SubSubSubSection</span>
+        <span class="o">^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^</span>
+
+<span class="nx">sssss</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="na">SubSubSubSubSection</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="method-documentation">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Method Documentation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#method-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>When documenting class methods for third party developers, Sphinx provides
+directives to assist and keep things simple.
+For example, consider the following ReST:</p>
+<div class="highlight-rst"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">..</span> <span class="ow">php:class</span><span class="p">::</span> Some_class
+
+<span class="p">        ..</span> <span class="ow">php:method</span><span class="p">::</span> some_method ( $foo [, $bar [, $bat]])
+
+                This function will perform some action. The <span class="s">``$bar``</span> array must contain
+                a something and something else, and along with <span class="s">``$bat``</span> is an optional
+                parameter.
+
+                <span class="nc">:param int $foo:</span> <span class="nf">the foo id to do something in</span>
+                <span class="nc">:param mixed $bar:</span> <span class="nf">A data array that must contain a something and something else</span>
+                <span class="nc">:param bool $bat:</span> <span class="nf">whether or not to do something</span>
+                <span class="nc">:returns:</span> <span class="nf">FALSE on failure, TRUE if successful</span>
+                <span class="nc">:rtype:</span> <span class="nf">bool</span>
+
+                <span class="se">::</span>
+
+<span class="s">                        $this-&gt;load-&gt;library(&#39;some_class&#39;);</span>
+
+<span class="s">                        $bar = array(</span>
+<span class="s">                                &#39;something&#39;             =&gt; &#39;Here is this parameter!&#39;,</span>
+<span class="s">                                &#39;something_else&#39;        =&gt; 42</span>
+<span class="s">                        );</span>
+
+<span class="s">                        $bat = $this-&gt;some_class-&gt;should_do_something();</span>
+
+<span class="s">                        if ($this-&gt;some_class-&gt;some_method(4, $bar, $bat) === FALSE)</span>
+<span class="s">                        {</span>
+<span class="s">                                show_error(&#39;An Error Occurred Doing Some Method&#39;);</span>
+<span class="s">                        }</span>
+
+<span class="p">                ..</span> <span class="ow">note</span><span class="p">::</span> Here is something that you should be aware of when using some_method().
+                                For real.
+
+                See also <span class="na">:meth:</span><span class="nv">`Some_class::should_do_something`</span>
+
+
+<span class="p">        ..</span> <span class="ow">php:method</span><span class="p">::</span> should_do_something()
+
+                <span class="nc">:returns:</span> <span class="nf">Whether or not something should be done</span>
+                <span class="nc">:rtype:</span> <span class="nf">bool</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>It creates the following display:</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="Some_class">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Some_class</code><a class="headerlink" href="#Some_class" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="Some_class::some_method">
+<code class="descname">some_method</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$foo</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$bar</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$bat</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#Some_class::some_method" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This function will perform some action. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$bar</span></code> array must contain
+a something and something else, and along with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$bat</span></code> is an optional
+parameter.</p>
+<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$foo</strong> (<em>int</em>) – the foo id to do something in</li>
+<li><strong>$bar</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – A data array that must contain a something and something else</li>
+<li><strong>$bat</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – whether or not to do something</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">FALSE on failure, TRUE if successful</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_class&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;something&#39;</span>             <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Here is this parameter!&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;something_else&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">42</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$bat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_class</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">should_do_something</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_class</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bat</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nx">show_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;An Error Occurred Doing Some Method&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Here is something that you should be aware of when using some_method().
+For real.</p>
+</div>
+<p>See also <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">Some_class::should_do_something()</span></code></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="Some_class::should_do_something">
+<code class="descname">should_do_something</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#Some_class::should_do_something" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Whether or not something should be done</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd></dl>
+
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+
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/alternative_php.html b/user_guide/general/alternative_php.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c5a1913c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/alternative_php.html
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+    <li>Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</li>
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+  <div class="section" id="alternate-php-syntax-for-view-files">
+<h1>Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files<a class="headerlink" href="#alternate-php-syntax-for-view-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>If you do not utilize CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">template
+engine</span></a>, you’ll be using pure PHP in your
+View files. To minimize the PHP code in these files, and to make it
+easier to identify the code blocks it is recommended that you use PHPs
+alternative syntax for control structures and short tag echo statements.
+If you are not familiar with this syntax, it allows you to eliminate the
+braces from your code, and eliminate “echo” statements.</p>
+<div class="section" id="automatic-short-tag-support">
+<h2>Automatic Short Tag Support<a class="headerlink" href="#automatic-short-tag-support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you find that the syntax described in this page does not
+work on your server it might be that “short tags” are disabled in your
+PHP ini file. CodeIgniter will optionally rewrite short tags on-the-fly,
+allowing you to use that syntax even if your server doesn’t support it.
+This feature can be enabled in your <em>config/config.php</em> file.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Please note that if you do use this feature, if PHP errors are
+encountered in your <strong>view files</strong>, the error message and line number
+will not be accurately shown. Instead, all errors will be shown as
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code> errors.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="alternative-echos">
+<h2>Alternative Echos<a class="headerlink" href="#alternative-echos" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Normally to echo, or print out a variable you would do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$variable</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With the alternative syntax you can instead do it this way:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?=</span><span class="nv">$variable</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="alternative-control-structures">
+<h2>Alternative Control Structures<a class="headerlink" href="#alternative-control-structures" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Controls structures, like if, for, foreach, and while can be written in
+a simplified format as well. Here is an example using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foreach</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">ul</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$todo</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$item</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notice that there are no braces. Instead, the end brace is replaced with
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">endforeach</span></code>. Each of the control structures listed above has a similar
+closing syntax: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">endif</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">endfor</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">endforeach</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">endwhile</span></code></p>
+<p>Also notice that instead of using a semicolon after each structure
+(except the last one), there is a colon. This is important!</p>
+<p>Here is another example, using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">elseif</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">else</span></code>. Notice the colons:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$username</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sally&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Hi Sally<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">elseif</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$username</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s1">&#39;joe&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Hi Joe<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">else</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Hi unknown user<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endif</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="security.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Security">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
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+      
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+  
+
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+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
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+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/ancillary_classes.html b/user_guide/general/ancillary_classes.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c24e8700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/ancillary_classes.html
@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Creating Ancillary Classes &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Hooks - Extending the Framework Core" href="hooks.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Creating Core System Classes" href="core_classes.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+  <a href="#" id="openToc">
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+        
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+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Creating Ancillary Classes</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="creating-ancillary-classes">
+<h1>Creating Ancillary Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-ancillary-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>In some cases you may want to develop classes that exist apart from your
+controllers but have the ability to utilize all of CodeIgniter’s
+resources. This is easily possible as you’ll see.</p>
+<div class="section" id="get-instance">
+<h2>get_instance()<a class="headerlink" href="#get-instance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="get_instance">
+<code class="descname">get_instance</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#get_instance" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Reference to your controller’s instance</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_Controller</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p><strong>Any class that you instantiate within your controller methods can
+access CodeIgniter’s native resources</strong> simply by using the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> function. This function returns the main
+CodeIgniter object.</p>
+<p>Normally, to call any of the available methods, CodeIgniter requires
+you to use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code> construct:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// etc.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>, however, only works within your controllers, your models,
+or your views. If you would like to use CodeIgniter’s classes from
+within your own custom classes you can do so as follows:</p>
+<p>First, assign the CodeIgniter object to a variable:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once you’ve assigned the object to a variable, you’ll use that variable
+<em>instead</em> of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// etc.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you’ll be using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> inside another class, then it would
+be better if you assign it to a property. This way, you won’t need to call
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> in every single method.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Example</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">protected</span> <span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+        <span class="c1">// We&#39;ll use a constructor, as you can&#39;t directly call a function</span>
+        <span class="c1">// from a property definition.</span>
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Assign the CodeIgniter super-object</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nx">redirect</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, both methods <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bar()</span></code> will work
+after you instantiate the Example class, without the need to call
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> in each of them.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="hooks.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Hooks - Extending the Framework Core">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="core_classes.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Creating Core System Classes"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
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+  
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+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+  
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+  <script type="text/javascript">
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+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/autoloader.html b/user_guide/general/autoloader.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a92a1ddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/autoloader.html
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Auto-loading Resources &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Common Functions" href="common_functions.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Hooks - Extending the Framework Core" href="hooks.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+  <div class="section" id="auto-loading-resources">
+<h1>Auto-loading Resources<a class="headerlink" href="#auto-loading-resources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter comes with an “Auto-load” feature that permits libraries,
+helpers, and models to be initialized automatically every time the
+system runs. If you need certain resources globally throughout your
+application you should consider auto-loading them for convenience.</p>
+<p>The following items can be loaded automatically:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Classes found in the <em>libraries/</em> directory</li>
+<li>Helper files found in the <em>helpers/</em> directory</li>
+<li>Custom config files found in the <em>config/</em> directory</li>
+<li>Language files found in the <em>system/language/</em> directory</li>
+<li>Models found in the <em>models/</em> folder</li>
+</ul>
+<p>To autoload resources, open the <strong>application/config/autoload.php</strong>
+file and add the item you want loaded to the autoload array. You’ll
+find instructions in that file corresponding to each type of item.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Do not include the file extension (.php) when adding items to
+the autoload array.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Additionally, if you want CodeIgniter to use a <a class="reference external" href="https://getcomposer.org/">Composer</a>
+auto-loader, just set <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['composer_autoload']</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TRUE</span></code> or
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+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
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+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
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+      jQuery(function () {
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/caching.html b/user_guide/general/caching.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a6cb845d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/caching.html
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Web Page Caching &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+    
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+  
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
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+        <link rel="prev" title="Error Handling" href="errors.html"/> 
+
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+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Web Page Caching</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="web-page-caching">
+<h1>Web Page Caching<a class="headerlink" href="#web-page-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter lets you cache your pages in order to achieve maximum
+performance.</p>
+<p>Although CodeIgniter is quite fast, the amount of dynamic information
+you display in your pages will correlate directly to the server
+resources, memory, and processing cycles utilized, which affect your
+page load speeds. By caching your pages, since they are saved in their
+fully rendered state, you can achieve performance that nears that of
+static web pages.</p>
+<div class="section" id="how-does-caching-work">
+<h2>How Does Caching Work?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-does-caching-work" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Caching can be enabled on a per-page basis, and you can set the length
+of time that a page should remain cached before being refreshed. When a
+page is loaded for the first time, the cache file will be written to
+your application/cache folder. On subsequent page loads the cache file
+will be retrieved and sent to the requesting user’s browser. If it has
+expired, it will be deleted and refreshed before being sent to the
+browser.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enabling-caching">
+<h2>Enabling Caching<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To enable caching, put the following tag in any of your controller
+methods:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$n</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$n</span></code> is the number of <strong>minutes</strong> you wish the page to remain
+cached between refreshes.</p>
+<p>The above tag can go anywhere within a method. It is not affected by
+the order that it appears, so place it wherever it seems most logical to
+you. Once the tag is in place, your pages will begin being cached.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Because of the way CodeIgniter stores content for output,
+caching will only work if you are generating display for your
+controller with a <a class="reference internal" href="views.html"><span class="doc">view</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">If you change configuration options that might affect
+your output, you have to manually delete your cache files.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Before the cache files can be written you must set the file
+permissions on your <em>application/cache/</em> directory such that
+it is writable.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deleting-caches">
+<h2>Deleting Caches<a class="headerlink" href="#deleting-caches" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you no longer wish to cache a file you can remove the caching tag and
+it will no longer be refreshed when it expires.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Removing the tag will not delete the cache immediately. It will
+have to expire normally.</p>
+</div>
+<p>If you need to manually delete the cache, you can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_cache()</span></code>
+method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Deletes cache for the currently requested URI</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete_cache</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Deletes cache for /foo/bar</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete_cache</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/foo/bar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="profiling.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Profiling Your Application">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="errors.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Error Handling"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
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+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/cli.html b/user_guide/general/cli.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea2b31060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/cli.html
@@ -0,0 +1,573 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Running via the CLI &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Managing your Applications" href="managing_apps.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Profiling Your Application" href="profiling.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
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+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Running via the CLI</li>
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+      
+    </li>
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+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="running-via-the-cli">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Running via the CLI</a><a class="headerlink" href="#running-via-the-cli" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>As well as calling an applications <a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controllers</span></a>
+via the URL in a browser they can also be loaded via the command-line
+interface (CLI).</p>
+<div class="contents topic" id="page-contents">
+<p class="topic-title first">Page Contents</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-via-the-cli" id="id1">Running via the CLI</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-the-cli" id="id2">What is the CLI?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#why-run-via-the-command-line" id="id3">Why run via the command-line?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" id="id4">Let’s try it: Hello World!</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#that-s-it" id="id5">That’s it!</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-is-the-cli">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">What is the CLI?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-the-cli" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The command-line interface is a text-based method of interacting with
+computers. For more information, check the <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface">Wikipedia
+article</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="why-run-via-the-command-line">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Why run via the command-line?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#why-run-via-the-command-line" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are many reasons for running CodeIgniter from the command-line,
+but they are not always obvious.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Run your cron-jobs without needing to use <em>wget</em> or <em>curl</em></li>
+<li>Make your cron-jobs inaccessible from being loaded in the URL by
+checking the return value of <a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#is_cli" title="is_cli"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_cli()</span></code></a>.</li>
+<li>Make interactive “tasks” that can do things like set permissions,
+prune cache folders, run backups, etc.</li>
+<li>Integrate with other applications in other languages. For example, a
+random C++ script could call one command and run code in your models!</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="let-s-try-it-hello-world">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Let’s try it: Hello World!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Let’s create a simple controller so you can see it in action. Using your
+text editor, create a file called Tools.php, and put the following code
+in it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Tools</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$to</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;World&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Hello </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="nv">$to</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">!&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">PHP_EOL</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then save the file to your <em>application/controllers/</em> folder.</p>
+<p>Now normally you would visit the site using a URL similar to this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">tools</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">message</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">to</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Instead, we are going to open the terminal in Mac/Linux or go to Run &gt; “cmd”
+in Windows and navigate to our CodeIgniter project.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> /path/to/project<span class="p">;</span>
+$ php index.php tools message
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you did it right, you should see <em>Hello World!</em> printed.</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ php index.php tools message <span class="s2">&quot;John Smith&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here we are passing it a argument in the same way that URL parameters
+work. “John Smith” is passed as a argument and output is:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">Hello</span> <span class="nx">John</span> <span class="nx">Smith</span><span class="o">!</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="that-s-it">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">That’s it!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#that-s-it" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>That, in a nutshell, is all there is to know about controllers on the
+command line. Remember that this is just a normal controller, so routing
+and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> works fine.</p>
+</div>
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/common_functions.html b/user_guide/general/common_functions.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c530c63c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/common_functions.html
@@ -0,0 +1,776 @@
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Common Functions</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="common-functions">
+<h1>Common Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#common-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter uses a few functions for its operation that are globally
+defined, and are available to you at any point. These do not require
+loading any libraries or helpers.</p>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><dl class="function">
+<dt id="is_php">
+<code class="descname">is_php</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$version</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#is_php" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$version</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Version number</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the running PHP version is at least the one specified or FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Determines if the PHP version being used is greater than the
+supplied version number.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">is_php</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;5.3&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">quoted_printable_encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Returns boolean TRUE if the installed version of PHP is equal to or
+greater than the supplied version number. Returns FALSE if the installed
+version of PHP is lower than the supplied version number.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="is_really_writable">
+<code class="descname">is_really_writable</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$file</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#is_really_writable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$file</strong> (<em>string</em>) – File path</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the path is writable, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_writable()</span></code> returns TRUE on Windows servers when you really can’t
+write to the file as the OS reports to PHP as FALSE only if the
+read-only attribute is marked.</p>
+<p>This function determines if a file is actually writable by attempting
+to write to it first. Generally only recommended on platforms where
+this information may be unreliable.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">is_really_writable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;file.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;I could write to this if I wanted to&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;File is not writable&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">See also <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=54709">PHP bug #54709</a> for more info.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="config_item">
+<code class="descname">config_item</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#config_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Config item key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Configuration key value or NULL if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> is the preferred way of
+accessing configuration information, however <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">config_item()</span></code> can be used
+to retrieve single keys. See <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a>
+documentation for more information.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="set_status_header">
+<code class="descname">set_status_header</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$code</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$text = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#set_status_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$code</strong> (<em>int</em>) – HTTP Response status code</li>
+<li><strong>$text</strong> (<em>string</em>) – A custom message to set with the status code</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to manually set a server status header. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">set_status_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">401</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Sets the header as:  Unauthorized</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html">See here</a> for
+a full list of headers.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="remove_invisible_characters">
+<code class="descname">remove_invisible_characters</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$url_encoded = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#remove_invisible_characters" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$url_encoded</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to remove URL-encoded characters as well</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Sanitized string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function prevents inserting NULL characters between ASCII
+characters, like Java\0script.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">remove_invisible_characters</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Java\\0script&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Returns: &#39;Javascript&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="html_escape">
+<code class="descname">html_escape</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$var</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#html_escape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$var</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Variable to escape (string or array)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML escaped string(s)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function acts as an alias for PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">htmlspecialchars()</span></code>
+function, with the advantage of being able to accept an array of strings.</p>
+<p>It is useful in preventing Cross Site Scripting (XSS).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="get_mimes">
+<code class="descname">get_mimes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#get_mimes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An associative array of file types</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function returns a <em>reference</em> to the MIMEs array from
+<em>application/config/mimes.php</em>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="is_https">
+<code class="descname">is_https</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#is_https" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if currently using HTTP-over-SSL, FALSE if not</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns TRUE if a secure (HTTPS) connection is used and FALSE
+in any other case (including non-HTTP requests).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="is_cli">
+<code class="descname">is_cli</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#is_cli" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if currently running under CLI, FALSE otherwise</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns TRUE if the application is run through the command line
+and FALSE if not.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function checks both if the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PHP_SAPI</span></code> value is ‘cli’
+or if the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STDIN</span></code> constant is defined.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="function_usable">
+<code class="descname">function_usable</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$function_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#function_usable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$function_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Function name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the function can be used, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns TRUE if a function exists and is usable, FALSE otherwise.</p>
+<p>This function runs a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">function_exists()</span></code> check and if the
+<cite>Suhosin extension &lt;http://www.hardened-php.net/suhosin/&gt;</cite> is loaded,
+checks if it doesn’t disable the function being checked.</p>
+<p>It is useful if you want to check for the availability of functions
+such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code>, which are dangerous and might be
+disabled on servers with highly restrictive security policies.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function was introduced because Suhosin terminated
+script execution, but this turned out to be a bug. A fix
+has been available for some time (version 0.9.34), but is
+unfortunately not released yet.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="compatibility_functions.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Compatibility Functions">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="autoloader.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Auto-loading Resources"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/compatibility_functions.html b/user_guide/general/compatibility_functions.html
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/user_guide/general/compatibility_functions.html
@@ -0,0 +1,914 @@
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Compatibility Functions</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="compatibility-functions">
+<h1>Compatibility Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#compatibility-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter provides a set of compatibility functions that enable
+you to use functions what are otherwise natively available in PHP,
+but only in higher versions or depending on a certain extension.</p>
+<p>Being custom implementations, these functions will also have some
+set of dependencies on their own, but are still useful if your
+PHP setup doesn’t offer them natively.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Much like the <a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common functions</span></a>, the
+compatibility functions are always available, as long as
+their dependencies are met.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#password-hashing" id="id7">Password Hashing</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dependencies" id="id8">Dependencies</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#constants" id="id9">Constants</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#function-reference" id="id10">Function reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#hash-message-digest" id="id11">Hash (Message Digest)</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1" id="id12">Dependencies</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2" id="id13">Function reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#multibyte-string" id="id14">Multibyte String</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id3" id="id15">Dependencies</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id4" id="id16">Function reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#standard-functions" id="id17">Standard Functions</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id5" id="id18">Dependencies</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id6" id="id19">Function reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="password-hashing">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Password Hashing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#password-hashing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This set of compatibility functions offers a “backport” of PHP’s
+standard <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password">Password Hashing extension</a>
+that is otherwise available only since PHP 5.5.</p>
+<div class="section" id="dependencies">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Dependencies</a><a class="headerlink" href="#dependencies" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>PHP 5.3.7</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CRYPT_BLOWFISH</span></code> support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">crypt()</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="constants">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Constants</a><a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PASSWORD_BCRYPT</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PASSWORD_DEFAULT</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="function-reference">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Function reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#function-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="password_get_info">
+<code class="descname">password_get_info</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$hash</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#password_get_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$hash</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Password hash</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Information about the hashed password</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password_get_info">PHP manual for
+password_get_info()</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="password_hash">
+<code class="descname">password_hash</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$password</em>, <em>$algo</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$options = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#password_hash" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$password</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Plain-text password</li>
+<li><strong>$algo</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Hashing algorithm</li>
+<li><strong>$options</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Hashing options</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Hashed password or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password_hash">PHP manual for
+password_hash()</a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Unless you provide your own (and valid) salt, this function
+has a further dependency on an available CSPRNG source. Each
+of the following would satisfy that:
+- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mcrypt_create_iv()</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM</span></code>
+- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">openssl_random_pseudo_bytes()</span></code>
+- /dev/arandom
+- /dev/urandom</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="password_needs_rehash">
+<code class="descname">password_needs_rehash</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#password_needs_rehash" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$hash</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Password hash</li>
+<li><strong>$algo</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Hashing algorithm</li>
+<li><strong>$options</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Hashing options</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the hash should be rehashed to match the given algorithm and options, FALSE otherwise</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password_needs_rehash">PHP manual for
+password_needs_rehash()</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="password_verify">
+<code class="descname">password_verify</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$password</em>, <em>$hash</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#password_verify" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$password</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Plain-text password</li>
+<li><strong>$hash</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Password hash</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the password matches the hash, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password_verify">PHP manual for
+password_verify()</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hash-message-digest">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Hash (Message Digest)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#hash-message-digest" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This compatibility layer contains backports for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash_equals()</span></code>
+and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash_pbkdf2()</span></code> functions, which otherwise require PHP 5.6 and/or
+PHP 5.5 respectively.</p>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Dependencies</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>None</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id2">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Function reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="hash_equals">
+<code class="descname">hash_equals</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$known_string</em>, <em>$user_string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hash_equals" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$known_string</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Known string</li>
+<li><strong>$user_string</strong> (<em>string</em>) – User-supplied string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the strings match, FALSE otherwise</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/hash_equals">PHP manual for
+hash_equals()</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="hash_pbkdf2">
+<code class="descname">hash_pbkdf2</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$algo</em>, <em>$password</em>, <em>$salt</em>, <em>$iterations</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$length = 0</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$raw_output = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hash_pbkdf2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$algo</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Hashing algorithm</li>
+<li><strong>$password</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Password</li>
+<li><strong>$salt</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Hash salt</li>
+<li><strong>$iterations</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of iterations to perform during derivation</li>
+<li><strong>$length</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Output string length</li>
+<li><strong>$raw_output</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to return raw binary data</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Password-derived key or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/hash_pbkdf2">PHP manual for
+hash_pbkdf2()</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="multibyte-string">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Multibyte String</a><a class="headerlink" href="#multibyte-string" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This set of compatibility functions offers limited support for PHP’s
+<a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mbstring">Multibyte String extension</a>. Because of
+the limited alternative solutions, only a few functions are available.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">When a character set parameter is ommited,
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['charset']</span></code> will be used.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id3">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Dependencies</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/iconv">iconv</a> extension</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">This dependency is optional and these functions will
+always be declared. If iconv is not available, they WILL
+fall-back to their non-mbstring versions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Where a character set is supplied, it must be
+supported by iconv and in a format that it recognizes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">For you own dependency check on the actual mbstring
+extension, use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MB_ENABLED</span></code> constant.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id4">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Function reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mb_strlen">
+<code class="descname">mb_strlen</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$encoding = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mb_strlen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$encoding</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Character set</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Number of characters in the input string or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mb_strlen">PHP manual for
+mb_strlen()</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mb_strpos">
+<code class="descname">mb_strpos</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$haystack</em>, <em>$needle</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$offset = 0</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$encoding = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mb_strpos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$haystack</strong> (<em>string</em>) – String to search in</li>
+<li><strong>$needle</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Part of string to search for</li>
+<li><strong>$offset</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Search offset</li>
+<li><strong>$encoding</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Character set</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Numeric character position of where $needle was found or FALSE if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mb_strpos">PHP manual for
+mb_strpos()</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mb_substr">
+<code class="descname">mb_substr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em>, <em>$start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$length = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$encoding = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mb_substr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$start</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Position of first character</li>
+<li><strong>$length</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Maximum number of characters</li>
+<li><strong>$encoding</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Character set</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Portion of $str specified by $start and $length or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mb_substr">PHP manual for
+mb_substr()</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="standard-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">Standard Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#standard-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This set of compatibility functions offers support for a few
+standard functions in PHP that otherwise require a newer PHP version.</p>
+<div class="section" id="id5">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Dependencies</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>None</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id6">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Function reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="array_column">
+<code class="descname">array_column</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>array $array</em>, <em>$column_key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$index_key = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#array_column" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$array</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Array to fetch results from</li>
+<li><strong>$column_key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Key of the column to return values from</li>
+<li><strong>$index_key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Key to use for the returned values</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array of values representing a single column from the input array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/array_column">PHP manual for
+array_column()</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="hex2bin">
+<code class="descname">hex2bin</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hex2bin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Hexadecimal representation of data</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Binary representation of the given data</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/hex2bin">PHP manual for hex2bin()</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="routing.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="URI Routing">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="common_functions.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Common Functions"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
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+  
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+  
+
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/controllers.html b/user_guide/general/controllers.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bcb5155d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/controllers.html
@@ -0,0 +1,845 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Controllers &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
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+  
+    
+
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="controllers">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Controllers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#controllers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Controllers are the heart of your application, as they determine how
+HTTP requests should be handled.</p>
+<div class="contents topic" id="page-contents">
+<p class="topic-title first">Page Contents</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#controllers" id="id1">Controllers</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-a-controller" id="id2">What is a Controller?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" id="id3">Let’s try it: Hello World!</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods" id="id4">Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods" id="id5">Passing URI Segments to your methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#defining-a-default-controller" id="id6">Defining a Default Controller</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#remapping-method-calls" id="id7">Remapping Method Calls</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#processing-output" id="id8">Processing Output</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#private-methods" id="id9">Private methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories" id="id10">Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-constructors" id="id11">Class Constructors</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reserved-method-names" id="id12">Reserved method names</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#that-s-it" id="id13">That’s it!</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-is-a-controller">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">What is a Controller?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-a-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>A Controller is simply a class file that is named in a way that can be
+associated with a URI.</strong></p>
+<p>Consider this URI:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, CodeIgniter would attempt to find a controller
+named Blog.php and load it.</p>
+<p><strong>When a controller’s name matches the first segment of a URI, it will
+be loaded.</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="let-s-try-it-hello-world">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Let’s try it: Hello World!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Let’s create a simple controller so you can see it in action. Using your
+text editor, create a file called Blog.php, and put the following code
+in it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello World!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then save the file to your <em>application/controllers/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The file must be called ‘Blog.php’, with a capital ‘B’.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Now visit the your site using a URL similar to this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you did it right, you should see:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>Hello World!</div></blockquote>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Class names must start with an uppercase letter.</p>
+</div>
+<p>This is valid:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This is <strong>not</strong> valid:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Also, always make sure your controller extends the parent controller
+class so that it can inherit all its methods.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="methods">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In the above example the method name is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index()</span></code>. The “index” method
+is always loaded by default if the <strong>second segment</strong> of the URI is
+empty. Another way to show your “Hello World” message would be this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>The second segment of the URI determines which method in the
+controller gets called.</strong></p>
+<p>Let’s try it. Add a new method to your controller:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello World!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">comments</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Look at this!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now load the following URL to see the comment method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">comments</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You should see your new message.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Passing URI Segments to your methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If your URI contains more than two segments they will be passed to your
+method as parameters.</p>
+<p>For example, let’s say you have a URI like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">sandals</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">123</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Your method will be passed URI segments 3 and 4 (“sandals” and “123”):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Products</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">shoes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sandals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$sandals</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">If you are using the <a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a>
+feature, the segments passed to your method will be the re-routed
+ones.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="defining-a-default-controller">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Defining a Default Controller</a><a class="headerlink" href="#defining-a-default-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter can be told to load a default controller when a URI is not
+present, as will be the case when only your site root URL is requested.
+To specify a default controller, open your <strong>application/config/routes.php</strong>
+file and set this variable:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where ‘blog’ is the name of the controller class you want used. If you now
+load your main index.php file without specifying any URI segments you’ll
+see your “Hello World” message by default.</p>
+<p>For more information, please refer to the “Reserved Routes” section of the
+<a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a> documentation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="remapping-method-calls">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Remapping Method Calls</a><a class="headerlink" href="#remapping-method-calls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>As noted above, the second segment of the URI typically determines which
+method in the controller gets called. CodeIgniter permits you to override
+this behavior through the use of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// Some code here...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">If your controller contains a method named _remap(),
+it will <strong>always</strong> get called regardless of what your URI contains. It
+overrides the normal behavior in which the URI determines which method
+is called, allowing you to define your own method routing rules.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The overridden method call (typically the second segment of the URI) will
+be passed as a parameter to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s1">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="k">else</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">default_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Any extra segments after the method name are passed into <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></code> as an
+optional second parameter. This array can be used in combination with
+PHP’s <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/call_user_func_array">call_user_func_array()</a>
+to emulate CodeIgniter’s default behavior.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;process_&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">method_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">))</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">call_user_func_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="processing-output">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Processing Output</a><a class="headerlink" href="#processing-output" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter has an output class that takes care of sending your final
+rendered data to the web browser automatically. More information on this
+can be found in the <a class="reference internal" href="views.html"><span class="doc">Views</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Class</span></a> pages. In some cases, however, you might want to
+post-process the finalized data in some way and send it to the browser
+yourself. CodeIgniter permits you to add a method named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code>
+to your controller that will receive the finalized output data.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">If your controller contains a method named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code>,
+it will <strong>always</strong> be called by the output class instead of
+echoing the finalized data directly. The first parameter of the
+method will contain the finalized output.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Here is an example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>Please note that your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code> method will receive the
+data in its finalized state. Benchmark and memory usage data
+will be rendered, cache files written (if you have caching
+enabled), and headers will be sent (if you use that
+<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">feature</span></a>) before it is handed off
+to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code> method.
+To have your controller’s output cached properly, its
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></code> method can use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_expiration</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">_write_cache</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p class="last">If you are using this feature the page execution timer and
+memory usage stats might not be perfectly accurate since they
+will not take into account any further processing you do.
+For an alternate way to control output <em>before</em> any of the
+final processing is done, please see the available methods
+in the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="private-methods">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Private methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#private-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In some cases you may want certain methods hidden from public access.
+In order to achieve this, simply declare the method as being private
+or protected and it will not be served via a URL request. For example,
+if you were to have a method like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">private</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_utility</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// some code</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Trying to access it via the URL, like this, will not work:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">_utility</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Prefixing method names with an underscore will also prevent
+them from being called. This is a legacy feature that is left
+for backwards-compatibility.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories</a><a class="headerlink" href="#organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you are building a large application you might want to hierarchically
+organize or structure your controllers into sub-directories. CodeIgniter
+permits you to do this.</p>
+<p>Simply create sub-directories under the main <em>application/controllers/</em>
+one and place your controller classes within them.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>When using this feature the first segment of your URI must
+specify the folder. For example, let’s say you have a controller located
+here:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">controllers</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">Shoes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To call the above controller your URI will look something like this:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">show</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">123</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Each of your sub-directories may contain a default controller which will be
+called if the URL contains <em>only</em> the sub-directory. Simply put a controller
+in there that matches the name of your ‘default_controller’ as specified in
+your <em>application/config/routes.php</em> file.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter also permits you to remap your URIs using its <a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI
+Routing</span></a> feature.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-constructors">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Class Constructors</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-constructors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you intend to use a constructor in any of your Controllers, you
+<strong>MUST</strong> place the following line of code in it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The reason this line is necessary is because your local constructor will
+be overriding the one in the parent controller class so we need to
+manually call it.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Your own constructor code</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Constructors are useful if you need to set some default values, or run a
+default process when your class is instantiated. Constructors can’t
+return a value, but they can do some default work.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reserved-method-names">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Reserved method names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#reserved-method-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Since your controller classes will extend the main application
+controller you must be careful not to name your methods identically to
+the ones used by that class, otherwise your local functions will
+override them. See <a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html"><span class="doc">Reserved Names</span></a> for a full
+list.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">You should also never have a method named identically
+to its class name. If you do, and there is no <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></code>
+method in the same class, then your e.g. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Index::index()</span></code>
+method will be executed as a class constructor! This is a PHP4
+backwards-compatibility feature.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="that-s-it">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">That’s it!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#that-s-it" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>That, in a nutshell, is all there is to know about controllers.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
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+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
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+        
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+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Creating Core System Classes</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="creating-core-system-classes">
+<h1>Creating Core System Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-core-system-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Every time CodeIgniter runs there are several base classes that are
+initialized automatically as part of the core framework. It is possible,
+however, to swap any of the core system classes with your own versions
+or even extend the core versions.</p>
+<p><strong>Most users will never have any need to do this, but the option to
+replace or extend them does exist for those who would like to
+significantly alter the CodeIgniter core.</strong></p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Messing with a core system class has a lot of implications, so
+make sure you know what you are doing before attempting it.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="system-class-list">
+<h2>System Class List<a class="headerlink" href="#system-class-list" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following is a list of the core system files that are invoked every
+time CodeIgniter runs:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Benchmark</li>
+<li>Config</li>
+<li>Controller</li>
+<li>Exceptions</li>
+<li>Hooks</li>
+<li>Input</li>
+<li>Language</li>
+<li>Loader</li>
+<li>Log</li>
+<li>Output</li>
+<li>Router</li>
+<li>Security</li>
+<li>URI</li>
+<li>Utf8</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="replacing-core-classes">
+<h2>Replacing Core Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-core-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To use one of your own system classes instead of a default one simply
+place your version inside your local <em>application/core/</em> directory:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">core</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">some_class</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If this directory does not exist you can create it.</p>
+<p>Any file named identically to one from the list above will be used
+instead of the one normally used.</p>
+<p>Please note that your class must use CI as a prefix. For example, if
+your file is named Input.php the class will be named:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CI_Input</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="extending-core-class">
+<h2>Extending Core Class<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-core-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If all you need to do is add some functionality to an existing library -
+perhaps add a method or two - then it’s overkill to replace the entire
+library with your version. In this case it’s better to simply extend the
+class. Extending a class is nearly identical to replacing a class with a
+couple exceptions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The class declaration must extend the parent class.</li>
+<li>Your new class name and filename must be prefixed with MY_ (this
+item is configurable. See below.).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For example, to extend the native Input class you’ll create a file named
+application/core/MY_Input.php, and declare your class with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MY_Input</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Input</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>If you need to use a constructor in your class make sure you
+extend the parent constructor:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MY_Input</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Input</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Your own constructor code</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Tip:</strong> Any functions in your class that are named identically to the
+methods in the parent class will be used instead of the native ones
+(this is known as “method overriding”). This allows you to substantially
+alter the CodeIgniter core.</p>
+<p>If you are extending the Controller core class, then be sure to extend
+your new class in your application controller’s constructors.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Welcome</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">MY_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;welcome_message&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-your-own-prefix">
+<h3>Setting Your Own Prefix<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-own-prefix" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To set your own sub-class prefix, open your
+<em>application/config/config.php</em> file and look for this item:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;subclass_prefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MY_&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please note that all native CodeIgniter libraries are prefixed
+with CI_ so DO NOT use that as your prefix.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="ancillary_classes.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Creating Ancillary Classes">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="creating_drivers.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Creating Drivers"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
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+
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+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
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+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/creating_drivers.html b/user_guide/general/creating_drivers.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0abeb80ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/creating_drivers.html
@@ -0,0 +1,524 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Creating Drivers &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Creating Core System Classes" href="core_classes.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Using CodeIgniter Drivers" href="drivers.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
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+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
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+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+  <div class="section" id="creating-drivers">
+<h1>Creating Drivers<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-drivers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="driver-directory-and-file-structure">
+<h2>Driver Directory and File Structure<a class="headerlink" href="#driver-directory-and-file-structure" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Sample driver directory and file structure layout:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>/application/libraries/Driver_name<ul>
+<li>Driver_name.php</li>
+<li>drivers<ul>
+<li>Driver_name_subclass_1.php</li>
+<li>Driver_name_subclass_2.php</li>
+<li>Driver_name_subclass_3.php</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In order to maintain compatibility on case-sensitive
+file systems, the Driver_name directory must be
+named in the format returned by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ucfirst()</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The Driver library’s architecture is such that
+the subclasses don’t extend and therefore don’t inherit
+properties or methods of the main driver.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/creating_libraries.html b/user_guide/general/creating_libraries.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8c1d2718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/creating_libraries.html
@@ -0,0 +1,754 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>Creating Libraries &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Creating Libraries</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="creating-libraries">
+<h1>Creating Libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-libraries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>When we use the term “Libraries” we are normally referring to the
+classes that are located in the libraries directory and described in the
+Class Reference of this user guide. In this case, however, we will
+instead describe how you can create your own libraries within your
+application/libraries directory in order to maintain separation between
+your local resources and the global framework resources.</p>
+<p>As an added bonus, CodeIgniter permits your libraries to extend native
+classes if you simply need to add some functionality to an existing
+library. Or you can even replace native libraries just by placing
+identically named versions in your <em>application/libraries</em> directory.</p>
+<p>In summary:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>You can create entirely new libraries.</li>
+<li>You can extend native libraries.</li>
+<li>You can replace native libraries.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The page below explains these three concepts in detail.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The Database classes can not be extended or replaced with your
+own classes. All other classes are able to be replaced/extended.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="storage">
+<h2>Storage<a class="headerlink" href="#storage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Your library classes should be placed within your <em>application/libraries</em>
+directory, as this is where CodeIgniter will look for them when they are
+initialized.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="naming-conventions">
+<h2>Naming Conventions<a class="headerlink" href="#naming-conventions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>File names must be capitalized. For example: Myclass.php</li>
+<li>Class declarations must be capitalized. For example: class Myclass</li>
+<li>Class names and file names must match.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-class-file">
+<h2>The Class File<a class="headerlink" href="#the-class-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Classes should have this basic prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="nb">defined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;BASEPATH&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;No direct script access allowed&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Someclass</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">We are using the name Someclass purely as an example.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-your-class">
+<h2>Using Your Class<a class="headerlink" href="#using-your-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>From within any of your <a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controller</span></a> methods you
+can initialize your class using the standard:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;someclass&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where <em>someclass</em> is the file name, without the “.php” file extension.
+You can submit the file name capitalized or lower case. CodeIgniter
+doesn’t care.</p>
+<p>Once loaded you can access your class using the lower case version:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">someclass</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="nx"> </span> <span class="c1">// Object instances will always be lower case</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="passing-parameters-when-initializing-your-class">
+<h2>Passing Parameters When Initializing Your Class<a class="headerlink" href="#passing-parameters-when-initializing-your-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In the library loading method you can dynamically pass data as an
+array via the second parameter and it will be passed to your class
+constructor:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;large&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;someclass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you use this feature you must set up your class constructor to expect
+data:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="nb">defined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;BASEPATH&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;No direct script access allowed&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Someclass</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Do something with $params</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also pass parameters stored in a config file. Simply create a
+config file named identically to the class file name and store it in
+your <em>application/config/</em> directory. Note that if you dynamically pass
+parameters as described above, the config file option will not be
+available.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="utilizing-codeigniter-resources-within-your-library">
+<h2>Utilizing CodeIgniter Resources within Your Library<a class="headerlink" href="#utilizing-codeigniter-resources-within-your-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To access CodeIgniter’s native resources within your library use the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> method. This method returns the CodeIgniter super
+object.</p>
+<p>Normally from within your controller methods you will call any of the
+available CodeIgniter methods using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code> construct:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// etc.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>, however, only works directly within your controllers, your
+models, or your views. If you would like to use CodeIgniter’s classes
+from within your own custom classes you can do so as follows:</p>
+<p>First, assign the CodeIgniter object to a variable:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once you’ve assigned the object to a variable, you’ll use that variable
+<em>instead</em> of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// etc.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>You’ll notice that the above <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> function is being
+passed by reference:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p class="last">This is very important. Assigning by reference allows you to use the
+original CodeIgniter object rather than creating a copy of it.</p>
+</div>
+<p>However, since a library is a class, it would be better if you
+take full advantage of the OOP principles. So, in order to
+be able to use the CodeIgniter super-object in all of the class
+methods, you’re encouraged to assign it to a property instead:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Example_library</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">protected</span> <span class="nv">$CI</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+        <span class="c1">// We&#39;ll use a constructor, as you can&#39;t directly call a function</span>
+        <span class="c1">// from a property definition.</span>
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Assign the CodeIgniter super-object</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span> <span class="o">=&amp;</span> <span class="nx">get_instance</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nx">redirect</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">CI</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="replacing-native-libraries-with-your-versions">
+<h2>Replacing Native Libraries with Your Versions<a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-native-libraries-with-your-versions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Simply by naming your class files identically to a native library will
+cause CodeIgniter to use it instead of the native one. To use this
+feature you must name the file and the class declaration exactly the
+same as the native library. For example, to replace the native Email
+library you’ll create a file named <em>application/libraries/Email.php</em>,
+and declare your class with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CI_Email</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that most native classes are prefixed with CI_.</p>
+<p>To load your library you’ll see the standard loading method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">At this time the Database classes can not be replaced with
+your own versions.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="extending-native-libraries">
+<h2>Extending Native Libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-native-libraries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If all you need to do is add some functionality to an existing library -
+perhaps add a method or two - then it’s overkill to replace the entire
+library with your version. In this case it’s better to simply extend the
+class. Extending a class is nearly identical to replacing a class with a
+couple exceptions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The class declaration must extend the parent class.</li>
+<li>Your new class name and filename must be prefixed with MY_ (this
+item is configurable. See below.).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For example, to extend the native Email class you’ll create a file named
+<em>application/libraries/MY_Email.php</em>, and declare your class with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MY_Email</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Email</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you need to use a constructor in your class make sure you
+extend the parent constructor:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MY_Email</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Email</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">())</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Your own constructor code</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Not all of the libraries have the same (or any) parameters
+in their constructor. Take a look at the library that you’re
+extending first to see how it should be implemented.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="loading-your-sub-class">
+<h3>Loading Your Sub-class<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-your-sub-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To load your sub-class you’ll use the standard syntax normally used. DO
+NOT include your prefix. For example, to load the example above, which
+extends the Email class, you will use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded you will use the class variable as you normally would for
+the class you are extending. In the case of the email class all calls
+will use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-your-own-prefix">
+<h3>Setting Your Own Prefix<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-own-prefix" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To set your own sub-class prefix, open your
+<em>application/config/config.php</em> file and look for this item:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;subclass_prefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MY_&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please note that all native CodeIgniter libraries are prefixed with CI_
+so DO NOT use that as your prefix.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="drivers.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Using CodeIgniter Drivers">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
+        <a href="libraries.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Using CodeIgniter Libraries"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
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+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
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+  
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+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/credits.html b/user_guide/general/credits.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..498e002a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/credits.html
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Credits &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Server Requirements" href="requirements.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
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+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+</div>
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+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Credits</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
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+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="credits">
+<h1>Credits<a class="headerlink" href="#credits" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter was originally developed by <a class="reference external" href="https://ellislab.com/">Rick Ellis</a>
+(CEO of <a class="reference external" href="https://ellislab.com/">EllisLab, Inc.</a>). The framework was written for
+performance in the real world, with many of the class libraries, helpers, and
+sub-systems borrowed from the code-base of <a class="reference external" href="https://ellislab.com/expressionengine">ExpressionEngine</a>.</p>
+<p>It was, for years, developed and maintained by EllisLab, the ExpressionEngine
+Development Team and a group of community members called the Reactor Team.</p>
+<p>In 2014, CodeIgniter was acquired by the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.bcit.ca/">British Columbia Institute of Technology</a> and was then officially announced as a community-maintained
+project.</p>
+<p>Bleeding edge development is spearheaded by the handpicked contributors
+of the Reactor Team.</p>
+<p>A hat tip goes to Ruby on Rails for inspiring us to create a PHP framework, and
+for bringing frameworks into the general consciousness of the web community.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+      
+        <a href="requirements.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Server Requirements"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/drivers.html b/user_guide/general/drivers.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..470d4ea19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/drivers.html
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Using CodeIgniter Drivers &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Creating Drivers" href="creating_drivers.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Creating Libraries" href="creating_libraries.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
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+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="using-codeigniter-drivers">
+<h1>Using CodeIgniter Drivers<a class="headerlink" href="#using-codeigniter-drivers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Drivers are a special type of Library that has a parent class and any
+number of potential child classes. Child classes have access to the
+parent class, but not their siblings. Drivers provide an elegant syntax
+in your <a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controllers</span></a> for libraries that benefit
+from or require being broken down into discrete classes.</p>
+<p>Drivers are found in the <em>system/libraries/</em> directory, in their own
+sub-directory which is identically named to the parent library class.
+Also inside that directory is a subdirectory named drivers, which
+contains all of the possible child class files.</p>
+<p>To use a driver you will initialize it within a controller using the
+following initialization method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;class_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where class name is the name of the driver class you want to invoke. For
+example, to load a driver named “Some_parent” you would do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_parent&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Methods of that class can then be invoked with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_parent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The child classes, the drivers themselves, can then be called directly
+through the parent class, without initializing them:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_parent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">child_one</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">some_parent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">child_two</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">another_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-your-own-drivers">
+<h2>Creating Your Own Drivers<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-your-own-drivers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please read the section of the user guide that discusses how to <a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html"><span class="doc">create
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/environments.html b/user_guide/general/environments.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0aabd17c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/environments.html
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>Handling Multiple Environments &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+        <link rel="prev" title="Managing your Applications" href="managing_apps.html"/> 
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Handling Multiple Environments</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="handling-multiple-environments">
+<h1>Handling Multiple Environments<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-multiple-environments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Developers often desire different system behavior depending on whether
+an application is running in a development or production environment.
+For example, verbose error output is something that would be useful
+while developing an application, but it may also pose a security issue
+when “live”.</p>
+<div class="section" id="the-environment-constant">
+<h2>The ENVIRONMENT Constant<a class="headerlink" href="#the-environment-constant" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>By default, CodeIgniter comes with the environment constant set to use
+the value provided in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER['CI_ENV']</span></code>, otherwise defaults to
+‘development’. At the top of index.php, you will see:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ENVIRONMENT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">isset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_SERVER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;CI_ENV&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="nv">$_SERVER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;CI_ENV&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;development&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This server variable can be set in your .htaccess file, or Apache
+config using <a class="reference external" href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_env.html#setenv">SetEnv</a>.
+Alternative methods are available for nginx and other servers, or you can
+remove this logic entirely and set the constant based on the server’s IP address.</p>
+<p>In addition to affecting some basic framework behavior (see the next
+section), you may use this constant in your own development to
+differentiate between which environment you are running in.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="effects-on-default-framework-behavior">
+<h2>Effects On Default Framework Behavior<a class="headerlink" href="#effects-on-default-framework-behavior" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are some places in the CodeIgniter system where the ENVIRONMENT
+constant is used. This section describes how default framework behavior
+is affected.</p>
+<div class="section" id="error-reporting">
+<h3>Error Reporting<a class="headerlink" href="#error-reporting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Setting the ENVIRONMENT constant to a value of ‘development’ will cause
+all PHP errors to be rendered to the browser when they occur.
+Conversely, setting the constant to ‘production’ will disable all error
+output. Disabling error reporting in production is a <a class="reference internal" href="security.html"><span class="doc">good security
+practice</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="configuration-files">
+<h3>Configuration Files<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Optionally, you can have CodeIgniter load environment-specific
+configuration files. This may be useful for managing things like
+differing API keys across multiple environments. This is described in
+more detail in the environment section of the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Class</span></a> documentation.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="alternative_php.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="managing_apps.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Managing your Applications"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+   
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/errors.html b/user_guide/general/errors.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d031b9356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/errors.html
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Error Handling &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Web Page Caching" href="caching.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="URI Routing" href="routing.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
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+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Error Handling</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Error Handling</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
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+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="error-handling">
+<h1>Error Handling<a class="headerlink" href="#error-handling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter lets you build error reporting into your applications using
+the functions described below. In addition, it has an error logging
+class that permits error and debugging messages to be saved as text
+files.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">By default, CodeIgniter displays all PHP errors. You might
+wish to change this behavior once your development is complete. You’ll
+find the error_reporting() function located at the top of your main
+index.php file. Disabling error reporting will NOT prevent log files
+from being written if there are errors.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Unlike most systems in CodeIgniter, the error functions are simple
+procedural interfaces that are available globally throughout the
+application. This approach permits error messages to get triggered
+without having to worry about class/function scoping.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter also returns a status code whenever a portion of the core
+calls <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exit()</span></code>. This exit status code is separate from the HTTP status
+code, and serves as a notice to other processes that may be watching of
+whether the script completed successfully, or if not, what kind of
+problem it encountered that caused it to abort. These values are
+defined in <em>application/config/constants.php</em>. While exit status codes
+are most useful in CLI settings, returning the proper code helps server
+software keep track of your scripts and the health of your application.</p>
+<p>The following functions let you generate errors:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="show_error">
+<code class="descname">show_error</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$message</em>, <em>$status_code</em>, <em>$heading = 'An Error Was Encountered'</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#show_error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$message</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Error message</li>
+<li><strong>$status_code</strong> (<em>int</em>) – HTTP Response status code</li>
+<li><strong>$heading</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error page heading</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function will display the error message supplied to it using
+the error template appropriate to your execution:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">views</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">errors</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">error_general</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>application/views/errors/cli/error_general.php</div></blockquote>
+<p>The optional parameter <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$status_code</span></code> determines what HTTP status
+code should be sent with the error. If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$status_code</span></code> is less
+than 100, the HTTP status code will be set to 500, and the exit
+status code will be set to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$status_code</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">EXIT__AUTO_MIN</span></code>.
+If that value is larger than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXIT__AUTO_MAX</span></code>, or if
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$status_code</span></code> is 100 or higher, the exit status code will be set
+to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXIT_ERROR</span></code>.
+You can check in <em>application/config/constants.php</em> for more detail.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="show_404">
+<code class="descname">show_404</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$page = ''</em>, <em>$log_error = TRUE</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#show_404" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$page</strong> (<em>string</em>) – URI string</li>
+<li><strong>$log_error</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to log the error</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function will display the 404 error message supplied to it
+using the error template appropriate to your execution:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">views</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">errors</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">error_404</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>or:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>application/views/errors/cli/error_404.php</div></blockquote>
+<p>The function expects the string passed to it to be the file path to
+the page that isn’t found. The exit status code will be set to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXIT_UNKNOWN_FILE</span></code>.
+Note that CodeIgniter automatically shows 404 messages if
+controllers are not found.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter automatically logs any <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">show_404()</span></code> calls. Setting the
+optional second parameter to FALSE will skip logging.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="log_message">
+<code class="descname">log_message</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$level</em>, <em>$message</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#log_message" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$level</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Log level: ‘error’, ‘debug’ or ‘info’</li>
+<li><strong>$message</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Message to log</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function lets you write messages to your log files. You must
+supply one of three “levels” in the first parameter, indicating what
+type of message it is (debug, error, info), with the message itself
+in the second parameter.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$some_var</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nx">log_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;error&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Some variable did not contain a value.&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nx">log_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;debug&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Some variable was correctly set&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="nx">log_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;info&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;The purpose of some variable is to provide some value.&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>There are three message types:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Error Messages. These are actual errors, such as PHP errors or
+user errors.</li>
+<li>Debug Messages. These are messages that assist in debugging. For
+example, if a class has been initialized, you could log this as
+debugging info.</li>
+<li>Informational Messages. These are the lowest priority messages,
+simply giving information regarding some process.</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In order for the log file to actually be written, the
+<em>logs/</em> directory must be writable. In addition, you must
+set the “threshold” for logging in
+<em>application/config/config.php</em>. You might, for example,
+only want error messages to be logged, and not the other
+two types. If you set it to zero logging will be disabled.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
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+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
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+
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+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/helpers.html b/user_guide/general/helpers.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d7093053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/helpers.html
@@ -0,0 +1,629 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Helper Functions</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="helper-functions">
+<h1>Helper Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#helper-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Helpers, as the name suggests, help you with tasks. Each helper file is
+simply a collection of functions in a particular category. There are <strong>URL
+Helpers</strong>, that assist in creating links, there are Form Helpers that help
+you create form elements, <strong>Text Helpers</strong> perform various text formatting
+routines, <strong>Cookie Helpers</strong> set and read cookies, File Helpers help you
+deal with files, etc.</p>
+<p>Unlike most other systems in CodeIgniter, Helpers are not written in an
+Object Oriented format. They are simple, procedural functions. Each
+helper function performs one specific task, with no dependence on other
+functions.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter does not load Helper Files by default, so the first step in
+using a Helper is to load it. Once loaded, it becomes globally available
+in your <a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> and
+<a class="reference internal" href="views.html"><span class="doc">views</span></a>.</p>
+<p>Helpers are typically stored in your <strong>system/helpers</strong>, or
+<strong>application/helpers directory</strong>. CodeIgniter will look first in your
+<strong>application/helpers directory</strong>. If the directory does not exist or the
+specified helper is not located there CI will instead look in your
+global <em>system/helpers/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="section" id="loading-a-helper">
+<h2>Loading a Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-a-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Loading a helper file is quite simple using the following method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where <strong>name</strong> is the file name of the helper, without the .php file
+extension or the “helper” part.</p>
+<p>For example, to load the <strong>URL Helper</strong> file, which is named
+<strong>url_helper.php</strong>, you would do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A helper can be loaded anywhere within your controller methods (or
+even within your View files, although that’s not a good practice), as
+long as you load it before you use it. You can load your helpers in your
+controller constructor so that they become available automatically in
+any function, or you can load a helper in a specific function that needs
+it.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The Helper loading method above does not return a value, so
+don’t try to assign it to a variable. Just use it as shown.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="loading-multiple-helpers">
+<h2>Loading Multiple Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-multiple-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you need to load more than one helper you can specify them in an
+array, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;helper1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;helper2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;helper3&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="auto-loading-helpers">
+<h2>Auto-loading Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#auto-loading-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you find that you need a particular helper globally throughout your
+application, you can tell CodeIgniter to auto-load it during system
+initialization. This is done by opening the <strong>application/config/autoload.php</strong>
+file and adding the helper to the autoload array.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-a-helper">
+<h2>Using a Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#using-a-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Once you’ve loaded the Helper File containing the function you intend to
+use, you’ll call it the way you would a standard PHP function.</p>
+<p>For example, to create a link using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor()</span></code> function in one of
+your view files you would do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">anchor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog/comments&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Click Here&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where “Click Here” is the name of the link, and “blog/comments” is the
+URI to the controller/method you wish to link to.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="extending-helpers">
+<h2>“Extending” Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To “extend” Helpers, create a file in your <strong>application/helpers/</strong> folder
+with an identical name to the existing Helper, but prefixed with <strong>MY_</strong>
+(this item is configurable. See below.).</p>
+<p>If all you need to do is add some functionality to an existing helper -
+perhaps add a function or two, or change how a particular helper
+function operates - then it’s overkill to replace the entire helper with
+your version. In this case it’s better to simply “extend” the Helper.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The term “extend” is used loosely since Helper functions are
+procedural and discrete and cannot be extended in the traditional
+programmatic sense. Under the hood, this gives you the ability to
+add to or or to replace the functions a Helper provides.</p>
+</div>
+<p>For example, to extend the native <strong>Array Helper</strong> you’ll create a file
+named <strong>application/helpers/MY_array_helper.php</strong>, and add or override
+functions:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// any_in_array() is not in the Array Helper, so it defines a new function</span>
+<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">any_in_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$needle</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$haystack</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$needle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">is_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$needle</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="nv">$needle</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$needle</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+        <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$needle</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">in_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$haystack</span><span class="p">))</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// random_element() is included in Array Helper, so it overrides the native function</span>
+<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">random_element</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nb">shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">array_pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-your-own-prefix">
+<h3>Setting Your Own Prefix<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-own-prefix" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The filename prefix for “extending” Helpers is the same used to extend
+libraries and core classes. To set your own prefix, open your
+<strong>application/config/config.php</strong> file and look for this item:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;subclass_prefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MY_&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please note that all native CodeIgniter libraries are prefixed with <strong>CI_</strong>
+so DO NOT use that as your prefix.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="now-what">
+<h2>Now What?<a class="headerlink" href="#now-what" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In the Table of Contents you’ll find a list of all the available Helper
+Files. Browse each one to see what they do.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="libraries.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Using CodeIgniter Libraries">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
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+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/hooks.html b/user_guide/general/hooks.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/hooks.html
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Hooks - Extending the Framework Core &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
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+    
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+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="hooks-extending-the-framework-core">
+<h1>Hooks - Extending the Framework Core<a class="headerlink" href="#hooks-extending-the-framework-core" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s Hooks feature provides a means to tap into and modify the
+inner workings of the framework without hacking the core files. When
+CodeIgniter runs it follows a specific execution process, diagramed in
+the <a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html"><span class="doc">Application Flow</span></a> page. There may be
+instances, however, where you’d like to cause some action to take place
+at a particular stage in the execution process. For example, you might
+want to run a script right before your controllers get loaded, or right
+after, or you might want to trigger one of your own scripts in some
+other location.</p>
+<div class="section" id="enabling-hooks">
+<h2>Enabling Hooks<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-hooks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The hooks feature can be globally enabled/disabled by setting the
+following item in the <strong>application/config/config.php</strong> file:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;enable_hooks&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="defining-a-hook">
+<h2>Defining a Hook<a class="headerlink" href="#defining-a-hook" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Hooks are defined in the <strong>application/config/hooks.php</strong> file.
+Each hook is specified as an array with this prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hook</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pre_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MyClass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;function&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Myfunction&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Myclass.php&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;filepath&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hooks&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;params&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;beer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;wine&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;snacks&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
+<p>The array index correlates to the name of the particular hook point you
+want to use. In the above example the hook point is pre_controller. A
+list of hook points is found below. The following items should be
+defined in your associative hook array:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>class</strong> The name of the class you wish to invoke. If you prefer to
+use a procedural function instead of a class, leave this item blank.</li>
+<li><strong>function</strong> The function (or method) name you wish to call.</li>
+<li><strong>filename</strong> The file name containing your class/function.</li>
+<li><strong>filepath</strong> The name of the directory containing your script.
+Note:
+Your script must be located in a directory INSIDE your <em>application/</em>
+directory, so the file path is relative to that directory. For example,
+if your script is located in <em>application/hooks/</em>, you will simply use
+‘hooks’ as your filepath. If your script is located in
+<em>application/hooks/utilities/</em> you will use ‘hooks/utilities’ as your
+filepath. No trailing slash.</li>
+<li><strong>params</strong> Any parameters you wish to pass to your script. This item
+is optional.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>You can also use lambda/anoymous functions (or closures) as hooks, with
+a simpler syntax:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hook</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;post_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">function</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="cm">/* do something here */</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="multiple-calls-to-the-same-hook">
+<h2>Multiple Calls to the Same Hook<a class="headerlink" href="#multiple-calls-to-the-same-hook" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If want to use the same hook point with more than one script, simply
+make your array declaration multi-dimensional, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hook</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pre_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">][]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MyClass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;function&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MyMethod&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Myclass.php&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;filepath&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hooks&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;params&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;beer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;wine&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;snacks&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$hook</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pre_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">][]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MyOtherClass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;function&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MyOtherMethod&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Myotherclass.php&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;filepath&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hooks&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;params&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;yellow&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blue&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notice the brackets after each array index:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hook</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pre_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">][]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This permits you to have the same hook point with multiple scripts. The
+order you define your array will be the execution order.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hook-points">
+<h2>Hook Points<a class="headerlink" href="#hook-points" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following is a list of available hook points.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>pre_system</strong>
+Called very early during system execution. Only the benchmark and
+hooks class have been loaded at this point. No routing or other
+processes have happened.</li>
+<li><strong>pre_controller</strong>
+Called immediately prior to any of your controllers being called.
+All base classes, routing, and security checks have been done.</li>
+<li><strong>post_controller_constructor</strong>
+Called immediately after your controller is instantiated, but prior
+to any method calls happening.</li>
+<li><strong>post_controller</strong>
+Called immediately after your controller is fully executed.</li>
+<li><strong>display_override</strong>
+Overrides the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_display()</span></code> method, used to send the finalized page
+to the web browser at the end of system execution. This permits you
+to use your own display methodology. Note that you will need to
+reference the CI superobject with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;CI</span> <span class="pre">=&amp;</span> <span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code> and
+then the finalized data will be available by calling
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;CI-&gt;output-&gt;get_output()</span></code>.</li>
+<li><strong>cache_override</strong>
+Enables you to call your own method instead of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_display_cache()</span></code>
+method in the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a>. This permits
+you to use your own cache display mechanism.</li>
+<li><strong>post_system</strong>
+Called after the final rendered page is sent to the browser, at the
+end of system execution after the finalized data is sent to the
+browser.</li>
+</ul>
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+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/index.html b/user_guide/general/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a72cb17f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  
+  <title>General Topics &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
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+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
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+  <div class="section" id="general-topics">
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/libraries.html b/user_guide/general/libraries.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2877f739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/libraries.html
@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Using CodeIgniter Libraries &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
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+  
+    
+
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Creating Libraries" href="creating_libraries.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Helper Functions" href="helpers.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+
+          
+        
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+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
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+  <div class="section" id="using-codeigniter-libraries">
+<h1>Using CodeIgniter Libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#using-codeigniter-libraries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>All of the available libraries are located in your <em>system/libraries/</em>
+directory. In most cases, to use one of these classes involves initializing
+it within a <a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> using the following
+initialization method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;class_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where ‘class_name’ is the name of the class you want to invoke. For
+example, to load the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> you would do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once initialized you can use it as indicated in the user guide page
+corresponding to that class.</p>
+<p>Additionally, multiple libraries can be loaded at the same time by
+passing an array of libraries to the load method.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-your-own-libraries">
+<h2>Creating Your Own Libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-your-own-libraries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please read the section of the user guide that discusses how to
+<a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html"><span class="doc">create your own libraries</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
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+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="creating_libraries.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Creating Libraries">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
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+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
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+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/managing_apps.html b/user_guide/general/managing_apps.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..925968190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/managing_apps.html
@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Managing your Applications &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Handling Multiple Environments" href="environments.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Running via the CLI" href="cli.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+  <div id="nav">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
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+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Managing your Applications</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="managing-your-applications">
+<h1>Managing your Applications<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-your-applications" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>By default it is assumed that you only intend to use CodeIgniter to
+manage one application, which you will build in your <em>application/</em>
+directory. It is possible, however, to have multiple sets of
+applications that share a single CodeIgniter installation, or even to
+rename or relocate your application directory.</p>
+<div class="section" id="renaming-the-application-directory">
+<h2>Renaming the Application Directory<a class="headerlink" href="#renaming-the-application-directory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you would like to rename your application directory you may do so
+as long as you open your main index.php file and set its name using
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$application_folder</span></code> variable:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$application_folder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;application&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="relocating-your-application-directory">
+<h2>Relocating your Application Directory<a class="headerlink" href="#relocating-your-application-directory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>It is possible to move your application directory to a different
+location on your server than your web root. To do so open
+your main index.php and set a <em>full server path</em> in the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$application_folder</span></code> variable:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$application_folder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/your/application&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="running-multiple-applications-with-one-codeigniter-installation">
+<h2>Running Multiple Applications with one CodeIgniter Installation<a class="headerlink" href="#running-multiple-applications-with-one-codeigniter-installation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you would like to share a common CodeIgniter installation to manage
+several different applications simply put all of the directories located
+inside your application directory into their own sub-directory.</p>
+<p>For example, let’s say you want to create two applications, named “foo”
+and “bar”. You could structure your application directories like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">config</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">controllers</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">libraries</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">models</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">views</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">config</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">controllers</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">libraries</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">models</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">applications</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">views</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To select a particular application for use requires that you open your
+main index.php file and set the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$application_folder</span></code> variable. For
+example, to select the “foo” application for use you would do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$application_folder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;applications/foo&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Each of your applications will need its own index.php file
+which calls the desired application. The index.php file can be named
+anything you want.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="environments.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Handling Multiple Environments">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="cli.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Running via the CLI"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+  
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/models.html b/user_guide/general/models.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a79f5d46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/models.html
@@ -0,0 +1,673 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Models &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Helper Functions" href="helpers.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Views" href="views.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
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+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
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+  <div class="section" id="models">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Models</a><a class="headerlink" href="#models" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Models are <strong>optionally</strong> available for those who want to use a more
+traditional MVC approach.</p>
+<div class="contents topic" id="page-contents">
+<p class="topic-title first">Page Contents</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#models" id="id1">Models</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-a-model" id="id2">What is a Model?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#anatomy-of-a-model" id="id3">Anatomy of a Model</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-a-model" id="id4">Loading a Model</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#auto-loading-models" id="id5">Auto-loading Models</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#connecting-to-your-database" id="id6">Connecting to your Database</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-is-a-model">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">What is a Model?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-a-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Models are PHP classes that are designed to work with information in
+your database. For example, let’s say you use CodeIgniter to manage a
+blog. You might have a model class that contains functions to insert,
+update, and retrieve your blog data. Here is an example of what such a
+model class might look like:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog_model</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$content</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$date</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_last_ten_entries</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;entries&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">insert_entry</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span>    <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="c1">// please read the below note</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">content</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">date</span>     <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;entries&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">update_entry</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">title</span>    <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">content</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">date</span>     <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;entries&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">]));</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The methods in the above example use the <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> database methods.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">For the sake of simplicity in this example we’re using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code>
+directly. This is generally bad practice, and a more common approach
+would be to use the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a>
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;input-&gt;post('title')</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="anatomy-of-a-model">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Anatomy of a Model</a><a class="headerlink" href="#anatomy-of-a-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Model classes are stored in your <strong>application/models/</strong> directory.
+They can be nested within sub-directories if you want this type of
+organization.</p>
+<p>The basic prototype for a model class is this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Model_name</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where <strong>Model_name</strong> is the name of your class. Class names <strong>must</strong> have
+the first letter capitalized with the rest of the name lowercase. Make
+sure your class extends the base Model class.</p>
+<p>The file name must match the class name. For example, if this is your class:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User_model</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Your file will be this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">models</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">User_model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="loading-a-model">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Loading a Model</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-a-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Your models will typically be loaded and called from within your
+<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> methods. To load a model you will use
+the following method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If your model is located in a sub-directory, include the relative path
+from your models directory. For example, if you have a model located at
+<em>application/models/blog/Queries.php</em> you’ll load it using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog/queries&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, you will access your model methods using an object with the
+same name as your class:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model_name</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you would like your model assigned to a different object name you can
+specify it via the second parameter of the loading method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foobar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">foobar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is an example of a controller, that loads a model, then serves a
+view:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog_controller</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">blog</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;query&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">blog</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_last_ten_entries</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="auto-loading-models">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Auto-loading Models</a><a class="headerlink" href="#auto-loading-models" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you find that you need a particular model globally throughout your
+application, you can tell CodeIgniter to auto-load it during system
+initialization. This is done by opening the
+<strong>application/config/autoload.php</strong> file and adding the model to the
+autoload array.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="connecting-to-your-database">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Connecting to your Database</a><a class="headerlink" href="#connecting-to-your-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>When a model is loaded it does <strong>NOT</strong> connect automatically to your
+database. The following options for connecting are available to you:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">You can connect using the standard database methods <a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html"><span class="doc">described
+here</span></a>, either from within your
+Controller class or your Model class.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">You can tell the model loading method to auto-connect by passing
+TRUE (boolean) via the third parameter, and connectivity settings,
+as defined in your database config file will be used:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">You can manually pass database connectivity settings via the third
+parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myusername&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mypassword&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mydatabase&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbdriver&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysqli&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;pconnect&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;db_debug&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
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+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/profiling.html b/user_guide/general/profiling.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbacb3014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/profiling.html
@@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>Profiling Your Application &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Profiling Your Application</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="profiling-your-application">
+<h1>Profiling Your Application<a class="headerlink" href="#profiling-your-application" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Profiler Class will display benchmark results, queries you have run,
+and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> data at the bottom of your pages. This information can be
+useful during development in order to help with debugging and
+optimization.</p>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h2>Initializing the Class<a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">This class does NOT need to be initialized. It is loaded
+automatically by the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a>
+if profiling is enabled as shown below.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enabling-the-profiler">
+<h2>Enabling the Profiler<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-the-profiler" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To enable the profiler place the following line anywhere within your
+<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controller</span></a> methods:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">enable_profiler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When enabled a report will be generated and inserted at the bottom of
+your pages.</p>
+<p>To disable the profiler you will use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">enable_profiler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-benchmark-points">
+<h2>Setting Benchmark Points<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-benchmark-points" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In order for the Profiler to compile and display your benchmark data you
+must name your mark points using specific syntax.</p>
+<p>Please read the information on setting Benchmark points in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html"><span class="doc">Benchmark Library</span></a> page.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enabling-and-disabling-profiler-sections">
+<h2>Enabling and Disabling Profiler Sections<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-and-disabling-profiler-sections" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Each section of Profiler data can be enabled or disabled by setting a
+corresponding config variable to TRUE or FALSE. This can be done one of
+two ways. First, you can set application wide defaults with the
+<em>application/config/profiler.php</em> config file.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;config&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>          <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;queries&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>         <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In your controllers, you can override the defaults and config file
+values by calling the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_profiler_sections()</span></code> method of the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sections</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;config&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;queries&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_profiler_sections</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sections</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Available sections and the array key used to access them are described
+in the table below.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="23%" />
+<col width="68%" />
+<col width="8%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Key</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+<th class="head">Default</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>benchmarks</strong></td>
+<td>Elapsed time of Benchmark points and total execution time</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>config</strong></td>
+<td>CodeIgniter Config variables</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>controller_info</strong></td>
+<td>The Controller class and method requested</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>get</strong></td>
+<td>Any GET data passed in the request</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>http_headers</strong></td>
+<td>The HTTP headers for the current request</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>memory_usage</strong></td>
+<td>Amount of memory consumed by the current request, in bytes</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>post</strong></td>
+<td>Any POST data passed in the request</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>queries</strong></td>
+<td>Listing of all database queries executed, including execution time</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>uri_string</strong></td>
+<td>The URI of the current request</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>session_data</strong></td>
+<td>Data stored in the current session</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>query_toggle_count</strong></td>
+<td>The number of queries after which the query block will default to
+hidden.</td>
+<td>25</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Disabling the <a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">save_queries</span></a> setting in
+your database configuration will also effectively disable profiling for
+database queries and render the ‘queries’ setting above useless. You can
+optionally override this setting with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db-&gt;save_queries</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TRUE;</span></code>.
+Without this setting you won’t be able to view the queries or the
+<cite>last_query &lt;database/helpers&gt;</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="cli.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Running via the CLI">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
+        <a href="caching.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Web Page Caching"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/requirements.html b/user_guide/general/requirements.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c66377393
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/requirements.html
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Server Requirements &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+    
+
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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+
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+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
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+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/">PHP</a> version 5.6 or newer is recommended.</p>
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+<p>A database is required for most web application programming.
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+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>MySQL (5.1+) via the <em>mysql</em> (deprecated), <em>mysqli</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
+<li>Oracle via the <em>oci8</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
+<li>PostgreSQL via the <em>postgre</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
+<li>MS SQL via the <em>mssql</em>, <em>sqlsrv</em> (version 2005 and above only) and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
+<li>SQLite via the <em>sqlite</em> (version 2), <em>sqlite3</em> (version 3) and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
+<li>CUBRID via the <em>cubrid</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
+<li>Interbase/Firebird via the <em>ibase</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers</li>
+<li>ODBC via the <em>odbc</em> and <em>pdo</em> drivers (you should know that ODBC is actually an abstraction layer)</li>
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/reserved_names.html b/user_guide/general/reserved_names.html
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+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+          <a href="../index.html" class="fa fa-home"> CodeIgniter</a>
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+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
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+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Reserved Names</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="reserved-names">
+<h1>Reserved Names<a class="headerlink" href="#reserved-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>In order to help out, CodeIgniter uses a series of function, method,
+class and variable names in its operation. Because of this, some names
+cannot be used by a developer. Following is a list of reserved names
+that cannot be used.</p>
+<div class="section" id="controller-names">
+<h2>Controller names<a class="headerlink" href="#controller-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Since your controller classes will extend the main application
+controller you must be careful not to name your methods identically to
+the ones used by that class, otherwise your local methods will
+override them. The following is a list of reserved names. Do not name
+your controller any of these:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>CI_Controller</li>
+<li>Default</li>
+<li>index</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="functions">
+<h2>Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#is_php" title="is_php"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_php()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#is_really_writable" title="is_really_writable"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_really_writable()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_class()</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_loaded()</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_config()</span></code></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#config_item" title="config_item"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">config_item()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#show_error" title="show_error"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">show_error()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#show_404" title="show_404"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">show_404()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#log_message" title="log_message"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">log_message()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#set_status_header" title="set_status_header"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_status_header()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#get_mimes" title="get_mimes"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_mimes()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#html_escape" title="html_escape"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#remove_invisible_characters" title="remove_invisible_characters"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">remove_invisible_characters()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#is_https" title="is_https"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_https()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html#function_usable" title="function_usable"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">function_usable()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html#get_instance" title="get_instance"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instance()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_error_handler()</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_exception_handler()</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_stringify_attributes()</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="variables">
+<h2>Variables<a class="headerlink" href="#variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$db</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$lang</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="constants">
+<h2>Constants<a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>ENVIRONMENT</li>
+<li>FCPATH</li>
+<li>SELF</li>
+<li>BASEPATH</li>
+<li>APPPATH</li>
+<li>VIEWPATH</li>
+<li>CI_VERSION</li>
+<li>MB_ENABLED</li>
+<li>ICONV_ENABLED</li>
+<li>UTF8_ENABLED</li>
+<li>FILE_READ_MODE</li>
+<li>FILE_WRITE_MODE</li>
+<li>DIR_READ_MODE</li>
+<li>DIR_WRITE_MODE</li>
+<li>FOPEN_READ</li>
+<li>FOPEN_READ_WRITE</li>
+<li>FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE_DESTRUCTIVE</li>
+<li>FOPEN_READ_WRITE_CREATE_DESTRUCTIVE</li>
+<li>FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE</li>
+<li>FOPEN_READ_WRITE_CREATE</li>
+<li>FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE_STRICT</li>
+<li>FOPEN_READ_WRITE_CREATE_STRICT</li>
+<li>SHOW_DEBUG_BACKTRACE</li>
+<li>EXIT_SUCCESS</li>
+<li>EXIT_ERROR</li>
+<li>EXIT_CONFIG</li>
+<li>EXIT_UNKNOWN_FILE</li>
+<li>EXIT_UNKNOWN_CLASS</li>
+<li>EXIT_UNKNOWN_METHOD</li>
+<li>EXIT_USER_INPUT</li>
+<li>EXIT_DATABASE</li>
+<li>EXIT__AUTO_MIN</li>
+<li>EXIT__AUTO_MAX</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
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+        <a href="views.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Views">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/routing.html b/user_guide/general/routing.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aced6f00f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/routing.html
@@ -0,0 +1,689 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>URI Routing &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+    <li>URI Routing</li>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="uri-routing">
+<h1>URI Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Typically there is a one-to-one relationship between a URL string and
+its corresponding controller class/method. The segments in a URI
+normally follow this pattern:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">function</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In some instances, however, you may want to remap this relationship so
+that a different class/method can be called instead of the one
+corresponding to the URL.</p>
+<p>For example, let’s say you want your URLs to have this prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Normally the second segment of the URL is reserved for the method
+name, but in the example above it instead has a product ID. To
+overcome this, CodeIgniter allows you to remap the URI handler.</p>
+<div class="section" id="setting-your-own-routing-rules">
+<h2>Setting your own routing rules<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-own-routing-rules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Routing rules are defined in your <em>application/config/routes.php</em> file.
+In it you’ll see an array called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$route</span></code> that permits you to specify
+your own routing criteria. Routes can either be specified using wildcards
+or Regular Expressions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="wildcards">
+<h2>Wildcards<a class="headerlink" href="#wildcards" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A typical wildcard route might look something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;product/:num&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_lookup&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In a route, the array key contains the URI to be matched, while the
+array value contains the destination it should be re-routed to. In the
+above example, if the literal word “product” is found in the first
+segment of the URL, and a number is found in the second segment, the
+“catalog” class and the “product_lookup” method are instead used.</p>
+<p>You can match literal values or you can use two wildcard types:</p>
+<p><strong>(:num)</strong> will match a segment containing only numbers.
+<strong>(:any)</strong> will match a segment containing any character (except for ‘/’, which is the segment delimiter).</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Wildcards are actually aliases for regular expressions, with
+<strong>:any</strong> being translated to <strong>[^/]+</strong> and <strong>:num</strong> to <strong>[0-9]+</strong>,
+respectively.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Routes will run in the order they are defined. Higher routes
+will always take precedence over lower ones.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Route rules are not filters! Setting a rule of e.g.
+‘foo/bar/(:num)’ will not prevent controller <em>Foo</em> and method
+<em>bar</em> to be called with a non-numeric value if that is a valid
+route.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="examples">
+<h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here are a few routing examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;journals&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blogs&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A URL containing the word “journals” in the first segment will be
+remapped to the “blogs” class.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog/joe&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blogs/users/34&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A URL containing the segments blog/joe will be remapped to the “blogs”
+class and the “users” method. The ID will be set to “34”.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;product/(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_lookup&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A URL with “product” as the first segment, and anything in the second
+will be remapped to the “catalog” class and the “product_lookup”
+method.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;product/(:num)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_lookup_by_id/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A URL with “product” as the first segment, and a number in the second
+will be remapped to the “catalog” class and the
+“product_lookup_by_id” method passing in the match as a variable to
+the method.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Do not use leading/trailing slashes.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="regular-expressions">
+<h2>Regular Expressions<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-expressions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you prefer you can use regular expressions to define your routing
+rules. Any valid regular expression is allowed, as are back-references.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you use back-references you must use the dollar syntax
+rather than the double backslash syntax.</p>
+</div>
+<p>A typical RegEx route might look something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products/([a-z]+)/(\d+)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;$1/id_$2&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, a URI similar to products/shirts/123 would instead
+call the “shirts” controller class and the “id_123” method.</p>
+<p>With regular expressions, you can also catch multiple segments at once.
+For example, if a user accesses a password protected area of your web
+application and you wish to be able to redirect them back to the same
+page after they log in, you may find this example useful:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;login/(.+)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;auth/login/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In the above example, if the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$1</span></code> placeholder contains a
+slash, it will still be split into multiple parameters when
+passed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Auth::login()</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>For those of you who don’t know regular expressions and want to learn
+more about them, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.regular-expressions.info/">regular-expressions.info</a>
+might be a good starting point.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You can also mix and match wildcards with regular expressions.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="callbacks">
+<h2>Callbacks<a class="headerlink" href="#callbacks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You can also use callbacks in place of the normal routing rules to process
+the back-references. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products/([a-zA-Z]+)/edit/(\d+)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$product_type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_edit/&#39;</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nb">strtolower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$product_type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/&#39;</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-http-verbs-in-routes">
+<h2>Using HTTP verbs in routes<a class="headerlink" href="#using-http-verbs-in-routes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>It is possible to use HTTP verbs (request method) to define your routing rules.
+This is particularly useful when building RESTful applications. You can use standard HTTP
+verbs (GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, PATCH) or a custom one such (e.g. PURGE). HTTP verb rules
+are case-insensitive. All you need to do is to add the verb as an array key to your route.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;put&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;product/insert&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, a PUT request to URI “products” would call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Product::insert()</span></code>
+controller method.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products/(:num)&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;DELETE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;product/delete/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A DELETE request to URL with “products” as first the segment and a number in the second will be
+mapped to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Product::delete()</span></code> method, passing the numeric value as the first parameter.</p>
+<p>Using HTTP verbs is of course, optional.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reserved-routes">
+<h2>Reserved Routes<a class="headerlink" href="#reserved-routes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are three reserved routes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;welcome&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This route points to the action that should be executed if the URI contains
+no data, which will be the case when people load your root URL.
+The setting accepts a <strong>controller/method</strong> value and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index()</span></code> would be
+the default method if you don’t specify one. In the above example, it is
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Welcome::index()</span></code> that would be called.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You can NOT use a directory as a part of this setting!</p>
+</div>
+<p>You are encouraged to always have a default route as otherwise a 404 page
+will appear by default.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;404_override&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This route indicates which controller class should be loaded if the
+requested controller is not found. It will override the default 404
+error page. Same per-directory rules as with ‘default_controller’
+apply here as well.</p>
+<p>It won’t affect to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">show_404()</span></code> function, which will
+continue loading the default <em>error_404.php</em> file at
+<em>application/views/errors/error_404.php</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;translate_uri_dashes&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As evident by the boolean value, this is not exactly a route. This
+option enables you to automatically replace dashes (‘-‘) with
+underscores in the controller and method URI segments, thus saving you
+additional route entries if you need to do that.
+This is required, because the dash isn’t a valid class or method name
+character and would cause a fatal error if you try to use it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Security</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="security">
+<h1>Security<a class="headerlink" href="#security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This page describes some “best practices” regarding web security, and
+details CodeIgniter’s internal security features.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you came here looking for a security contact, please refer to
+our <cite>Contribution Guide &lt;../contributing/index&gt;</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="uri-security">
+<h2>URI Security<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter is fairly restrictive regarding which characters it allows
+in your URI strings in order to help minimize the possibility that
+malicious data can be passed to your application. URIs may only contain
+the following:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Alpha-numeric text (latin characters only)</li>
+<li>Tilde: ~</li>
+<li>Percent sign: %</li>
+<li>Period: .</li>
+<li>Colon: :</li>
+<li>Underscore: _</li>
+<li>Dash: -</li>
+<li>Space</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="register-globals">
+<h2>Register_globals<a class="headerlink" href="#register-globals" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>During system initialization all global variables that are found to exist
+in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_REQUEST</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_COOKIE</span></code> are unset.</p>
+<p>The unsetting routine is effectively the same as <em>register_globals = off</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="display-errors">
+<h2>display_errors<a class="headerlink" href="#display-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In production environments, it is typically desirable to “disable” PHP’s
+error reporting by setting the internal <em>display_errors</em> flag to a value
+of 0. This disables native PHP errors from being rendered as output,
+which may potentially contain sensitive information.</p>
+<p>Setting CodeIgniter’s <strong>ENVIRONMENT</strong> constant in index.php to a value of
+<strong>‘production’</strong> will turn off these errors. In development mode, it is
+recommended that a value of ‘development’ is used. More information
+about differentiating between environments can be found on the
+<a class="reference internal" href="environments.html"><span class="doc">Handling Environments</span></a> page.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="magic-quotes-runtime">
+<h2>magic_quotes_runtime<a class="headerlink" href="#magic-quotes-runtime" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <em>magic_quotes_runtime</em> directive is turned off during system
+initialization so that you don’t have to remove slashes when retrieving
+data from your database.</p>
+<div class="section" id="best-practices">
+<h3>Best Practices<a class="headerlink" href="#best-practices" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Before accepting any data into your application, whether it be POST data
+from a form submission, COOKIE data, URI data, XML-RPC data, or even
+data from the SERVER array, you are encouraged to practice this three
+step approach:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Validate the data to ensure it conforms to the correct type, length,
+size, etc.</li>
+<li>Filter the data as if it were tainted.</li>
+<li>Escape the data before submitting it into your database or outputting
+it to a browser.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>CodeIgniter provides the following functions and tips to assist you
+in this process:</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="xss-filtering">
+<h2>XSS Filtering<a class="headerlink" href="#xss-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter comes with a Cross Site Scripting filter. This filter
+looks for commonly used techniques to embed malicious JavaScript into
+your data, or other types of code that attempt to hijack cookies or
+do other malicious things. The XSS Filter is described
+<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">XSS filtering should <em>only be performed on output</em>. Filtering
+input data may modify the data in undesirable ways, including
+stripping special characters from passwords, which reduces
+security instead of improving it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="csrf-protection">
+<h2>CSRF protection<a class="headerlink" href="#csrf-protection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CSRF stands for Cross-Site Request Forgery, which is the process of an
+attacker tricking their victim into unknowingly submitting a request.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter provides CSRF protection out of the box, which will get
+automatically triggered for every non-GET HTTP request, but also needs
+you to create your submit forms in a certain way. This is explained in
+the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> documentation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="password-handling">
+<h2>Password handling<a class="headerlink" href="#password-handling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>It is <em>critical</em> that you handle passwords in your application properly.</p>
+<p>Unfortunately, many developers don’t know how to do that, and the web is
+full of outdated or otherwise wrongful advices, which doesn’t help.</p>
+<p>We would like to give you a list of combined do’s and don’ts to help you
+with that. Please read below.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">DO NOT store passwords in plain-text format.</p>
+<p>Always <strong>hash</strong> your passwords.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">DO NOT use Base64 or similar encoding for storing passwords.</p>
+<p>This is as good as storing them in plain-text. Really. Do <strong>hashing</strong>,
+not <em>encoding</em>.</p>
+<p>Encoding, and encryption too, are two-way processes. Passwords are
+secrets that must only be known to their owner, and thus must work
+only in one direction. Hashing does that - there’s <em>no</em> un-hashing or
+de-hashing, but there is decoding and decryption.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">DO NOT use weak or broken hashing algorithms like MD5 or SHA1.</p>
+<p>These algorithms are old, proven to be flawed, and not designed for
+password hashing in the first place.</p>
+<p>Also, DON’T invent your own algorithms.</p>
+<p>Only use strong password hashing algorithms like BCrypt, which is used
+in PHP’s own <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password">Password Hashing</a> functions.</p>
+<p>Please use them, even if you’re not running PHP 5.5+, CodeIgniter
+provides them for you.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">DO NOT ever display or send a password in plain-text format!</p>
+<p>Even to the password’s owner, if you need a “Forgotten password”
+feature, just randomly generate a new, one-time (this is also important)
+password and send that instead.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">DO NOT put unnecessary limits on your users’ passwords.</p>
+<p>If you’re using a hashing algorithm other than BCrypt (which has a limit
+of 72 characters), you should set a relatively high limit on password
+lengths in order to mitigate DoS attacks - say, 1024 characters.</p>
+<p>Other than that however, there’s no point in forcing a rule that a
+password can only be up to a number of characters, or that it can’t
+contain a certain set of special characters.</p>
+<p>Not only does this <strong>reduce</strong> security instead of improving it, but
+there’s literally no reason to do it. No technical limitations and
+no (practical) storage constraints apply once you’ve hashed them, none!</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="validate-input-data">
+<h2>Validate input data<a class="headerlink" href="#validate-input-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter has a <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> that assists you in
+validating, filtering, and prepping your data.</p>
+<p>Even if that doesn’t work for your use case however, be sure to always
+validate and sanitize all input data. For example, if you expect a numeric
+string for an input variable, you can check for that with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_numeric()</span></code>
+or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctype_digit()</span></code>. Always try to narrow down your checks to a certain
+pattern.</p>
+<p>Have it in mind that this includes not only <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>
+variables, but also cookies, the user-agent string and basically
+<em>all data that is not created directly by your own code</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="escape-all-data-before-database-insertion">
+<h2>Escape all data before database insertion<a class="headerlink" href="#escape-all-data-before-database-insertion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Never insert information into your database without escaping it.
+Please see the section that discusses <a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html"><span class="doc">database queries</span></a> for more information.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hide-your-files">
+<h2>Hide your files<a class="headerlink" href="#hide-your-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Another good security practice is to only leave your <em>index.php</em>
+and “assets” (e.g. .js, css and image files) under your server’s
+<em>webroot</em> directory (most commonly named “htdocs/”). These are
+the only files that you would need to be accessible from the web.</p>
+<p>Allowing your visitors to see anything else would potentially
+allow them to access sensitive data, execute scripts, etc.</p>
+<p>If you’re not allowed to do that, you can try using a .htaccess
+file to restrict access to those resources.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter will have an index.html file in all of its
+directories in an attempt to hide some of this data, but have
+it in mind that this is not enough to prevent a serious
+attacker.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="styleguide.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="PHP Style Guide">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="alternative_php.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
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+  
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+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/styleguide.html b/user_guide/general/styleguide.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32b1726d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/styleguide.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1128 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>PHP Style Guide &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Libraries" href="../libraries/index.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Security" href="security.html"/> 
+
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+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>PHP Style Guide</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="php-style-guide">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">PHP Style Guide</a><a class="headerlink" href="#php-style-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The following page describes the coding styles adhered to when
+contributing to the development of CodeIgniter. There is no requirement
+to use these styles in your own CodeIgniter application, though they
+are recommended.</p>
+<div class="contents topic" id="table-of-contents">
+<p class="topic-title first">Table of Contents</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#php-style-guide" id="id1">PHP Style Guide</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-format" id="id2">File Format</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#textmate" id="id3">TextMate</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bbedit" id="id4">BBEdit</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#php-closing-tag" id="id5">PHP Closing Tag</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-naming" id="id6">File Naming</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-and-method-naming" id="id7">Class and Method Naming</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#variable-names" id="id8">Variable Names</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#commenting" id="id9">Commenting</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#constants" id="id10">Constants</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#true-false-and-null" id="id11">TRUE, FALSE, and NULL</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#logical-operators" id="id12">Logical Operators</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#comparing-return-values-and-typecasting" id="id13">Comparing Return Values and Typecasting</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debugging-code" id="id14">Debugging Code</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#whitespace-in-files" id="id15">Whitespace in Files</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compatibility" id="id16">Compatibility</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#one-file-per-class" id="id17">One File per Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#whitespace" id="id18">Whitespace</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#line-breaks" id="id19">Line Breaks</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#code-indenting" id="id20">Code Indenting</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bracket-and-parenthetic-spacing" id="id21">Bracket and Parenthetic Spacing</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#localized-text" id="id22">Localized Text</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#private-methods-and-variables" id="id23">Private Methods and Variables</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#php-errors" id="id24">PHP Errors</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#short-open-tags" id="id25">Short Open Tags</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#one-statement-per-line" id="id26">One Statement Per Line</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#strings" id="id27">Strings</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sql-queries" id="id28">SQL Queries</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#default-function-arguments" id="id29">Default Function Arguments</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="file-format">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">File Format</a><a class="headerlink" href="#file-format" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Files should be saved with Unicode (UTF-8) encoding. The BOM should
+<em>not</em> be used. Unlike UTF-16 and UTF-32, there’s no byte order to
+indicate in a UTF-8 encoded file, and the BOM can have a negative side
+effect in PHP of sending output, preventing the application from being
+able to set its own headers. Unix line endings should be used (LF).</p>
+<p>Here is how to apply these settings in some of the more common text
+editors. Instructions for your text editor may vary; check your text
+editor’s documentation.</p>
+<div class="section" id="textmate">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">TextMate</a><a class="headerlink" href="#textmate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Open the Application Preferences</li>
+<li>Click Advanced, and then the “Saving” tab</li>
+<li>In “File Encoding”, select “UTF-8 (recommended)”</li>
+<li>In “Line Endings”, select “LF (recommended)”</li>
+<li><em>Optional:</em> Check “Use for existing files as well” if you wish to
+modify the line endings of files you open to your new preference.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="bbedit">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">BBEdit</a><a class="headerlink" href="#bbedit" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Open the Application Preferences</li>
+<li>Select “Text Encodings” on the left.</li>
+<li>In “Default text encoding for new documents”, select “Unicode (UTF-8,
+no BOM)”</li>
+<li><em>Optional:</em> In “If file’s encoding can’t be guessed, use”, select
+“Unicode (UTF-8, no BOM)”</li>
+<li>Select “Text Files” on the left.</li>
+<li>In “Default line breaks”, select “Mac OS X and Unix (LF)”</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="php-closing-tag">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">PHP Closing Tag</a><a class="headerlink" href="#php-closing-tag" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The PHP closing tag on a PHP document <strong>?&gt;</strong> is optional to the PHP
+parser. However, if used, any whitespace following the closing tag,
+whether introduced by the developer, user, or an FTP application, can
+cause unwanted output, PHP errors, or if the latter are suppressed,
+blank pages. For this reason, all PHP files MUST OMIT the PHP closing
+tag and end with a single empty line instead.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="file-naming">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">File Naming</a><a class="headerlink" href="#file-naming" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Class files must be named in a Ucfirst-like manner, while any other file name
+(configurations, views, generic scripts, etc.) should be in all lowercase.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">somelibrary</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="nx">someLibrary</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="nx">SOMELIBRARY</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="nx">Some_Library</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="nx">Application_config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="nx">Application_Config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="nx">applicationConfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">Somelibrary</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="nx">Some_library</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="nx">applicationconfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="nx">application_config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Furthermore, class file names should match the name of the class itself.
+For example, if you have a class named <cite>Myclass</cite>, then its filename must
+be <strong>Myclass.php</strong>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-and-method-naming">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Class and Method Naming</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-and-method-naming" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Class names should always start with an uppercase letter. Multiple words
+should be separated with an underscore, and not CamelCased.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">superclass</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SuperClass</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Super_class</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Super_class</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Class methods should be entirely lowercased and named to clearly
+indicate their function, preferably including a verb. Try to avoid
+overly long and verbose names. Multiple words should be separated
+with an underscore.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">fileproperties</span><span class="p">()</span>               <span class="c1">// not descriptive and needs underscore separator</span>
+<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">fileProperties</span><span class="p">()</span>               <span class="c1">// not descriptive and uses CamelCase</span>
+<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">getfileproperties</span><span class="p">()</span>            <span class="c1">// Better!  But still missing underscore separator</span>
+<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">getFileProperties</span><span class="p">()</span>            <span class="c1">// uses CamelCase</span>
+<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_the_file_properties_from_the_file</span><span class="p">()</span>        <span class="c1">// wordy</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_file_properties</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1">// descriptive, underscore separator, and all lowercase letters</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="variable-names">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Variable Names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#variable-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The guidelines for variable naming are very similar to those used for
+class methods. Variables should contain only lowercase letters,
+use underscore separators, and be reasonably named to indicate their
+purpose and contents. Very short, non-word variables should only be used
+as iterators in for() loops.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>             <span class="c1">// single letter variables should only be used in for() loops</span>
+<span class="nv">$Str</span>                    <span class="c1">// contains uppercase letters</span>
+<span class="nv">$bufferedText</span>           <span class="c1">// uses CamelCasing, and could be shortened without losing semantic meaning</span>
+<span class="nv">$groupid</span>                <span class="c1">// multiple words, needs underscore separator</span>
+<span class="nv">$name_of_last_city_used</span> <span class="c1">// too long</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="nv">$str</span>
+<span class="nv">$buffer</span>
+<span class="nv">$group_id</span>
+<span class="nv">$last_city</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="commenting">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Commenting</a><a class="headerlink" href="#commenting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In general, code should be commented prolifically. It not only helps
+describe the flow and intent of the code for less experienced
+programmers, but can prove invaluable when returning to your own code
+months down the line. There is not a required format for comments, but
+the following are recommended.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://manual.phpdoc.org/HTMLSmartyConverter/HandS/phpDocumentor/tutorial_phpDocumentor.howto.pkg.html#basics.docblock">DocBlock</a>
+style comments preceding class, method, and property declarations so they can be
+picked up by IDEs:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">/**</span>
+<span class="sd"> * Super Class</span>
+<span class="sd"> *</span>
+<span class="sd"> * @package     Package Name</span>
+<span class="sd"> * @subpackage  Subpackage</span>
+<span class="sd"> * @category    Category</span>
+<span class="sd"> * @author      Author Name</span>
+<span class="sd"> * @link        http://example.com</span>
+<span class="sd"> */</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Super_class</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">/**</span>
+<span class="sd"> * Encodes string for use in XML</span>
+<span class="sd"> *</span>
+<span class="sd"> * @param       string  $str    Input string</span>
+<span class="sd"> * @return      string</span>
+<span class="sd"> */</span>
+<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">xml_encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">/**</span>
+<span class="sd"> * Data for class manipulation</span>
+<span class="sd"> *</span>
+<span class="sd"> * @var array</span>
+<span class="sd"> */</span>
+<span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Use single line comments within code, leaving a blank line between large
+comment blocks and code.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// break up the string by newlines</span>
+<span class="nv">$parts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">explode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// A longer comment that needs to give greater detail on what is</span>
+<span class="c1">// occurring and why can use multiple single-line comments.  Try to</span>
+<span class="c1">// keep the width reasonable, around 70 characters is the easiest to</span>
+<span class="c1">// read.  Don&#39;t hesitate to link to permanent external resources</span>
+<span class="c1">// that may provide greater detail:</span>
+<span class="c1">//</span>
+<span class="c1">// http://example.com/information_about_something/in_particular/</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$parts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$parts</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="constants">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Constants</a><a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Constants follow the same guidelines as do variables, except constants
+should always be fully uppercase. <em>Always use CodeIgniter constants when
+appropriate, i.e. SLASH, LD, RD, PATH_CACHE, etc.</em></p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">myConstant</span>      <span class="c1">// missing underscore separator and not fully uppercase</span>
+<span class="nx">N</span>               <span class="c1">// no single-letter constants</span>
+<span class="nx">S_C_VER</span>         <span class="c1">// not descriptive</span>
+<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;{foo}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span>       <span class="c1">// should use LD and RD constants</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">MY_CONSTANT</span>
+<span class="nx">NEWLINE</span>
+<span class="nx">SUPER_CLASS_VERSION</span>
+<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">LD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">RD</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="true-false-and-null">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">TRUE, FALSE, and NULL</a><a class="headerlink" href="#true-false-and-null" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>TRUE</strong>, <strong>FALSE</strong>, and <strong>NULL</strong> keywords should always be fully
+uppercase.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">true</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">false</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="logical-operators">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Logical Operators</a><a class="headerlink" href="#logical-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Use of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">||</span></code> “or” comparison operator is discouraged, as its clarity
+on some output devices is low (looking like the number 11, for instance).
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&amp;&amp;</span></code> is preferred over <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AND</span></code> but either are acceptable, and a space should
+always precede and follow <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">!</span></code>.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">// okay but not recommended for common syntax highlighting applications</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span> <span class="nb">is_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// recommended</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nb">is_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="comparing-return-values-and-typecasting">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Comparing Return Values and Typecasting</a><a class="headerlink" href="#comparing-return-values-and-typecasting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Some PHP functions return FALSE on failure, but may also have a valid
+return value of “” or 0, which would evaluate to FALSE in loose
+comparisons. Be explicit by comparing the variable type when using these
+return values in conditionals to ensure the return value is indeed what
+you expect, and not a value that has an equivalent loose-type
+evaluation.</p>
+<p>Use the same stringency in returning and checking your own variables.
+Use <strong>===</strong> and <strong>!==</strong> as necessary.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// If &#39;foo&#39; is at the beginning of the string, strpos will return a 0,</span>
+<span class="c1">// resulting in this conditional evaluating as TRUE</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">strpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">strpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">build_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// uh-oh!  What if FALSE or the integer 0 is passed as an argument?</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">build_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>See also information regarding <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/language.types.type-juggling.php#language.types.typecasting">typecasting</a>,
+which can be quite useful. Typecasting has a slightly different effect
+which may be desirable. When casting a variable as a string, for
+instance, NULL and boolean FALSE variables become empty strings, 0 (and
+other numbers) become strings of digits, and boolean TRUE becomes “1”:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// cast $str as a string</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="debugging-code">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Debugging Code</a><a class="headerlink" href="#debugging-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Do not leave debugging code in your submissions, even when commented out.
+Things such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">var_dump()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print_r()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">die()</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exit()</span></code> should not be included
+in your code unless it serves a specific purpose other than debugging.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="whitespace-in-files">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Whitespace in Files</a><a class="headerlink" href="#whitespace-in-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>No whitespace can precede the opening PHP tag or follow the closing PHP
+tag. Output is buffered, so whitespace in your files can cause output to
+begin before CodeIgniter outputs its content, leading to errors and an
+inability for CodeIgniter to send proper headers.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="compatibility">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Compatibility</a><a class="headerlink" href="#compatibility" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter recommends PHP 5.6 or newer to be used, but it should be
+compatible with PHP 5.3.7. Your code must either be compatible with this
+requirement, provide a suitable fallback, or be an optional feature that
+dies quietly without affecting a user’s application.</p>
+<p>Additionally, do not use PHP functions that require non-default libraries
+to be installed unless your code contains an alternative method when the
+function is not available.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="one-file-per-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">One File per Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#one-file-per-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Use separate files for each class, unless the classes are <em>closely related</em>.
+An example of a CodeIgniter file that contains multiple classes is the
+Xmlrpc library file.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="whitespace">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Whitespace</a><a class="headerlink" href="#whitespace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Use tabs for whitespace in your code, not spaces. This may seem like a
+small thing, but using tabs instead of whitespace allows the developer
+looking at your code to have indentation at levels that they prefer and
+customize in whatever application they use. And as a side benefit, it
+results in (slightly) more compact files, storing one tab character
+versus, say, four space characters.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="line-breaks">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Line Breaks</a><a class="headerlink" href="#line-breaks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Files must be saved with Unix line breaks. This is more of an issue for
+developers who work in Windows, but in any case ensure that your text
+editor is setup to save files with Unix line breaks.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="code-indenting">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">Code Indenting</a><a class="headerlink" href="#code-indenting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Use Allman style indenting. With the exception of Class declarations,
+braces are always placed on a line by themselves, and indented at the
+same level as the control statement that “owns” them.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$arr</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">try</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">catch</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$arr</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">try</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">catch</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="bracket-and-parenthetic-spacing">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">Bracket and Parenthetic Spacing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#bracket-and-parenthetic-spacing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In general, parenthesis and brackets should not use any additional
+spaces. The exception is that a space should always follow PHP control
+structures that accept arguments with parenthesis (declare, do-while,
+elseif, for, foreach, if, switch, while), to help distinguish them from
+functions and increase readability.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$arr</span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$arr</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// no spaces around array keys</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// no spaces around parenthesis in function declarations</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">foreach</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// single space following PHP control structures, but not in interior parenthesis</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="localized-text">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22">Localized Text</a><a class="headerlink" href="#localized-text" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter libraries should take advantage of corresponding language files
+whenever possible.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Invalid Selection&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;invalid_selection&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="private-methods-and-variables">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23">Private Methods and Variables</a><a class="headerlink" href="#private-methods-and-variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Methods and variables that are only accessed internally,
+such as utility and helper functions that your public methods use for
+code abstraction, should be prefixed with an underscore.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">convert_text</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="k">private</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_convert_text</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="php-errors">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24">PHP Errors</a><a class="headerlink" href="#php-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Code must run error free and not rely on warnings and notices to be
+hidden to meet this requirement. For instance, never access a variable
+that you did not set yourself (such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> array keys) without first
+checking to see that it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isset()</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Make sure that your dev environment has error reporting enabled
+for ALL users, and that display_errors is enabled in the PHP
+environment. You can check this setting with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">ini_get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;display_errors&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">exit</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Enabled&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>On some servers where <em>display_errors</em> is disabled, and you do not have
+the ability to change this in the php.ini, you can often enable it with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">ini_set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;display_errors&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Setting the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/errorfunc.configuration.php#ini.display-errors">display_errors</a>
+setting with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ini_set()</span></code> at runtime is not identical to having
+it enabled in the PHP environment. Namely, it will not have any
+effect if the script has fatal errors.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="short-open-tags">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25">Short Open Tags</a><a class="headerlink" href="#short-open-tags" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Always use full PHP opening tags, in case a server does not have
+<em>short_open_tag</em> enabled.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">PHP 5.4 will always have the <strong>&lt;?=</strong> tag available.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="one-statement-per-line">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26">One Statement Per Line</a><a class="headerlink" href="#one-statement-per-line" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Never combine statements on one line.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;this&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;that&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$bat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bag</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;this&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;that&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$bat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bag</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="strings">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">Strings</a><a class="headerlink" href="#strings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Always use single quoted strings unless you need variables parsed, and
+in cases where you do need variables parsed, use braces to prevent
+greedy token parsing. You may also use double-quoted strings if the
+string contains single quotes, so you do not have to use escape
+characters.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s2">&quot;My String&quot;</span>                                     <span class="c1">// no variable parsing, so no use for double quotes</span>
+<span class="s2">&quot;My string </span><span class="si">$foo</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>                                <span class="c1">// needs braces</span>
+<span class="s1">&#39;SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = \&#39;bag\&#39;&#39;</span>       <span class="c1">// ugly</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s1">&#39;My String&#39;</span>
+<span class="s2">&quot;My string </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>
+<span class="s2">&quot;SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = &#39;bag&#39;&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sql-queries">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28">SQL Queries</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sql-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>SQL keywords are always capitalized: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, WHERE,
+AS, JOIN, ON, IN, etc.</p>
+<p>Break up long queries into multiple lines for legibility, preferably
+breaking for each clause.</p>
+<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// keywords are lowercase and query is too long for</span>
+<span class="c1">// a single line (... indicates continuation of line)</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;select foo, bar, baz, foofoo, foobar as raboof, foobaz from exp_pre_email_addresses</span>
+<span class="s2">...where foo != &#39;oof&#39; and baz != &#39;zab&#39; order by foobaz limit 5, 100&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT foo, bar, baz, foofoo, foobar AS raboof, foobaz</span>
+<span class="s2">                                FROM exp_pre_email_addresses</span>
+<span class="s2">                                WHERE foo != &#39;oof&#39;</span>
+<span class="s2">                                AND baz != &#39;zab&#39;</span>
+<span class="s2">                                ORDER BY foobaz</span>
+<span class="s2">                                LIMIT 5, 100&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="default-function-arguments">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29">Default Function Arguments</a><a class="headerlink" href="#default-function-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Whenever appropriate, provide function argument defaults, which helps
+prevent PHP errors with mistaken calls and provides common fallback
+values which can save a few lines of code. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$baz</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
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diff --git a/user_guide/general/urls.html b/user_guide/general/urls.html
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+
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+        
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>CodeIgniter URLs</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="codeigniter-urls">
+<h1>CodeIgniter URLs<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-urls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>By default, URLs in CodeIgniter are designed to be search-engine and
+human friendly. Rather than using the standard “query string” approach
+to URLs that is synonymous with dynamic systems, CodeIgniter uses a
+<strong>segment-based</strong> approach:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">news</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">article</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">my_article</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Query string URLs can be optionally enabled, as described
+below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="uri-segments">
+<h2>URI Segments<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-segments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The segments in the URL, in following with the Model-View-Controller
+approach, usually represent:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">function</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">ID</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>The first segment represents the controller <strong>class</strong> that should be
+invoked.</li>
+<li>The second segment represents the class <strong>function</strong>, or method, that
+should be called.</li>
+<li>The third, and any additional segments, represent the ID and any
+variables that will be passed to the controller.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Library</span></a> and the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> contain functions that make it easy to work
+with your URI data. In addition, your URLs can be remapped using the
+<a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a> feature for more flexibility.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="removing-the-index-php-file">
+<h2>Removing the index.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#removing-the-index-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>By default, the <strong>index.php</strong> file will be included in your URLs:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">news</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">article</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">my_article</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If your Apache server has <em>mod_rewrite</em> enabled, you can easily remove this
+file by using a .htaccess file with some simple rules. Here is an example
+of such a file, using the “negative” method in which everything is redirected
+except the specified items:</p>
+<div class="highlight-apache"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">RewriteEngine</span> <span class="k">On</span>
+<span class="nb">RewriteCond</span> %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
+<span class="nb">RewriteCond</span> %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
+<span class="nb">RewriteRule</span> ^(.*)$ index.php/$1 [L]
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, any HTTP request other than those for existing
+directories and existing files is treated as a request for your index.php file.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">These specific rules might not work for all server configurations.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Make sure to also exclude from the above rule any assets that you
+might need to be accessible from the outside world.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-a-url-suffix">
+<h2>Adding a URL Suffix<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-a-url-suffix" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In your <strong>config/config.php</strong> file you can specify a suffix that will be
+added to all URLs generated by CodeIgniter. For example, if a URL is
+this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">view</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can optionally add a suffix, like <strong>.html,</strong> making the page appear to
+be of a certain type:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">view</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enabling-query-strings">
+<h2>Enabling Query Strings<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-query-strings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In some cases you might prefer to use query strings URLs:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">view</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">345</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>CodeIgniter optionally supports this capability, which can be enabled in
+your <strong>application/config.php</strong> file. If you open your config file you’ll
+see these items:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;enable_query_strings&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;controller_trigger&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;function_trigger&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;m&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you change “enable_query_strings” to TRUE this feature will become
+active. Your controllers and functions will then be accessible using the
+“trigger” words you’ve set to invoke your controllers and methods:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">controller</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">method</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you are using query strings you will have to build your own
+URLs, rather than utilizing the URL helpers (and other helpers
+that generate URLs, like some of the form helpers) as these are
+designed to work with segment based URLs.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="controllers.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Controllers">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="index.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="General Topics"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
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+   
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/general/views.html b/user_guide/general/views.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0ae7e027
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/general/views.html
@@ -0,0 +1,704 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Views &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="General Topics" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Models" href="models.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Reserved Names" href="reserved_names.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Views</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="views">
+<h1>Views<a class="headerlink" href="#views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>A view is simply a web page, or a page fragment, like a header, footer,
+sidebar, etc. In fact, views can flexibly be embedded within other views
+(within other views, etc., etc.) if you need this type of hierarchy.</p>
+<p>Views are never called directly, they must be loaded by a
+<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a>. Remember that in an MVC framework, the
+Controller acts as the traffic cop, so it is responsible for fetching a
+particular view. If you have not read the
+<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controllers</span></a> page you should do so before
+continuing.</p>
+<p>Using the example controller you created in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> page, let’s add a view to it.</p>
+<div class="section" id="creating-a-view">
+<h2>Creating a View<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Using your text editor, create a file called blogview.php, and put this
+in it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">My</span> <span class="nx">Blog</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Welcome</span> <span class="nx">to</span> <span class="nx">my</span> <span class="nx">Blog</span><span class="o">!&lt;/</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then save the file in your <em>application/views/</em> directory.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="loading-a-view">
+<h2>Loading a View<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-a-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To load a particular view file you will use the following method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where name is the name of your view file.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The .php file extension does not need to be specified
+unless you use something other than .php.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Now, open the controller file you made earlier called Blog.php, and
+replace the echo statement with the view loading method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you visit your site using the URL you did earlier you should see your
+new view. The URL was similar to this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="loading-multiple-views">
+<h2>Loading multiple views<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-multiple-views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter will intelligently handle multiple calls to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;view()</span></code> from within a controller. If more than one call
+happens they will be appended together. For example, you may wish to
+have a header view, a menu view, a content view, and a footer view. That
+might look something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Page</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;page_title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Your title&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;header&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;menu&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the example above, we are using “dynamically added data”, which you
+will see below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="storing-views-within-sub-directories">
+<h2>Storing Views within Sub-directories<a class="headerlink" href="#storing-views-within-sub-directories" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Your view files can also be stored within sub-directories if you prefer
+that type of organization. When doing so you will need to include the
+directory name loading the view. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;directory_name/file_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-dynamic-data-to-the-view">
+<h2>Adding Dynamic Data to the View<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-dynamic-data-to-the-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Data is passed from the controller to the view by way of an <strong>array</strong> or
+an <strong>object</strong> in the second parameter of the view loading method. Here
+is an example using an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;heading&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Heading&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;message&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Message&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And here’s an example using an object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">Someclass</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you use an object, the class variables will be turned
+into array elements.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Let’s try it with your controller file. Open it add this code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Title&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;heading&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Heading&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now open your view file and change the text to variables that correspond
+to the array keys in your data:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$heading</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then load the page at the URL you’ve been using and you should see the
+variables replaced.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-loops">
+<h2>Creating Loops<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-loops" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The data array you pass to your view files is not limited to simple
+variables. You can pass multi dimensional arrays, which can be looped to
+generate multiple rows. For example, if you pull data from your database
+it will typically be in the form of a multi-dimensional array.</p>
+<p>Here’s a simple example. Add this to your controller:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;todo_list&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Clean House&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Call Mom&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Run Errands&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Title&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;heading&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;My Real Heading&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blogview&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now open your view file and create a loop:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$heading</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>My Todo List<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$todo_list</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You’ll notice that in the example above we are using PHP’s
+alternative syntax. If you are not familiar with it you can read about
+it <a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="returning-views-as-data">
+<h2>Returning views as data<a class="headerlink" href="#returning-views-as-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There is a third <strong>optional</strong> parameter lets you change the behavior of
+the method so that it returns data as a string rather than sending it
+to your browser. This can be useful if you want to process the data in
+some way. If you set the parameter to TRUE (boolean) it will return
+data. The default behavior is false, which sends it to your browser.
+Remember to assign it to a variable if you want the data returned:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myfile&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
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+    <li>Welcome to CodeIgniter</li>
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+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="welcome-to-codeigniter">
+<h1>Welcome to CodeIgniter<a class="headerlink" href="#welcome-to-codeigniter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter is an Application Development Framework - a toolkit - for
+people who build web sites using PHP. Its goal is to enable you to
+develop projects much faster than you could if you were writing code
+from scratch, by providing a rich set of libraries for commonly needed
+tasks, as well as a simple interface and logical structure to access
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+by minimizing the amount of code needed for a given task.</p>
+<div class="section" id="who-is-codeigniter-for">
+<h2>Who is CodeIgniter For?<a class="headerlink" href="#who-is-codeigniter-for" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter is right for you if:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>You want a framework with a small footprint.</li>
+<li>You need exceptional performance.</li>
+<li>You need broad compatibility with standard hosting accounts that run
+a variety of PHP versions and configurations.</li>
+<li>You want a framework that requires nearly zero configuration.</li>
+<li>You want a framework that does not require you to use the command
+line.</li>
+<li>You want a framework that does not require you to adhere to
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+<li>You are not interested in large-scale monolithic libraries like PEAR.</li>
+<li>You do not want to be forced to learn a templating language (although
+a template parser is optionally available if you desire one).</li>
+<li>You eschew complexity, favoring simple solutions.</li>
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/genindex.html b/user_guide/genindex.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f41cc95bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/genindex.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1935 @@
+
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Index &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+
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+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
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+  
+    
+
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+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
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+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="index.html"/> 
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+    
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+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li></li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+
+<h1 id="index">Index</h1>
+
+<div class="genindex-jumpbox">
+ <a href="#_"><strong>_</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#A"><strong>A</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#B"><strong>B</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#C"><strong>C</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#D"><strong>D</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#E"><strong>E</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#F"><strong>F</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#G"><strong>G</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#H"><strong>H</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#I"><strong>I</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#J"><strong>J</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#K"><strong>K</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#L"><strong>L</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#M"><strong>M</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#N"><strong>N</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#O"><strong>O</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#P"><strong>P</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#Q"><strong>Q</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#R"><strong>R</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#S"><strong>S</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#T"><strong>T</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#U"><strong>U</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#V"><strong>V</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#W"><strong>W</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#X"><strong>X</strong></a>
+ 
+</div>
+<h2 id="_">_</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::__get"><strong>__get() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::__set"><strong>__set() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::_display"><strong>_display() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="A">A</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::accept_charset"><strong>accept_charset() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::accept_lang"><strong>accept_lang() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/unit_testing.html#CI_Unit_test::active"><strong>active() (CI_Unit_test method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge::add_column"><strong>add_column() (CI_DB_forge method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/zip.html#CI_Zip::add_data"><strong>add_data() (CI_Zip method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/zip.html#CI_Zip::add_dir"><strong>add_dir() (CI_Zip method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge::add_field"><strong>add_field() (CI_DB_forge method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge::add_key"><strong>add_key() (CI_DB_forge method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::add_package_path"><strong>add_package_path() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/table.html#CI_Table::add_row"><strong>add_row() (CI_Table method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/calendar.html#CI_Calendar::adjust_date"><strong>adjust_date() (CI_Calendar method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::affected_rows"><strong>affected_rows() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::agent_string"><strong>agent_string() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::all_userdata"><strong>all_userdata() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/string_helper.html#alternator"><strong>alternator() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#anchor"><strong>anchor() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#anchor_popup"><strong>anchor_popup() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::append_output"><strong>append_output() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/zip.html#CI_Zip::archive"><strong>archive() (CI_Zip method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#array_column"><strong>array_column() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/text_helper.html#ascii_to_entities"><strong>ascii_to_entities() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::assoc_to_uri"><strong>assoc_to_uri() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::attach"><strong>attach() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::attachment_cid"><strong>attachment_cid() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#auto_link"><strong>auto_link() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/typography.html#CI_Typography::auto_typography"><strong>auto_typography() (CI_Typography method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="helpers/typography_helper.html#auto_typography"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="B">B</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="database/utilities.html#CI_DB_utility::backup"><strong>backup() (CI_DB_utility method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/config.html#CI_Config::base_url"><strong>base_url() (CI_Config method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#base_url"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::bcc"><strong>bcc() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/html_helper.html#br"><strong>br() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::browser"><strong>browser() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/number_helper.html#byte_format"><strong>byte_format() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="C">C</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::cache"><strong>cache() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::cache_delete"><strong>cache_delete() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::cache_delete_all"><strong>cache_delete_all() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/caching.html#CI_Cache::cache_info"><strong>cache_info() (CI_Cache method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::cache_off"><strong>cache_off() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::cache_on"><strong>cache_on() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::cache_set_path"><strong>cache_set_path() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::call_function"><strong>call_function() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#camelize"><strong>camelize() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::cc"><strong>cc() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::changedir"><strong>changedir() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/text_helper.html#character_limiter"><strong>character_limiter() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::charsets"><strong>charsets() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::chmod"><strong>chmod() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/benchmark.html#CI_Benchmark"><strong>CI_Benchmark (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/caching.html#CI_Cache"><strong>CI_Cache (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/calendar.html#CI_Calendar"><strong>CI_Calendar (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart"><strong>CI_Cart (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/config.html#CI_Config"><strong>CI_Config (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver"><strong>CI_DB_driver (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge"><strong>CI_DB_forge (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder"><strong>CI_DB_query_builder (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result"><strong>CI_DB_result (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/utilities.html#CI_DB_utility"><strong>CI_DB_utility (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email"><strong>CI_Email (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encrypt.html#CI_Encrypt"><strong>CI_Encrypt (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encryption.html#CI_Encryption"><strong>CI_Encryption (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation"><strong>CI_Form_validation (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP"><strong>CI_FTP (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/image_lib.html#CI_Image_lib"><strong>CI_Image_lib (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input"><strong>CI_Input (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/language.html#CI_Lang"><strong>CI_Lang (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader"><strong>CI_Loader (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/migration.html#CI_Migration"><strong>CI_Migration (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output"><strong>CI_Output (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/pagination.html#CI_Pagination"><strong>CI_Pagination (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/parser.html#CI_Parser"><strong>CI_Parser (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/security.html#CI_Security"><strong>CI_Security (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session"><strong>CI_Session (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/table.html#CI_Table"><strong>CI_Table (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback"><strong>CI_Trackback (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/typography.html#CI_Typography"><strong>CI_Typography (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/unit_testing.html#CI_Unit_test"><strong>CI_Unit_test (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/file_uploading.html#CI_Upload"><strong>CI_Upload (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI"><strong>CI_URI (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent"><strong>CI_User_agent (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/xmlrpc.html#CI_Xmlrpc"><strong>CI_Xmlrpc (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/zip.html#CI_Zip"><strong>CI_Zip (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/caching.html#CI_Cache::clean"><strong>clean() (CI_Cache method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::clear"><strong>clear() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/image_lib.html#CI_Image_lib::clear"><strong>(CI_Image_lib method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+        <li><a href="libraries/table.html#CI_Table::clear"><strong>(CI_Table method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/zip.html#CI_Zip::clear_data"><strong>clear_data() (CI_Zip method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::clear_vars"><strong>clear_vars() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::close"><strong>close() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::close"><strong>(CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::compile_binds"><strong>compile_binds() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::config"><strong>config() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/common_functions.html#config_item"><strong>config_item() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::connect"><strong>connect() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart::contents"><strong>contents() (CI_Cart method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/text_helper.html#convert_accented_characters"><strong>convert_accented_characters() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::convert_ascii"><strong>convert_ascii() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::convert_xml"><strong>convert_xml() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::cookie"><strong>cookie() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::count_all"><strong>count_all() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::count_all_results"><strong>count_all_results() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/captcha_helper.html#create_captcha"><strong>create_captcha() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge::create_database"><strong>create_database() (CI_DB_forge method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encryption.html#CI_Encryption::create_key"><strong>create_key() (CI_Encryption method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/pagination.html#CI_Pagination::create_links"><strong>create_links() (CI_Pagination method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge::create_table"><strong>create_table() (CI_DB_forge method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/image_lib.html#CI_Image_lib::crop"><strong>crop() (CI_Image_lib method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/utilities.html#CI_DB_utility::csv_from_result"><strong>csv_from_result() (CI_DB_utility method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/migration.html#CI_Migration::current"><strong>current() (CI_Migration method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#current_url"><strong>current_url() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::custom_result_object"><strong>custom_result_object() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::custom_row_object"><strong>custom_row_object() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="D">D</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::data"><strong>data() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/file_uploading.html#CI_Upload::data"><strong>(CI_Upload method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::data_seek"><strong>data_seek() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::database"><strong>database() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/utilities.html#CI_DB_utility::database_exists"><strong>database_exists() (CI_DB_utility method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#date_range"><strong>date_range() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#days_in_month"><strong>days_in_month() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::db_connect"><strong>db_connect() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::db_pconnect"><strong>db_pconnect() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::db_select"><strong>db_select() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::db_set_charset"><strong>db_set_charset() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::dbforge"><strong>dbforge() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::dbprefix"><strong>dbprefix() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::dbutil"><strong>dbutil() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encrypt.html#CI_Encrypt::decode"><strong>decode() (CI_Encrypt method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/caching.html#CI_Cache::decrement"><strong>decrement() (CI_Cache method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encryption.html#CI_Encryption::decrypt"><strong>decrypt() (CI_Encryption method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/calendar.html#CI_Calendar::default_template"><strong>default_template() (CI_Calendar method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/caching.html#CI_Cache::delete"><strong>delete() (CI_Cache method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::delete"><strong>(CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/cookie_helper.html#delete_cookie"><strong>delete_cookie() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::delete_dir"><strong>delete_dir() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::delete_file"><strong>delete_file() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/file_helper.html#delete_files"><strong>delete_files() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart::destroy"><strong>destroy() (CI_Cart method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/directory_helper.html#directory_map"><strong>directory_map() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::display_error"><strong>display_error() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/xmlrpc.html#CI_Xmlrpc::display_error"><strong>(CI_Xmlrpc method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/image_lib.html#CI_Image_lib::display_errors"><strong>display_errors() (CI_Image_lib method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::display_errors"><strong>(CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+        <li><a href="libraries/file_uploading.html#CI_Upload::display_errors"><strong>(CI_Upload method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/xmlrpc.html#CI_Xmlrpc::display_response"><strong>display_response() (CI_Xmlrpc method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::distinct"><strong>distinct() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/security_helper.html#do_hash"><strong>do_hash() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/file_uploading.html#CI_Upload::do_upload"><strong>do_upload() (CI_Upload method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/html_helper.html#doctype"><strong>doctype() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::download"><strong>download() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/zip.html#CI_Zip::download"><strong>(CI_Zip method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::driver"><strong>driver() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge::drop_column"><strong>drop_column() (CI_DB_forge method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge::drop_database"><strong>drop_database() (CI_DB_forge method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge::drop_table"><strong>drop_table() (CI_DB_forge method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="E">E</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/benchmark.html#CI_Benchmark::elapsed_time"><strong>elapsed_time() (CI_Benchmark method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::elapsed_time"><strong>(CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/array_helper.html#element"><strong>element() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/array_helper.html#elements"><strong>elements() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/text_helper.html#ellipsize"><strong>ellipsize() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::empty_table"><strong>empty_table() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::enable_profiler"><strong>enable_profiler() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encrypt.html#CI_Encrypt::encode"><strong>encode() (CI_Encrypt method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encrypt.html#CI_Encrypt::encode_from_legacy"><strong>encode_from_legacy() (CI_Encrypt method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/security_helper.html#encode_php_tags"><strong>encode_php_tags() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encryption.html#CI_Encryption::encrypt"><strong>encrypt() (CI_Encryption method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/security.html#CI_Security::entity_decode"><strong>entity_decode() (CI_Security method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="helpers/typography_helper.html#entity_decode"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation::error"><strong>error() (CI_Form_validation method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation::error_array"><strong>error_array() (CI_Form_validation method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation::error_string"><strong>error_string() (CI_Form_validation method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/migration.html#CI_Migration::error_string"><strong>(CI_Migration method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::escape"><strong>escape() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::escape_identifiers"><strong>escape_identifiers() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::escape_like_str"><strong>escape_like_str() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::escape_str"><strong>escape_str() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::extract_urls"><strong>extract_urls() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="F">F</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::field_data"><strong>field_data() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::field_data"><strong>(CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::field_exists"><strong>field_exists() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::file"><strong>file() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/migration.html#CI_Migration::find_migrations"><strong>find_migrations() (CI_Migration method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::first_row"><strong>first_row() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::flashdata"><strong>flashdata() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::flush_cache"><strong>flush_cache() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/download_helper.html#force_download"><strong>force_download() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_button"><strong>form_button() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_checkbox"><strong>form_checkbox() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_close"><strong>form_close() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_dropdown"><strong>form_dropdown() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_error"><strong>form_error() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_fieldset"><strong>form_fieldset() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_fieldset_close"><strong>form_fieldset_close() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_hidden"><strong>form_hidden() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_input"><strong>form_input() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_label"><strong>form_label() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_multiselect"><strong>form_multiselect() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_open"><strong>form_open() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_open_multipart"><strong>form_open_multipart() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_password"><strong>form_password() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_prep"><strong>form_prep() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_radio"><strong>form_radio() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_reset"><strong>form_reset() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_submit"><strong>form_submit() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_textarea"><strong>form_textarea() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#form_upload"><strong>form_upload() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/typography.html#CI_Typography::format_characters"><strong>format_characters() (CI_Typography method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::free_result"><strong>free_result() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::from"><strong>from() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::from"><strong>(CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="general/common_functions.html#function_usable"><strong>function_usable() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="G">G</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/calendar.html#CI_Calendar::generate"><strong>generate() (CI_Calendar method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/table.html#CI_Table::generate"><strong>(CI_Table method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/caching.html#CI_Cache::get"><strong>get() (CI_Cache method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::get"><strong>(CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+        <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::get"><strong>(CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/smiley_helper.html#get_clickable_smileys"><strong>get_clickable_smileys() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_delete"><strong>get_compiled_delete() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_insert"><strong>get_compiled_insert() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_select"><strong>get_compiled_select() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::get_compiled_update"><strong>get_compiled_update() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::get_content_type"><strong>get_content_type() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/cookie_helper.html#get_cookie"><strong>get_cookie() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/security.html#CI_Security::get_csrf_hash"><strong>get_csrf_hash() (CI_Security method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/security.html#CI_Security::get_csrf_token_name"><strong>get_csrf_token_name() (CI_Security method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/calendar.html#CI_Calendar::get_day_names"><strong>get_day_names() (CI_Calendar method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/file_helper.html#get_dir_file_info"><strong>get_dir_file_info() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/file_helper.html#get_file_info"><strong>get_file_info() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/file_helper.html#get_filenames"><strong>get_filenames() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::get_flash_keys"><strong>get_flash_keys() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::get_header"><strong>get_header() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::get_id"><strong>get_id() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="general/ancillary_classes.html#get_instance"><strong>get_instance() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart::get_item"><strong>get_item() (CI_Cart method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/caching.html#CI_Cache::get_metadata"><strong>get_metadata() (CI_Cache method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/file_helper.html#get_mime_by_extension"><strong>get_mime_by_extension() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/common_functions.html#get_mimes"><strong>get_mimes() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/calendar.html#CI_Calendar::get_month_name"><strong>get_month_name() (CI_Calendar method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::get_output"><strong>get_output() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::get_package_paths"><strong>get_package_paths() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::get_post"><strong>get_post() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/security.html#CI_Security::get_random_bytes"><strong>get_random_bytes() (CI_Security method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::get_request_header"><strong>get_request_header() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::get_temp_keys"><strong>get_temp_keys() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/calendar.html#CI_Calendar::get_total_days"><strong>get_total_days() (CI_Calendar method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::get_var"><strong>get_var() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::get_vars"><strong>get_vars() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::get_where"><strong>get_where() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/zip.html#CI_Zip::get_zip"><strong>get_zip() (CI_Zip method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#gmt_to_local"><strong>gmt_to_local() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::group_by"><strong>group_by() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::group_end"><strong>group_end() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::group_start"><strong>group_start() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="H">H</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart::has_options"><strong>has_options() (CI_Cart method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation::has_rule"><strong>has_rule() (CI_Form_validation method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::has_userdata"><strong>has_userdata() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#hash_equals"><strong>hash_equals() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#hash_pbkdf2"><strong>hash_pbkdf2() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::having"><strong>having() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/html_helper.html#heading"><strong>heading() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::helper"><strong>helper() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#hex2bin"><strong>hex2bin() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/text_helper.html#highlight_code"><strong>highlight_code() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/text_helper.html#highlight_phrase"><strong>highlight_phrase() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encryption.html#CI_Encryption::hkdf"><strong>hkdf() (CI_Encryption method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/common_functions.html#html_escape"><strong>html_escape() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#human_to_unix"><strong>human_to_unix() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#humanize"><strong>humanize() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="I">I</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/html_helper.html#img"><strong>img() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/caching.html#CI_Cache::increment"><strong>increment() (CI_Cache method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/string_helper.html#increment_string"><strong>increment_string() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#index_page"><strong>index_page() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/calendar.html#CI_Calendar::initialize"><strong>initialize() (CI_Calendar method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::initialize"><strong>(CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+        <li><a href="libraries/encryption.html#CI_Encryption::initialize"><strong>(CI_Encryption method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+        <li><a href="libraries/image_lib.html#CI_Image_lib::initialize"><strong>(CI_Image_lib method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+        <li><a href="libraries/pagination.html#CI_Pagination::initialize"><strong>(CI_Pagination method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+        <li><a href="libraries/file_uploading.html#CI_Upload::initialize"><strong>(CI_Upload method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+        <li><a href="libraries/xmlrpc.html#CI_Xmlrpc::initialize"><strong>(CI_Xmlrpc method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::input_stream"><strong>input_stream() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart::insert"><strong>insert() (CI_Cart method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::insert"><strong>(CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::insert_batch"><strong>insert_batch() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::insert_string"><strong>insert_string() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::ip_address"><strong>ip_address() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::is_ajax_request"><strong>is_ajax_request() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::is_browser"><strong>is_browser() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/common_functions.html#is_cli"><strong>is_cli() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::is_cli_request"><strong>is_cli_request() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#is_countable"><strong>is_countable() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/common_functions.html#is_https"><strong>is_https() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::is_loaded"><strong>is_loaded() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::is_mobile"><strong>is_mobile() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/common_functions.html#is_php"><strong>is_php() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/common_functions.html#is_really_writable"><strong>is_really_writable() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::is_referral"><strong>is_referral() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::is_robot"><strong>is_robot() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/caching.html#CI_Cache::is_supported"><strong>is_supported() (CI_Cache method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::is_write_type"><strong>is_write_type() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/config.html#CI_Config::item"><strong>item() (CI_Config method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="J">J</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::join"><strong>join() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="K">K</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::keep_flashdata"><strong>keep_flashdata() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="L">L</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/language_helper.html#lang"><strong>lang() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::language"><strong>language() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::languages"><strong>languages() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::last_query"><strong>last_query() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::last_row"><strong>last_row() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/migration.html#CI_Migration::latest"><strong>latest() (CI_Migration method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::library"><strong>library() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::like"><strong>like() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::limit"><strong>limit() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::limit_characters"><strong>limit_characters() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/language.html#CI_Lang::line"><strong>line() (CI_Lang method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/html_helper.html#link_tag"><strong>link_tag() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/utilities.html#CI_DB_utility::list_databases"><strong>list_databases() (CI_DB_utility method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::list_fields"><strong>list_fields() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::list_fields"><strong>(CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::list_files"><strong>list_files() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::list_tables"><strong>list_tables() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/config.html#CI_Config::load"><strong>load() (CI_Config method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/language.html#CI_Lang::load"><strong>(CI_Lang method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#local_to_gmt"><strong>local_to_gmt() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/errors.html#log_message"><strong>log_message() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="M">M</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#mailto"><strong>mailto() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/table.html#CI_Table::make_columns"><strong>make_columns() (CI_Table method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/benchmark.html#CI_Benchmark::mark"><strong>mark() (CI_Benchmark method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::mark_as_flash"><strong>mark_as_flash() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::mark_as_temp"><strong>mark_as_temp() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#mb_strlen"><strong>mb_strlen() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#mb_strpos"><strong>mb_strpos() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#mb_substr"><strong>mb_substr() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#mdate"><strong>mdate() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/benchmark.html#CI_Benchmark::memory_usage"><strong>memory_usage() (CI_Benchmark method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::message"><strong>message() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/html_helper.html#meta"><strong>meta() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::method"><strong>method() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/xmlrpc.html#CI_Xmlrpc::method"><strong>(CI_Xmlrpc method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::mirror"><strong>mirror() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::mkdir"><strong>mkdir() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::mobile"><strong>mobile() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::model"><strong>model() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge::modify_column"><strong>modify_column() (CI_DB_forge method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::move"><strong>move() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#mysql_to_unix"><strong>mysql_to_unix() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="N">N</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/html_helper.html#nbs"><strong>nbs() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::next_row"><strong>next_row() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#nice_date"><strong>nice_date() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/typography.html#CI_Typography::nl2br_except_pre"><strong>nl2br_except_pre() (CI_Typography method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="helpers/typography_helper.html#nl2br_except_pre"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::not_group_start"><strong>not_group_start() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::not_like"><strong>not_like() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#now"><strong>now() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::num_fields"><strong>num_fields() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::num_rows"><strong>num_rows() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="O">O</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/file_helper.html#octal_permissions"><strong>octal_permissions() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::offset"><strong>offset() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/html_helper.html#ol"><strong>ol() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/utilities.html#CI_DB_utility::optimize_database"><strong>optimize_database() (CI_DB_utility method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/utilities.html#CI_DB_utility::optimize_table"><strong>optimize_table() (CI_DB_utility method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::or_group_start"><strong>or_group_start() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::or_having"><strong>or_having() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::or_like"><strong>or_like() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::or_not_group_start"><strong>or_not_group_start() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::or_not_like"><strong>or_not_like() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::or_where"><strong>or_where() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::or_where_in"><strong>or_where_in() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::or_where_not_in"><strong>or_where_not_in() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::order_by"><strong>order_by() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="P">P</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/parser.html#CI_Parser::parse"><strong>parse() (CI_Parser method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::parse"><strong>(CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/smiley_helper.html#parse_smileys"><strong>parse_smileys() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/parser.html#CI_Parser::parse_string"><strong>parse_string() (CI_Parser method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/calendar.html#CI_Calendar::parse_template"><strong>parse_template() (CI_Calendar method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#password_get_info"><strong>password_get_info() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#password_hash"><strong>password_hash() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#password_needs_rehash"><strong>password_needs_rehash() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/compatibility_functions.html#password_verify"><strong>password_verify() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::platform"><strong>platform() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::platform"><strong>(CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#plural"><strong>plural() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::post"><strong>post() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::post_get"><strong>post_get() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#prep_url"><strong>prep_url() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::previous_row"><strong>previous_row() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::primary"><strong>primary() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::print_debugger"><strong>print_debugger() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::process"><strong>process() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart::product_options"><strong>product_options() (CI_Cart method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::protect_identifiers"><strong>protect_identifiers() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="Q">Q</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::query"><strong>query() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/string_helper.html#quotes_to_entities"><strong>quotes_to_entities() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="R">R</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/array_helper.html#random_element"><strong>random_element() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/string_helper.html#random_string"><strong>random_string() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/zip.html#CI_Zip::read_dir"><strong>read_dir() (CI_Zip method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/zip.html#CI_Zip::read_file"><strong>read_file() (CI_Zip method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="helpers/file_helper.html#read_file"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::receive"><strong>receive() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::reconnect"><strong>reconnect() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#redirect"><strong>redirect() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/string_helper.html#reduce_double_slashes"><strong>reduce_double_slashes() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/string_helper.html#reduce_multiples"><strong>reduce_multiples() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::referrer"><strong>referrer() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart::remove"><strong>remove() (CI_Cart method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/common_functions.html#remove_invisible_characters"><strong>remove_invisible_characters() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::remove_package_path"><strong>remove_package_path() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::rename"><strong>rename() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/forge.html#CI_DB_forge::rename_table"><strong>rename_table() (CI_DB_forge method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/utilities.html#CI_DB_utility::repair_table"><strong>repair_table() (CI_DB_utility method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/string_helper.html#repeater"><strong>repeater() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::replace"><strong>replace() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::reply_to"><strong>reply_to() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/unit_testing.html#CI_Unit_test::report"><strong>report() (CI_Unit_test method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/xmlrpc.html#CI_Xmlrpc::request"><strong>request() (CI_Xmlrpc method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::request_headers"><strong>request_headers() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::reset_query"><strong>reset_query() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation::reset_validation"><strong>reset_validation() (CI_Form_validation method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/image_lib.html#CI_Image_lib::resize"><strong>resize() (CI_Image_lib method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::result"><strong>result() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/unit_testing.html#CI_Unit_test::result"><strong>(CI_Unit_test method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::result_array"><strong>result_array() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::result_object"><strong>result_object() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::robot"><strong>robot() (CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/image_lib.html#CI_Image_lib::rotate"><strong>rotate() (CI_Image_lib method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::row"><strong>row() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::row_array"><strong>row_array() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::row_object"><strong>row_object() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::rsegment"><strong>rsegment() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::rsegment_array"><strong>rsegment_array() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation::run"><strong>run() (CI_Form_validation method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/unit_testing.html#CI_Unit_test::run"><strong>(CI_Unit_test method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::ruri_string"><strong>ruri_string() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::ruri_to_assoc"><strong>ruri_to_assoc() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="S">S</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#safe_mailto"><strong>safe_mailto() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/security.html#CI_Security::sanitize_filename"><strong>sanitize_filename() (CI_Security method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="helpers/security_helper.html#sanitize_filename"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/caching.html#CI_Cache::save"><strong>save() (CI_Cache method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::segment"><strong>segment() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::segment_array"><strong>segment_array() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::select"><strong>select() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::select_avg"><strong>select_avg() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::select_max"><strong>select_max() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::select_min"><strong>select_min() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::select_sum"><strong>select_sum() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::send"><strong>send() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::send"><strong>(CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/email_helper.html#send_email"><strong>send_email() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::send_error"><strong>send_error() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/xmlrpc.html#CI_Xmlrpc::send_error_message"><strong>send_error_message() (CI_Xmlrpc method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/xmlrpc.html#CI_Xmlrpc::send_request"><strong>send_request() (CI_Xmlrpc method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::send_success"><strong>send_success() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::server"><strong>server() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/xmlrpc.html#CI_Xmlrpc::server"><strong>(CI_Xmlrpc method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::sess_destroy"><strong>sess_destroy() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::sess_regenerate"><strong>sess_regenerate() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::set"><strong>set() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::set_alt_message"><strong>set_alt_message() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/table.html#CI_Table::set_caption"><strong>set_caption() (CI_Table method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_checkbox"><strong>set_checkbox() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encrypt.html#CI_Encrypt::set_cipher"><strong>set_cipher() (CI_Encrypt method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::set_content_type"><strong>set_content_type() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::set_cookie"><strong>set_cookie() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="helpers/cookie_helper.html#set_cookie"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation::set_data"><strong>set_data() (CI_Form_validation method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::set_dbprefix"><strong>set_dbprefix() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/parser.html#CI_Parser::set_delimiters"><strong>set_delimiters() (CI_Parser method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/table.html#CI_Table::set_empty"><strong>set_empty() (CI_Table method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::set_error"><strong>set_error() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation::set_error_delimiters"><strong>set_error_delimiters() (CI_Form_validation method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::set_flashdata"><strong>set_flashdata() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::set_header"><strong>set_header() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::set_header"><strong>(CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/table.html#CI_Table::set_heading"><strong>set_heading() (CI_Table method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::set_insert_batch"><strong>set_insert_batch() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/config.html#CI_Config::set_item"><strong>set_item() (CI_Config method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation::set_message"><strong>set_message() (CI_Form_validation method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/encrypt.html#CI_Encrypt::set_mode"><strong>set_mode() (CI_Encrypt method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::set_output"><strong>set_output() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::set_profiler_sections"><strong>set_profiler_sections() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_radio"><strong>set_radio() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/path_helper.html#set_realpath"><strong>set_realpath() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::set_row"><strong>set_row() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/form_validation.html#CI_Form_validation::set_rules"><strong>set_rules() (CI_Form_validation method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_select"><strong>set_select() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/output.html#CI_Output::set_status_header"><strong>set_status_header() (CI_Output method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="general/common_functions.html#set_status_header"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::set_tempdata"><strong>set_tempdata() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/table.html#CI_Table::set_template"><strong>set_template() (CI_Table method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/unit_testing.html#CI_Unit_test::set_template"><strong>(CI_Unit_test method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/unit_testing.html#CI_Unit_test::set_test_items"><strong>set_test_items() (CI_Unit_test method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::set_update_batch"><strong>set_update_batch() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::set_userdata"><strong>set_userdata() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#set_value"><strong>set_value() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="documentation/index.html#Some_class::should_do_something"><strong>should_do_something() (Some_class method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/errors.html#show_404"><strong>show_404() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="general/errors.html#show_error"><strong>show_error() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::simple_query"><strong>simple_query() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#singular"><strong>singular() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/config.html#CI_Config::site_url"><strong>site_url() (CI_Config method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#site_url"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/config.html#CI_Config::slash_item"><strong>slash_item() (CI_Config method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::slash_rsegment"><strong>slash_rsegment() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::slash_segment"><strong>slash_segment() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/smiley_helper.html#smiley_js"><strong>smiley_js() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="documentation/index.html#Some_class"><strong>Some_class (class)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="documentation/index.html#Some_class::some_method"><strong>some_method() (Some_class method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#standard_date"><strong>standard_date() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::start_cache"><strong>start_cache() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::stop_cache"><strong>stop_cache() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/security_helper.html#strip_image_tags"><strong>strip_image_tags() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/string_helper.html#strip_quotes"><strong>strip_quotes() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/string_helper.html#strip_slashes"><strong>strip_slashes() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::subject"><strong>subject() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/file_helper.html#symbolic_permissions"><strong>symbolic_permissions() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/config.html#CI_Config::system_url"><strong>system_url() (CI_Config method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="T">T</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::table_exists"><strong>table_exists() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::tempdata"><strong>tempdata() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/xmlrpc.html#CI_Xmlrpc::timeout"><strong>timeout() (CI_Xmlrpc method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#timespan"><strong>timespan() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#timezone_menu"><strong>timezone_menu() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#timezones"><strong>timezones() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/email.html#CI_Email::to"><strong>to() (CI_Email method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart::total"><strong>total() (CI_Cart method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart::total_items"><strong>total_items() (CI_Cart method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::total_queries"><strong>total_queries() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::total_rsegments"><strong>total_rsegments() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::total_segments"><strong>total_segments() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::trans_complete"><strong>trans_complete() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::trans_off"><strong>trans_off() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::trans_start"><strong>trans_start() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::trans_status"><strong>trans_status() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::trans_strict"><strong>trans_strict() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/string_helper.html#trim_slashes"><strong>trim_slashes() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::truncate"><strong>truncate() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="U">U</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/html_helper.html#ul"><strong>ul() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/results.html#CI_DB_result::unbuffered_row"><strong>unbuffered_row() (CI_DB_result method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/inflector_helper.html#underscore"><strong>underscore() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/date_helper.html#unix_to_human"><strong>unix_to_human() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::unmark_flash"><strong>unmark_flash() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::unmark_temp"><strong>unmark_temp() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::unset_userdata"><strong>unset_userdata() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/cart.html#CI_Cart::update"><strong>update() (CI_Cart method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::update"><strong>(CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::update_batch"><strong>update_batch() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::update_string"><strong>update_string() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/ftp.html#CI_FTP::upload"><strong>upload() (CI_FTP method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::uri_string"><strong>uri_string() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#uri_string"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/uri.html#CI_URI::uri_to_assoc"><strong>uri_to_assoc() (CI_URI method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/url_helper.html#url_title"><strong>url_title() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/unit_testing.html#CI_Unit_test::use_strict"><strong>use_strict() (CI_Unit_test method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::user_agent"><strong>user_agent() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/sessions.html#CI_Session::userdata"><strong>userdata() (CI_Session method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="V">V</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/email_helper.html#valid_email"><strong>valid_email() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/input.html#CI_Input::valid_ip"><strong>valid_ip() (CI_Input method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/trackback.html#CI_Trackback::validate_url"><strong>validate_url() (CI_Trackback method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/form_helper.html#validation_errors"><strong>validation_errors() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::vars"><strong>vars() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/db_driver_reference.html#CI_DB_driver::version"><strong>version() (CI_DB_driver method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="libraries/migration.html#CI_Migration::version"><strong>(CI_Migration method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+        <li><a href="libraries/user_agent.html#CI_User_agent::version"><strong>(CI_User_agent method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="libraries/loader.html#CI_Loader::view"><strong>view() (CI_Loader method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="W">W</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/image_lib.html#CI_Image_lib::watermark"><strong>watermark() (CI_Image_lib method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::where"><strong>where() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::where_in"><strong>where_in() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/query_builder.html#CI_DB_query_builder::where_not_in"><strong>where_not_in() (CI_DB_query_builder method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/text_helper.html#word_censor"><strong>word_censor() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/text_helper.html#word_limiter"><strong>word_limiter() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/text_helper.html#word_wrap"><strong>word_wrap() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="helpers/file_helper.html#write_file"><strong>write_file() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="X">X</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="helpers/xml_helper.html#xml_convert"><strong>xml_convert() (global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="database/utilities.html#CI_DB_utility::xml_from_result"><strong>xml_from_result() (CI_DB_utility method)</strong></a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="libraries/security.html#CI_Security::xss_clean"><strong>xss_clean() (CI_Security method)</strong></a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="helpers/security_helper.html#xss_clean"><strong>(global function)</strong></a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'./',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/array_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/array_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd28bb5b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/array_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,660 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Array Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Array Helper</a></li>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="array-helper">
+<h1>Array Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#array-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Array Helper file contains functions that assist in working with
+arrays.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;array&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="element">
+<code class="descname">element</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$item</em>, <em>$array</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$default = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#element" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$item</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Item to fetch from the array</li>
+<li><strong>$array</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Input array</li>
+<li><strong>$default</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – What to return if the array isn’t valid</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">NULL on failure or the array item.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you fetch an item from an array. The function tests whether the
+array index is set and whether it has a value. If a value exists it is
+returned. If a value does not exist it returns NULL, or whatever you’ve
+specified as the default value via the third parameter.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;shape&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;round&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;size&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">element</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// returns &quot;red&quot;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">element</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;size&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foobar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// returns &quot;foobar&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="elements">
+<code class="descname">elements</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$items</em>, <em>$array</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$default = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#elements" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$item</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Item to fetch from the array</li>
+<li><strong>$array</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Input array</li>
+<li><strong>$default</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – What to return if the array isn’t valid</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">NULL on failure or the array item.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you fetch a number of items from an array. The function tests
+whether each of the array indices is set. If an index does not exist it
+is set to NULL, or whatever you’ve specified as the default value via
+the third parameter.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;shape&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;round&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;radius&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;10&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;diameter&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;20&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$my_shape</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">elements</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;shape&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;height&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above will return the following array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;shape&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;round&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;height&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">NULL</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can set the third parameter to any default value you like.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$my_shape</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">elements</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;shape&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;height&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foobar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above will return the following array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;shape&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;round&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;height&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foobar&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This is useful when sending the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> array to one of your Models.
+This prevents users from sending additional POST data to be entered into
+your tables.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;post_model&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="nx">elements</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This ensures that only the id, title and content fields are sent to be
+updated.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="random_element">
+<code class="descname">random_element</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$array</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#random_element" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$array</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Input array</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A random element from the array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes an array as input and returns a random element from it.</p>
+<p>Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$quotes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have. - Thomas Jefferson&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;Don&#39;t stay in bed, unless you can make money in bed. - George Burns&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;We didn&#39;t lose the game; we just ran out of time. - Vince Lombardi&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;If everything seems under control, you&#39;re not going fast enough. - Mario Andretti&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one. - Albert Einstein&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;Chance favors the prepared mind - Louis Pasteur&quot;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">random_element</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$quotes</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="captcha_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="CAPTCHA Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="index.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Helpers"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
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+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+  </div>
+
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+  
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+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/captcha_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/captcha_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2800c5924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/captcha_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,676 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>CAPTCHA Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Cookie Helper" href="cookie_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Array Helper" href="array_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+
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+
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+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>CAPTCHA Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
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+  <hr/>
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="captcha-helper">
+<h1>CAPTCHA Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#captcha-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The CAPTCHA Helper file contains functions that assist in creating
+CAPTCHA images.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-captcha-helper" id="id2">Using the CAPTCHA helper</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-a-database" id="id3">Adding a Database</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id4">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;captcha&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-the-captcha-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Using the CAPTCHA helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-captcha-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Once loaded you can generate a CAPTCHA like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$vals</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;word&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Random word&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;img_path&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;./captcha/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;img_url&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/captcha/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;font_path&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;./path/to/fonts/texb.ttf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;img_width&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;150&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;img_height&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;expiration&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">7200</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;word_length&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;font_size&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;img_id&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Imageid&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;pool&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+        <span class="c1">// White background and border, black text and red grid</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;colors&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;background&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;border&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;grid&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$cap</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">create_captcha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$vals</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$cap</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;image&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The captcha function requires the GD image library.</li>
+<li>Only the <strong>img_path</strong> and <strong>img_url</strong> are required.</li>
+<li>If a <strong>word</strong> is not supplied, the function will generate a random
+ASCII string. You might put together your own word library that you
+can draw randomly from.</li>
+<li>If you do not specify a path to a TRUE TYPE font, the native ugly GD
+font will be used.</li>
+<li>The “captcha” directory must be writable</li>
+<li>The <strong>expiration</strong> (in seconds) signifies how long an image will remain
+in the captcha folder before it will be deleted. The default is two
+hours.</li>
+<li><strong>word_length</strong> defaults to 8, <strong>pool</strong> defaults to ‘0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ’</li>
+<li><strong>font_size</strong> defaults to 16, the native GD font has a size limit. Specify a “true type” font for bigger sizes.</li>
+<li>The <strong>img_id</strong> will be set as the “id” of the captcha image.</li>
+<li>If any of the <strong>colors</strong> values is missing, it will be replaced by the default.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="adding-a-database">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Adding a Database</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-a-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In order for the captcha function to prevent someone from submitting,
+you will need to add the information returned from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_captcha()</span></code>
+to your database. Then, when the data from the form is submitted by
+the user you will need to verify that the data exists in the database
+and has not expired.</p>
+<p>Here is a table prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">captcha</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="nx">captcha_id</span> <span class="nx">bigint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">unsigned</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="nx">auto_increment</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">captcha_time</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">unsigned</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">ip_address</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">word</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="sb">`captcha_id`</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="sb">`captcha_id`</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="sb">`word`</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="sb">`word`</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is an example of usage with a database. On the page where the
+CAPTCHA will be shown you’ll have something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;captcha&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$vals</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;img_path&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;./captcha/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;img_url&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/captcha/&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$cap</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">create_captcha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$vals</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;captcha_time&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$cap</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;time&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;ip_address&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ip_address</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;word&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$cap</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;word&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;captcha&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Submit the word you see below:&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$cap</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;image&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; name=&quot;captcha&quot; value=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, on the page that accepts the submission you’ll have something like
+this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// First, delete old captchas</span>
+<span class="nv">$expiration</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">7200</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// Two hour limit</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;captcha_time &lt; &#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$expiration</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;captcha&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Then see if a captcha exists:</span>
+<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;SELECT COUNT(*) AS count FROM captcha WHERE word = ? AND ip_address = ? AND captcha_time &gt; ?&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$binds</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;captcha&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ip_address</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="nv">$expiration</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$binds</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$row</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">count</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You must submit the word that appears in the image.&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="create_captcha">
+<code class="descname">create_captcha</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$img_path = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$img_url = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$font_path = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#create_captcha" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Array of data for the CAPTCHA</li>
+<li><strong>$img_path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to create the image in (DEPRECATED)</li>
+<li><strong>$img_url</strong> (<em>string</em>) – URL to the CAPTCHA image folder (DEPRECATED)</li>
+<li><strong>$font_path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Server path to font (DEPRECATED)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">array(‘word’ =&gt; $word, ‘time’ =&gt; $now, ‘image’ =&gt; $img)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes an array of information to generate the CAPTCHA as input and
+creates the image to your specifications, returning an array of
+associative data about the image.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;image&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">IMAGE</span> <span class="nx">TAG</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;time&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">TIMESTAMP</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">in</span> <span class="nb">microtime</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;word&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">CAPTCHA</span> <span class="nx">WORD</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <strong>image</strong> is the actual image tag:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">img</span> <span class="nx">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;http://example.com/captcha/12345.jpg&quot;</span> <span class="nx">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;140&quot;</span> <span class="nx">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <strong>time</strong> is the micro timestamp used as the image name without the
+file extension. It will be a number like this: 1139612155.3422</p>
+<p>The <strong>word</strong> is the word that appears in the captcha image, which if not
+supplied to the function, will be a random string.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Usage of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$img_path</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$img_url</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$font_path</span></code>
+parameters is DEPRECATED. Provide them in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array
+instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Cookie Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="cookie-helper">
+<h1>Cookie Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#cookie-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Cookie Helper file contains functions that assist in working with
+cookies.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cookie&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="set_cookie">
+<code class="descname">set_cookie</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$expire = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$domain = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$path = '/'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$prefix = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$secure = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$httponly = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#set_cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Cookie name <em>or</em> associative array of all of the parameters available to this function</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie value</li>
+<li><strong>$expire</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of seconds until expiration</li>
+<li><strong>$domain</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie domain (usually: .yourdomain.com)</li>
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie path</li>
+<li><strong>$prefix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie name prefix</li>
+<li><strong>$secure</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to only send the cookie through HTTPS</li>
+<li><strong>$httponly</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to hide the cookie from JavaScript</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This helper function gives you friendlier syntax to set browser
+cookies. Refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> for
+a description of its use, as this function is an alias for
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Input::set_cookie()</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="get_cookie">
+<code class="descname">get_cookie</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$index</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$xss_clean = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#get_cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$index</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie name</li>
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering to the returned value</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The cookie value or NULL if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This helper function gives you friendlier syntax to get browser
+cookies. Refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> for
+detailed description of its use, as this function acts very
+similarly to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Input::cookie()</span></code>, except it will also prepend
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['cookie_prefix']</span></code> that you might’ve set in your
+<em>application/config/config.php</em> file.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="delete_cookie">
+<code class="descname">delete_cookie</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$domain = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$path = '/'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$prefix = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#delete_cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie name</li>
+<li><strong>$domain</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie domain (usually: .yourdomain.com)</li>
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie path</li>
+<li><strong>$prefix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie name prefix</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you delete a cookie. Unless you’ve set a custom path or other
+values, only the name of the cookie is needed.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">delete_cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This function is otherwise identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_cookie()</span></code>, except that it
+does not have the value and expiration parameters. You can submit an
+array of values in the first parameter or you can set discrete
+parameters.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">delete_cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$domain</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$prefix</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="date_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Date Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="captcha_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="CAPTCHA Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/date_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/date_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..138fe5db4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/date_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1256 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Date Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Directory Helper" href="directory_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Cookie Helper" href="cookie_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Date Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="date-helper">
+<h1>Date Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#date-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Date Helper file contains functions that help you work with dates.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#timezone-reference" id="id3">Timezone Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;date&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="now">
+<code class="descname">now</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$timezone = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#now" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$timezone</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Timezone</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">UNIX timestamp</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">int</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the current time as a UNIX timestamp, referenced either to your server’s
+local time or any PHP supported timezone, based on the “time reference” setting
+in your config file. If you do not intend to set your master time reference to
+any other PHP supported timezone (which you’ll typically do if you run a site
+that lets each user set their own timezone settings) there is no benefit to using
+this function over PHP’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time()</span></code> function.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">now</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Australia/Victoria&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If a timezone is not provided, it will return <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time()</span></code> based on the
+<strong>time_reference</strong> setting.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mdate">
+<code class="descname">mdate</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$datestr = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$time = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mdate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$datestr</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Date string</li>
+<li><strong>$time</strong> (<em>int</em>) – UNIX timestamp</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">MySQL-formatted date</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function is identical to PHP’s <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/function.date.php">date()</a>
+function, except that it lets you use MySQL style date codes, where each
+code letter is preceded with a percent sign, e.g. <cite>%Y %m %d</cite></p>
+<p>The benefit of doing dates this way is that you don’t have to worry
+about escaping any characters that are not date codes, as you would
+normally have to do with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">date()</span></code> function.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$datestring</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Year: %Y Month: %m Day: %d - %h:%i %a&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$time</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">mdate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$datestring</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$time</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If a timestamp is not included in the second parameter the current time
+will be used.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="standard_date">
+<code class="descname">standard_date</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$fmt = 'DATE_RFC822'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$time = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#standard_date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$fmt</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Date format</li>
+<li><strong>$time</strong> (<em>int</em>) – UNIX timestamp</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Formatted date or FALSE on invalid format</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you generate a date string in one of several standardized formats.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$format</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;DATE_RFC822&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$time</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">standard_date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$format</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$time</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>This function is DEPRECATED. Use the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">date()</span></code> combined with
+<a class="reference external" href="https://secure.php.net/manual/en/class.datetime.php#datetime.constants.types">DateTime’s format constants</a>
+instead:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nb">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">DATE_RFC822</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">());</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Supported formats:</strong></p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="30%" />
+<col width="50%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Constant</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+<th class="head">Example</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>DATE_ATOM</td>
+<td>Atom</td>
+<td>2005-08-15T16:13:03+0000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>DATE_COOKIE</td>
+<td>HTTP Cookies</td>
+<td>Sun, 14 Aug 2005 16:13:03 UTC</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>DATE_ISO8601</td>
+<td>ISO-8601</td>
+<td>2005-08-14T16:13:03+00:00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>DATE_RFC822</td>
+<td>RFC 822</td>
+<td>Sun, 14 Aug 05 16:13:03 UTC</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>DATE_RFC850</td>
+<td>RFC 850</td>
+<td>Sunday, 14-Aug-05 16:13:03 UTC</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>DATE_RFC1036</td>
+<td>RFC 1036</td>
+<td>Sunday, 14-Aug-05 16:13:03 UTC</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>DATE_RFC1123</td>
+<td>RFC 1123</td>
+<td>Sun, 14 Aug 2005 16:13:03 UTC</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>DATE_RFC2822</td>
+<td>RFC 2822</td>
+<td>Sun, 14 Aug 2005 16:13:03 +0000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>DATE_RSS</td>
+<td>RSS</td>
+<td>Sun, 14 Aug 2005 16:13:03 UTC</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>DATE_W3C</td>
+<td>W3C</td>
+<td>2005-08-14T16:13:03+0000</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="local_to_gmt">
+<code class="descname">local_to_gmt</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$time = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#local_to_gmt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$time</strong> (<em>int</em>) – UNIX timestamp</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">UNIX timestamp</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">int</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes a UNIX timestamp as input and returns it as GMT.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$gmt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">local_to_gmt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">());</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="gmt_to_local">
+<code class="descname">gmt_to_local</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$time = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$timezone = 'UTC'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$dst = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#gmt_to_local" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$time</strong> (<em>int</em>) – UNIX timestamp</li>
+<li><strong>$timezone</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Timezone</li>
+<li><strong>$dst</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether DST is active</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">UNIX timestamp</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">int</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes a UNIX timestamp (referenced to GMT) as input, and converts it to
+a localized timestamp based on the timezone and Daylight Saving Time
+submitted.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$timestamp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1140153693</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$timezone</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;UM8&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$daylight_saving</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">gmt_to_local</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$timestamp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$timezone</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$daylight_saving</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">For a list of timezones see the reference at the bottom of this page.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mysql_to_unix">
+<code class="descname">mysql_to_unix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$time = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mysql_to_unix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$time</strong> (<em>string</em>) – MySQL timestamp</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">UNIX timestamp</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">int</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes a MySQL Timestamp as input and returns it as a UNIX timestamp.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$unix</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">mysql_to_unix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;20061124092345&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="unix_to_human">
+<code class="descname">unix_to_human</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$time = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$seconds = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$fmt = 'us'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unix_to_human" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$time</strong> (<em>int</em>) – UNIX timestamp</li>
+<li><strong>$seconds</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to show seconds</li>
+<li><strong>$fmt</strong> (<em>string</em>) – format (us or euro)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Formatted date</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes a UNIX timestamp as input and returns it in a human readable
+format with this prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">YYYY</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">MM</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">DD</span> <span class="nx">HH</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">MM</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">SS</span> <span class="nx">AM</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">PM</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This can be useful if you need to display a date in a form field for
+submission.</p>
+<p>The time can be formatted with or without seconds, and it can be set to
+European or US format. If only the timestamp is submitted it will return
+the time without seconds formatted for the U.S.</p>
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$now</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">unix_to_human</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$now</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// U.S. time, no seconds</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">unix_to_human</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$now</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;us&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// U.S. time with seconds</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">unix_to_human</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$now</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;eu&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Euro time with seconds</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="human_to_unix">
+<code class="descname">human_to_unix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$datestr = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#human_to_unix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$datestr</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Date string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">UNIX timestamp or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">int</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The opposite of the <code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unix_to_time()</span></code> function. Takes a “human”
+time as input and returns it as a UNIX timestamp. This is useful if you
+accept “human” formatted dates submitted via a form. Returns boolean FALSE
+date string passed to it is not formatted as indicated above.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$now</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$human</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">unix_to_human</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$now</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$unix</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">human_to_unix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$human</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="nice_date">
+<code class="descname">nice_date</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$bad_date = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$format = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#nice_date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$bad_date</strong> (<em>int</em>) – The terribly formatted date-like string</li>
+<li><strong>$format</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Date format to return (same as PHP’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">date()</span></code> function)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Formatted date</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function can take a number poorly-formed date formats and convert
+them into something useful. It also accepts well-formed dates.</p>
+<p>The function will return a UNIX timestamp by default. You can, optionally,
+pass a format string (the same type as the PHP <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">date()</span></code> function accepts)
+as the second parameter.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$bad_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;199605&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="c1">// Should Produce: 1996-05-01</span>
+<span class="nv">$better_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">nice_date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bad_date</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Y-m-d&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$bad_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;9-11-2001&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="c1">// Should Produce: 2001-09-11</span>
+<span class="nv">$better_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">nice_date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bad_date</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Y-m-d&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is DEPRECATED. Use PHP’s native <a class="reference external" href="https://secure.php.net/datetime">DateTime class</a> instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="timespan">
+<code class="descname">timespan</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$seconds = 1</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$time = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$units = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#timespan" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$seconds</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of seconds</li>
+<li><strong>$time</strong> (<em>string</em>) – UNIX timestamp</li>
+<li><strong>$units</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of time units to display</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Formatted time difference</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Formats a UNIX timestamp so that is appears similar to this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="nx">Year</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="nx">Months</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="nx">Weeks</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span> <span class="nx">Days</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="nx">Hours</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">16</span> <span class="nx">Minutes</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter must contain a UNIX timestamp.
+The second parameter must contain a timestamp that is greater that the
+first timestamp.
+The thirdparameter is optional and limits the number of time units to display.</p>
+<p>If the second parameter empty, the current time will be used.</p>
+<p>The most common purpose for this function is to show how much time has
+elapsed from some point in time in the past to now.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$post_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;1079621429&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$now</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$units</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">timespan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$post_date</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$now</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$units</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The text generated by this function is found in the following language
+file: <cite>language/&lt;your_lang&gt;/date_lang.php</cite></p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="days_in_month">
+<code class="descname">days_in_month</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$month = 0</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$year = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#days_in_month" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$month</strong> (<em>int</em>) – a numeric month</li>
+<li><strong>$year</strong> (<em>int</em>) – a numeric year</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Count of days in the specified month</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">int</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the number of days in a given month/year. Takes leap years into
+account.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">days_in_month</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mo">06</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2005</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If the second parameter is empty, the current year will be used.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function will alias the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cal_days_in_month()</span></code>, if
+it is available.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="date_range">
+<code class="descname">date_range</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$unix_start = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$mixed = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$is_unix = TRUE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$format = 'Y-m-d'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#date_range" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$unix_start</strong> (<em>int</em>) – UNIX timestamp of the range start date</li>
+<li><strong>$mixed</strong> (<em>int</em>) – UNIX timestamp of the range end date or interval in days</li>
+<li><strong>$is_unix</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – set to FALSE if $mixed is not a timestamp</li>
+<li><strong>$format</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Output date format, same as in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">date()</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array of dates</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a list of dates within a specified period.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$range</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">date_range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;2012-01-01&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;2012-01-15&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;First 15 days of 2012:&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$range</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$date</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="timezones">
+<code class="descname">timezones</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$tz = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#timezones" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$tz</strong> (<em>string</em>) – A numeric timezone</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Hour difference from UTC</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">int</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes a timezone reference (for a list of valid timezones, see the
+“Timezone Reference” below) and returns the number of hours offset from
+UTC.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">timezones</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;UM5&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This function is useful when used with <a class="reference internal" href="#timezone_menu" title="timezone_menu"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">timezone_menu()</span></code></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="timezone_menu">
+<code class="descname">timezone_menu</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$default = 'UTC'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$class = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$name = 'timezones'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$attributes = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#timezone_menu" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$default</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Timezone</li>
+<li><strong>$class</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Class name</li>
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Menu name</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML drop down menu with time zones</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates a pull-down menu of timezones, like this one:</p>
+<form action="#">
+        <select name="timezones">
+                <option value='UM12'>(UTC -12:00) Baker/Howland Island</option>
+                <option value='UM11'>(UTC -11:00) Samoa Time Zone, Niue</option>
+                <option value='UM10'>(UTC -10:00) Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time, Cook Islands, Tahiti</option>
+                <option value='UM95'>(UTC -9:30) Marquesas Islands</option>
+                <option value='UM9'>(UTC -9:00) Alaska Standard Time, Gambier Islands</option>
+                <option value='UM8'>(UTC -8:00) Pacific Standard Time, Clipperton Island</option>
+                <option value='UM7'>(UTC -7:00) Mountain Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UM6'>(UTC -6:00) Central Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UM5'>(UTC -5:00) Eastern Standard Time, Western Caribbean Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UM45'>(UTC -4:30) Venezuelan Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UM4'>(UTC -4:00) Atlantic Standard Time, Eastern Caribbean Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UM35'>(UTC -3:30) Newfoundland Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UM3'>(UTC -3:00) Argentina, Brazil, French Guiana, Uruguay</option>
+                <option value='UM2'>(UTC -2:00) South Georgia/South Sandwich Islands</option>
+                <option value='UM1'>(UTC -1:00) Azores, Cape Verde Islands</option>
+                <option value='UTC' selected='selected'>(UTC) Greenwich Mean Time, Western European Time</option>
+                <option value='UP1'>(UTC +1:00) Central European Time, West Africa Time</option>
+                <option value='UP2'>(UTC +2:00) Central Africa Time, Eastern European Time, Kaliningrad Time</option>
+                <option value='UP3'>(UTC +3:00) Moscow Time, East Africa Time</option>
+                <option value='UP35'>(UTC +3:30) Iran Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UP4'>(UTC +4:00) Azerbaijan Standard Time, Samara Time</option>
+                <option value='UP45'>(UTC +4:30) Afghanistan</option>
+                <option value='UP5'>(UTC +5:00) Pakistan Standard Time, Yekaterinburg Time</option>
+                <option value='UP55'>(UTC +5:30) Indian Standard Time, Sri Lanka Time</option>
+                <option value='UP575'>(UTC +5:45) Nepal Time</option>
+                <option value='UP6'>(UTC +6:00) Bangladesh Standard Time, Bhutan Time, Omsk Time</option>
+                <option value='UP65'>(UTC +6:30) Cocos Islands, Myanmar</option>
+                <option value='UP7'>(UTC +7:00) Krasnoyarsk Time, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam</option>
+                <option value='UP8'>(UTC +8:00) Australian Western Standard Time, Beijing Time, Irkutsk Time</option>
+                <option value='UP875'>(UTC +8:45) Australian Central Western Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UP9'>(UTC +9:00) Japan Standard Time, Korea Standard Time, Yakutsk Time</option>
+                <option value='UP95'>(UTC +9:30) Australian Central Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UP10'>(UTC +10:00) Australian Eastern Standard Time, Vladivostok Time</option>
+                <option value='UP105'>(UTC +10:30) Lord Howe Island</option>
+                <option value='UP11'>(UTC +11:00) Srednekolymsk Time, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu</option>
+                <option value='UP115'>(UTC +11:30) Norfolk Island</option>
+                <option value='UP12'>(UTC +12:00) Fiji, Gilbert Islands, Kamchatka Time, New Zealand Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UP1275'>(UTC +12:45) Chatham Islands Standard Time</option>
+                <option value='UP13'>(UTC +13:00) Phoenix Islands Time, Tonga</option>
+                <option value='UP14'>(UTC +14:00) Line Islands</option>
+        </select>
+</form><p>This menu is useful if you run a membership site in which your users are
+allowed to set their local timezone value.</p>
+<p>The first parameter lets you set the “selected” state of the menu. For
+example, to set Pacific time as the default you will do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">timezone_menu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;UM8&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please see the timezone reference below to see the values of this menu.</p>
+<p>The second parameter lets you set a CSS class name for the menu.</p>
+<p>The fourth parameter lets you set one or more attributes on the generated select tag.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The text contained in the menu is found in the following
+language file: <cite>language/&lt;your_lang&gt;/date_lang.php</cite></p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="timezone-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Timezone Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#timezone-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following table indicates each timezone and its location.</p>
+<p>Note some of the location lists have been abridged for clarity and formatting.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="86%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Time Zone</th>
+<th class="head">Location</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UM12</td>
+<td>(UTC - 12:00) Baker/Howland Island</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UM11</td>
+<td>(UTC - 11:00) Samoa Time Zone, Niue</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UM10</td>
+<td>(UTC - 10:00) Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time, Cook Islands</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UM95</td>
+<td>(UTC - 09:30) Marquesas Islands</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UM9</td>
+<td>(UTC - 09:00) Alaska Standard Time, Gambier Islands</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UM8</td>
+<td>(UTC - 08:00) Pacific Standard Time, Clipperton Island</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UM7</td>
+<td>(UTC - 07:00) Mountain Standard Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UM6</td>
+<td>(UTC - 06:00) Central Standard Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UM5</td>
+<td>(UTC - 05:00) Eastern Standard Time, Western Caribbean</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UM45</td>
+<td>(UTC - 04:30) Venezuelan Standard Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UM4</td>
+<td>(UTC - 04:00) Atlantic Standard Time, Eastern Caribbean</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UM35</td>
+<td>(UTC - 03:30) Newfoundland Standard Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UM3</td>
+<td>(UTC - 03:00) Argentina, Brazil, French Guiana, Uruguay</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UM2</td>
+<td>(UTC - 02:00) South Georgia/South Sandwich Islands</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UM1</td>
+<td>(UTC -1:00) Azores, Cape Verde Islands</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UTC</td>
+<td>(UTC) Greenwich Mean Time, Western European Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP1</td>
+<td>(UTC +1:00) Central European Time, West Africa Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP2</td>
+<td>(UTC +2:00) Central Africa Time, Eastern European Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP3</td>
+<td>(UTC +3:00) Moscow Time, East Africa Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP35</td>
+<td>(UTC +3:30) Iran Standard Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP4</td>
+<td>(UTC +4:00) Azerbaijan Standard Time, Samara Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP45</td>
+<td>(UTC +4:30) Afghanistan</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP5</td>
+<td>(UTC +5:00) Pakistan Standard Time, Yekaterinburg Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP55</td>
+<td>(UTC +5:30) Indian Standard Time, Sri Lanka Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP575</td>
+<td>(UTC +5:45) Nepal Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP6</td>
+<td>(UTC +6:00) Bangladesh Standard Time, Bhutan Time, Omsk Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP65</td>
+<td>(UTC +6:30) Cocos Islands, Myanmar</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP7</td>
+<td>(UTC +7:00) Krasnoyarsk Time, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP8</td>
+<td>(UTC +8:00) Australian Western Standard Time, Beijing Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP875</td>
+<td>(UTC +8:45) Australian Central Western Standard Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP9</td>
+<td>(UTC +9:00) Japan Standard Time, Korea Standard Time, Yakutsk</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP95</td>
+<td>(UTC +9:30) Australian Central Standard Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP10</td>
+<td>(UTC +10:00) Australian Eastern Standard Time, Vladivostok Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP105</td>
+<td>(UTC +10:30) Lord Howe Island</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP11</td>
+<td>(UTC +11:00) Srednekolymsk Time, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP115</td>
+<td>(UTC +11:30) Norfolk Island</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP12</td>
+<td>(UTC +12:00) Fiji, Gilbert Islands, Kamchatka, New Zealand</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP1275</td>
+<td>(UTC +12:45) Chatham Islands Standard Time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>UP13</td>
+<td>(UTC +13:00) Phoenix Islands Time, Tonga</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>UP14</td>
+<td>(UTC +14:00) Line Islands</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="directory_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Directory Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/directory_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/directory_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eed0d9f63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/directory_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Directory Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
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+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
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+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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+<ul class="current">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Directory Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="directory-helper">
+<h1>Directory Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#directory-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Directory Helper file contains functions that assist in working with
+directories.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;directory&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="directory_map">
+<code class="descname">directory_map</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$source_dir</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$directory_depth = 0</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$hidden = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#directory_map" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$source_dir</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to the source directory</li>
+<li><strong>$directory_depth</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Depth of directories to traverse (0 = fully recursive, 1 = current dir, etc)</li>
+<li><strong>$hidden</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to include hidden directories</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array of files</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$map</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">directory_map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./mydirectory/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Paths are almost always relative to your main index.php file.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Sub-folders contained within the directory will be mapped as well. If
+you wish to control the recursion depth, you can do so using the second
+parameter (integer). A depth of 1 will only map the top level directory:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$map</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">directory_map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./mydirectory/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>By default, hidden files will not be included in the returned array. To
+override this behavior, you may set a third parameter to true (boolean):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$map</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">directory_map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./mydirectory/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Each folder name will be an array index, while its contained files will
+be numerically indexed. Here is an example of a typical array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">Array</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">libraries</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">Array</span>
+                <span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">benchmark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;database/&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">Array</span>
+                                <span class="p">(</span>
+                                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">query_builder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">binds</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">configuration</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">connecting</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">examples</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">fields</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">queries</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                                <span class="p">)</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">email</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">file_uploading</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">image_lib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">input</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">language</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">loader</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">pagination</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                        <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">uri</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span>
+                <span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="download_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Download Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="date_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Date Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
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+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/download_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/download_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..daa30b857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/download_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Download Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Email Helper" href="email_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Directory Helper" href="directory_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+  <div id="nav">
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+    
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Download Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="download-helper">
+<h1>Download Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#download-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Download Helper lets you download data to your desktop.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;download&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="force_download">
+<code class="descname">force_download</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$filename = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$set_mime = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#force_download" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$filename</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Filename</li>
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – File contents</li>
+<li><strong>$set_mime</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to try to send the actual MIME type</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates server headers which force data to be downloaded to your
+desktop. Useful with file downloads. The first parameter is the <strong>name
+you want the downloaded file to be named</strong>, the second parameter is the
+file data.</p>
+<p>If you set the second parameter to NULL and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$filename</span></code> is an existing, readable
+file path, then its content will be read instead.</p>
+<p>If you set the third parameter to boolean TRUE, then the actual file MIME type
+(based on the filename extension) will be sent, so that if your browser has a
+handler for that type - it can use it.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Here is some text!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mytext.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nx">force_download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to download an existing file from your server you’ll need to
+do the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Contents of photo.jpg will be automatically read</span>
+<span class="nx">force_download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/photo.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="email_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Email Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="directory_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Directory Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+  </script>
+   
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/email_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/email_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a534782d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/email_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Email Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="File Helper" href="file_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Download Helper" href="download_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
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+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Email Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="email-helper">
+<h1>Email Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#email-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Email Helper provides some assistive functions for working with
+Email. For a more robust email solution, see CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email
+Class</span></a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The Email helper is DEPRECATED and is currently
+only kept for backwards compatibility.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="valid_email">
+<code class="descname">valid_email</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$email</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#valid_email" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$email</strong> (<em>string</em>) – E-mail address</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if a valid email is supplied, FALSE otherwise</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Checks if the input is a correctly formatted e-mail address. Note that is
+doesn’t actually prove that the address will be able recieve mail, but
+simply that it is a validly formed address.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">valid_email</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email@somesite.com&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email is valid&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email is not valid&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>All that this function does is to use PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter_var()</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">bool</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nb">filter_var</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="send_email">
+<code class="descname">send_email</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$recipient</em>, <em>$subject</em>, <em>$message</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#send_email" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$recipient</strong> (<em>string</em>) – E-mail address</li>
+<li><strong>$subject</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Mail subject</li>
+<li><strong>$message</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Message body</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the mail was successfully sent, FALSE in case of an error</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sends an email using PHP’s native <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/function.mail">mail()</a>
+function.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>All that this function does is to use PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mail</span></code></p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">mail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$recipient</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$subject</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$message</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>For a more robust email solution, see CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="file_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="File Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="download_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Download Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
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+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
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+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+  </script>
+   
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+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/file_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/file_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f48770ebf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/file_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,829 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>File Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
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+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Form Helper" href="form_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Email Helper" href="email_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+</head>
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+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+
+          
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+      &nbsp;
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+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>File Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="file-helper">
+<h1>File Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#file-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The File Helper file contains functions that assist in working with files.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;file&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="read_file">
+<code class="descname">read_file</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$file</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#read_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$file</strong> (<em>string</em>) – File path</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">File contents or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the data contained in the file specified in the path.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">read_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./path/to/file.php&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The path can be a relative or full server path. Returns FALSE (boolean) on failure.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The path is relative to your main site index.php file, NOT your
+controller or view files. CodeIgniter uses a front controller so paths
+are always relative to the main site index.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is DEPRECATED. Use the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">file_get_contents()</span></code>
+instead.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">If your server is running an <strong>open_basedir</strong> restriction this
+function might not work if you are trying to access a file above the
+calling script.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="write_file">
+<code class="descname">write_file</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$path</em>, <em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$mode = 'wb'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#write_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – File path</li>
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Data to write to file</li>
+<li><strong>$mode</strong> (<em>string</em>) – <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fopen()</span></code> mode</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the write was successful, FALSE in case of an error</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Writes data to the file specified in the path. If the file does not exist then the
+function will create it.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Some file data&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nx">write_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./path/to/file.php&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Unable to write the file&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;File written!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can optionally set the write mode via the third parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">write_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./path/to/file.php&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r+&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The default mode is ‘wb’. Please see the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/function.fopen.php">PHP user guide</a>
+for mode options.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The path is relative to your main site index.php file, NOT your
+controller or view files. CodeIgniter uses a front controller so paths
+are always relative to the main site index.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function acquires an exclusive lock on the file while writing to it.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="delete_files">
+<code class="descname">delete_files</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$del_dir = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$htdocs = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#delete_files" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Directory path</li>
+<li><strong>$del_dir</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to also delete directories</li>
+<li><strong>$htdocs</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to skip deleting .htaccess and index page files</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE in case of an error</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Deletes ALL files contained in the supplied path.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">delete_files</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./path/to/directory/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If the second parameter is set to TRUE, any directories contained within the supplied
+root path will be deleted as well.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">delete_files</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./path/to/directory/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The files must be writable or owned by the system in order to be deleted.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="get_filenames">
+<code class="descname">get_filenames</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$source_dir</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$include_path = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#get_filenames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$source_dir</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Directory path</li>
+<li><strong>$include_path</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to include the path as part of the filenames</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array of file names</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes a server path as input and returns an array containing the names of all files
+contained within it. The file path can optionally be added to the file names by setting
+the second parameter to TRUE.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$controllers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">get_filenames</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;controllers/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="get_dir_file_info">
+<code class="descname">get_dir_file_info</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$source_dir</em>, <em>$top_level_only</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#get_dir_file_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$source_dir</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Directory path</li>
+<li><strong>$top_level_only</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to look only at the specified directory (excluding sub-directories)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array containing info on the supplied directory’s contents</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames, filesize,
+dates, and permissions. Sub-folders contained within the specified path are only read
+if forced by sending the second parameter to FALSE, as this can be an intensive
+operation.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$models_info</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">get_dir_file_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;models/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="get_file_info">
+<code class="descname">get_file_info</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$file</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$returned_values = array('name'</em>, <em>'server_path'</em>, <em>'size'</em>, <em>'date')</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#get_file_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$file</strong> (<em>string</em>) – File path</li>
+<li><strong>$returned_values</strong> (<em>array</em>) – What type of info to return</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array containing info on the specified file or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Given a file and path, returns (optionally) the <em>name</em>, <em>path</em>, <em>size</em> and <em>date modified</em>
+information attributes for a file. Second parameter allows you to explicitly declare what
+information you want returned.</p>
+<p>Valid <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$returned_values</span></code> options are: <cite>name</cite>, <cite>size</cite>, <cite>date</cite>, <cite>readable</cite>, <cite>writeable</cite>,
+<cite>executable</cite> and <cite>fileperms</cite>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="get_mime_by_extension">
+<code class="descname">get_mime_by_extension</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#get_mime_by_extension" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$filename</strong> (<em>string</em>) – File name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">MIME type string or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Translates a filename extension into a MIME type based on <em>config/mimes.php</em>.
+Returns FALSE if it can’t determine the type, or read the MIME config file.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;somefile.png&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$file</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39; is has a mime type of &#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">get_mime_by_extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$file</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is not an accurate way of determining file MIME types, and
+is here strictly for convenience. It should not be used for security
+purposes.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="symbolic_permissions">
+<code class="descname">symbolic_permissions</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$perms</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#symbolic_permissions" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$perms</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Permissions</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Symbolic permissions string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes numeric permissions (such as is returned by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileperms()</span></code>) and returns
+standard symbolic notation of file permissions.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">symbolic_permissions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">fileperms</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./index.php&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>  <span class="c1">// -rw-r--r--</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="octal_permissions">
+<code class="descname">octal_permissions</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$perms</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#octal_permissions" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$perms</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Permissions</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Octal permissions string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes numeric permissions (such as is returned by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileperms()</span></code>) and returns
+a three character octal notation of file permissions.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">octal_permissions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">fileperms</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./index.php&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span> <span class="c1">// 644</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="form_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Form Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="email_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Email Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/form_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/form_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7bf03210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/form_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1598 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Form Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="HTML Helper" href="html_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="File Helper" href="file_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Form Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="form-helper">
+<h1>Form Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#form-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Form Helper file contains functions that assist in working with
+forms.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#escaping-field-values" id="id2">Escaping field values</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id3">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="escaping-field-values">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Escaping field values</a><a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-field-values" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You may need to use HTML and characters such as quotes within your form
+elements. In order to do that safely, you’ll need to use
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common function</span></a>
+<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Consider the following example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Here is a string containing &quot;quoted&quot; text.&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;myfield&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;?php echo </span><span class="si">$string</span><span class="s2">; ?&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Since the above string contains a set of quotes, it will cause the form
+to break. The <a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html#html_escape" title="html_escape"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code></a> function converts HTML special
+characters so that it can be used safely:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;myfield&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;?php echo html_escape(</span><span class="si">$string</span><span class="s2">); ?&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you use any of the form helper functions listed on this page,
+the form values will be automatically escaped, so there is no need
+to call this function. Use it only if you are creating your own
+form elements.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_open">
+<code class="descname">form_open</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$action = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$attributes = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$hidden = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_open" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$action</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Form action/target URI string</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>array</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+<li><strong>$hidden</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An array of hidden fields’ definitions</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML form opening tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Creates an opening form tag with a base URL <strong>built from your config preferences</strong>.
+It will optionally let you add form attributes and hidden input fields, and
+will always add the <cite>accept-charset</cite> attribute based on the charset value in your
+config file.</p>
+<p>The main benefit of using this tag rather than hard coding your own HTML is that
+it permits your site to be more portable in the event your URLs ever change.</p>
+<p>Here’s a simple example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email/send&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above example would create a form that points to your base URL plus the
+“email/send” URI segments, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">form</span> <span class="nx">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;post&quot;</span> <span class="nx">accept</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">charset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;utf-8&quot;</span> <span class="nx">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;http://example.com/index.php/email/send&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Adding Attributes</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><p>Attributes can be added by passing an associative array to the second
+parameter, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$attributes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myform&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email/send&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$attributes</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Alternatively, you can specify the second parameter as a string:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email/send&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;class=&quot;email&quot; id=&quot;myform&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above examples would create a form similar to this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">form</span> <span class="nx">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;post&quot;</span> <span class="nx">accept</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">charset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;utf-8&quot;</span> <span class="nx">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;http://example.com/index.php/email/send&quot;</span> <span class="nx">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;email&quot;</span> <span class="nx">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;myform&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p><strong>Adding Hidden Input Fields</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><p>Hidden fields can be added by passing an associative array to the
+third parameter, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hidden</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Joe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;member_id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;234&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email/send&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$hidden</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can skip the second parameter by passing any falsy value to it.</p>
+<p>The above example would create a form similar to this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">form</span> <span class="nx">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;post&quot;</span> <span class="nx">accept</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">charset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;utf-8&quot;</span> <span class="nx">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;http://example.com/index.php/email/send&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;hidden&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;username&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Joe&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;hidden&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;member_id&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;234&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_open_multipart">
+<code class="descname">form_open_multipart</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$action = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$attributes = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$hidden = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_open_multipart" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$action</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Form action/target URI string</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>array</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+<li><strong>$hidden</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An array of hidden fields’ definitions</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML multipart form opening tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function is absolutely identical to <a class="reference internal" href="#form_open" title="form_open"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_open()</span></code></a> above,
+except that it adds a <em>multipart</em> attribute, which is necessary if you
+would like to use the form to upload files with.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_hidden">
+<code class="descname">form_hidden</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_hidden" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML hidden input field tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you generate hidden input fields. You can either submit a
+name/value string to create one field:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">form_hidden</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;johndoe&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Would produce: &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;username&quot; value=&quot;johndoe&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>… or you can submit an associative array to create multiple fields:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;John Doe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;john@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_hidden</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">        Would produce:</span>
+<span class="cm">        &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;name&quot; value=&quot;John Doe&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">        &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;email&quot; value=&quot;john@example.com&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">        &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;url&quot; value=&quot;http://example.com&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also pass an associative array to the value field:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;John Doe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;john@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_hidden</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_array&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">        Would produce:</span>
+
+<span class="cm">        &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;my_array[name]&quot; value=&quot;John Doe&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">        &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;my_array[email]&quot; value=&quot;john@example.com&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">        &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;my_array[url]&quot; value=&quot;http://example.com&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to create hidden input fields with extra attributes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hidden&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hiddenemail&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;john@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hiddenemail&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">        Would produce:</span>
+
+<span class="cm">        &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;email&quot; value=&quot;john@example.com&quot; id=&quot;hiddenemail&quot; class=&quot;hiddenemail&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_input">
+<code class="descname">form_input</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Field attributes data</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value</li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML text input field tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you generate a standard text input field. You can minimally pass
+the field name and value in the first and second parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;johndoe&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or you can pass an associative array containing any data you wish your
+form to contain:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>            <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;johndoe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;maxlength&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;100&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;size&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;50&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;style&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;width:50%&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">        Would produce:</span>
+
+<span class="cm">        &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; name=&quot;username&quot; value=&quot;johndoe&quot; id=&quot;username&quot; maxlength=&quot;100&quot; size=&quot;50&quot; style=&quot;width:50%&quot;  /&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you would like your form to contain some additional data, like
+JavaScript, you can pass it as a string in the third parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$js</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;onClick=&quot;some_function()&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;johndoe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$js</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or you can pass it as an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$js</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;onClick&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;some_function();&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;johndoe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$js</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_password">
+<code class="descname">form_password</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_password" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Field attributes data</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value</li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML password input field tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function is identical in all respects to the <a class="reference internal" href="#form_input" title="form_input"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_input()</span></code></a>
+function above except that it uses the “password” input type.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_upload">
+<code class="descname">form_upload</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_upload" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Field attributes data</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value</li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML file upload input field tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function is identical in all respects to the <a class="reference internal" href="#form_input" title="form_input"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_input()</span></code></a>
+function above except that it uses the “file” input type, allowing it to
+be used to upload files.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_textarea">
+<code class="descname">form_textarea</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_textarea" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Field attributes data</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value</li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML textarea tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function is identical in all respects to the <a class="reference internal" href="#form_input" title="form_input"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_input()</span></code></a>
+function above except that it generates a “textarea” type.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Instead of the <em>maxlength</em> and <em>size</em> attributes in the above example,
+you will instead specify <em>rows</em> and <em>cols</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_dropdown">
+<code class="descname">form_dropdown</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$name = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$options = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$selected = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_dropdown" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$options</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array of options to be listed</li>
+<li><strong>$selected</strong> (<em>array</em>) – List of fields to mark with the <em>selected</em> attribute</li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML dropdown select field tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you create a standard drop-down field. The first parameter will
+contain the name of the field, the second parameter will contain an
+associative array of options, and the third parameter will contain the
+value you wish to be selected. You can also pass an array of multiple
+items through the third parameter, and CodeIgniter will create a
+multiple select for you.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;small&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Small Shirt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;med&#39;</span>           <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Medium Shirt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;large&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Large Shirt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;xlarge&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Extra Large Shirt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$shirts_on_sale</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;small&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;large&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_dropdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;shirts&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$options</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;large&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">        Would produce:</span>
+
+<span class="cm">        &lt;select name=&quot;shirts&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;option value=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Small Shirt&lt;/option&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;option value=&quot;med&quot;&gt;Medium  Shirt&lt;/option&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;option value=&quot;large&quot; selected=&quot;selected&quot;&gt;Large Shirt&lt;/option&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;option value=&quot;xlarge&quot;&gt;Extra Large Shirt&lt;/option&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">        &lt;/select&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_dropdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;shirts&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$options</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$shirts_on_sale</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">        Would produce:</span>
+
+<span class="cm">        &lt;select name=&quot;shirts&quot; multiple=&quot;multiple&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;option value=&quot;small&quot; selected=&quot;selected&quot;&gt;Small Shirt&lt;/option&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;option value=&quot;med&quot;&gt;Medium  Shirt&lt;/option&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;option value=&quot;large&quot; selected=&quot;selected&quot;&gt;Large Shirt&lt;/option&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;option value=&quot;xlarge&quot;&gt;Extra Large Shirt&lt;/option&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">        &lt;/select&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you would like the opening &lt;select&gt; to contain additional data, like
+an id attribute or JavaScript, you can pass it as a string in the fourth
+parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$js</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;id=&quot;shirts&quot; onChange=&quot;some_function();&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_dropdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;shirts&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$options</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;large&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$js</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or you can pass it as an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$js</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;shirts&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;onChange&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;some_function();&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_dropdown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;shirts&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$options</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;large&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$js</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If the array passed as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$options</span></code> is a multidimensional array, then
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_dropdown()</span></code> will produce an &lt;optgroup&gt; with the array key as the
+label.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_multiselect">
+<code class="descname">form_multiselect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$name = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$options = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$selected = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_multiselect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$options</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array of options to be listed</li>
+<li><strong>$selected</strong> (<em>array</em>) – List of fields to mark with the <em>selected</em> attribute</li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML dropdown multiselect field tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you create a standard multiselect field. The first parameter will
+contain the name of the field, the second parameter will contain an
+associative array of options, and the third parameter will contain the
+value or values you wish to be selected.</p>
+<p>The parameter usage is identical to using <a class="reference internal" href="#form_dropdown" title="form_dropdown"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_dropdown()</span></code></a> above,
+except of course that the name of the field will need to use POST array
+syntax, e.g. foo[].</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_fieldset">
+<code class="descname">form_fieldset</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$legend_text = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$attributes = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_fieldset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$legend_text</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Text to put in the &lt;legend&gt; tag</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Attributes to be set on the &lt;fieldset&gt; tag</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML fieldset opening tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you generate fieldset/legend fields.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_fieldset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Address Information&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;p&gt;fieldset content here&lt;/p&gt;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_fieldset_close</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">        Produces:</span>
+
+<span class="cm">                &lt;fieldset&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                        &lt;legend&gt;Address Information&lt;/legend&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                                &lt;p&gt;form content here&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;/fieldset&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Similar to other functions, you can submit an associative array in the
+second parameter if you prefer to set additional attributes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$attributes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;address_info&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;address_info&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_fieldset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Address Information&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$attributes</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;p&gt;fieldset content here&lt;/p&gt;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_fieldset_close</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">        Produces:</span>
+
+<span class="cm">        &lt;fieldset id=&quot;address_info&quot; class=&quot;address_info&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;legend&gt;Address Information&lt;/legend&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">                &lt;p&gt;form content here&lt;/p&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">        &lt;/fieldset&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_fieldset_close">
+<code class="descname">form_fieldset_close</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_fieldset_close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Anything to append after the closing tag, <em>as is</em></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML fieldset closing tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Produces a closing &lt;/fieldset&gt; tag. The only advantage to using this
+function is it permits you to pass data to it which will be added below
+the tag. For example</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_fieldset_close</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Would produce: &lt;/fieldset&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_checkbox">
+<code class="descname">form_checkbox</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$checked = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_checkbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Field attributes data</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value</li>
+<li><strong>$checked</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to mark the checkbox as being <em>checked</em></li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML checkbox input tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you generate a checkbox field. Simple example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_checkbox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;newsletter&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;accept&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Would produce:  &lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;newsletter&quot; value=&quot;accept&quot; checked=&quot;checked&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The third parameter contains a boolean TRUE/FALSE to determine whether
+the box should be checked or not.</p>
+<p>Similar to the other form functions in this helper, you can also pass an
+array of attributes to the function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;newsletter&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>            <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;newsletter&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;accept&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;checked&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;style&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;margin:10px&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_checkbox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Would produce: &lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;newsletter&quot; id=&quot;newsletter&quot; value=&quot;accept&quot; checked=&quot;checked&quot; style=&quot;margin:10px&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Also as with other functions, if you would like the tag to contain
+additional data like JavaScript, you can pass it as a string in the
+fourth parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$js</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;onClick=&quot;some_function()&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_checkbox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;newsletter&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;accept&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$js</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or you can pass it as an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$js</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;onClick&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;some_function();&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_checkbox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;newsletter&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;accept&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$js</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_radio">
+<code class="descname">form_radio</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$checked = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_radio" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Field attributes data</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field value</li>
+<li><strong>$checked</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to mark the radio button as being <em>checked</em></li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML radio input tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function is identical in all respects to the <a class="reference internal" href="#form_checkbox" title="form_checkbox"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_checkbox()</span></code></a>
+function above except that it uses the “radio” input type.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_label">
+<code class="descname">form_label</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$label_text = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$id = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$attributes = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_label" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$label_text</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Text to put in the &lt;label&gt; tag</li>
+<li><strong>$id</strong> (<em>string</em>) – ID of the form element that we’re making a label for</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML field label tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you generate a &lt;label&gt;. Simple example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;What is your Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Would produce:  &lt;label for=&quot;username&quot;&gt;What is your Name&lt;/label&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Similar to other functions, you can submit an associative array in the
+third parameter if you prefer to set additional attributes.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$attributes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mycustomclass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;style&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;color: #000;&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;What is your Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$attributes</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Would produce:  &lt;label for=&quot;username&quot; class=&quot;mycustomclass&quot; style=&quot;color: #000;&quot;&gt;What is your Name&lt;/label&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_submit">
+<code class="descname">form_submit</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_submit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Button name</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Button value</li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML input submit tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you generate a standard submit button. Simple example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mysubmit&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Submit Post!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Would produce:  &lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; name=&quot;mysubmit&quot; value=&quot;Submit Post!&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Similar to other functions, you can submit an associative array in the
+first parameter if you prefer to set your own attributes. The third
+parameter lets you add extra data to your form, like JavaScript.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_reset">
+<code class="descname">form_reset</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_reset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Button name</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Button value</li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML input reset button tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you generate a standard reset button. Use is identical to
+<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_submit()</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_button">
+<code class="descname">form_button</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$content = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_button" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Button name</li>
+<li><strong>$content</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Button label</li>
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML button tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you generate a standard button element. You can minimally pass the
+button name and content in the first and second parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Would produce: &lt;button name=&quot;name&quot; type=&quot;button&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/button&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or you can pass an associative array containing any data you wish your
+form to contain:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;button&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>            <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;button&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;true&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;reset&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Reset&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Would produce: &lt;button name=&quot;button&quot; id=&quot;button&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; type=&quot;reset&quot;&gt;Reset&lt;/button&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you would like your form to contain some additional data, like
+JavaScript, you can pass it as a string in the third parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$js</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;onClick=&quot;some_function()&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mybutton&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Click Me&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$js</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_close">
+<code class="descname">form_close</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$extra = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$extra</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Anything to append after the closing tag, <em>as is</em></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTML form closing tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Produces a closing &lt;/form&gt; tag. The only advantage to using this
+function is it permits you to pass data to it which will be added below
+the tag. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_close</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Would produce:  &lt;/form&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="set_value">
+<code class="descname">set_value</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$default = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$html_escape = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#set_value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$default</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Default value</li>
+<li><strong>$html_escape</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to turn off HTML escaping of the value</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Field value</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to set the value of an input form or textarea. You must
+supply the field name via the first parameter of the function. The
+second (optional) parameter allows you to set a default value for the
+form. The third (optional) parameter allows you to turn off HTML escaping
+of the value, in case you need to use this function in combination with
+i.e. <a class="reference internal" href="#form_input" title="form_input"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_input()</span></code></a> and avoid double-escaping.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;quantity&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;?php echo set_value(&#39;quantity&#39;, &#39;0&#39;); ?&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above form will show “0” when loaded for the first time.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you’ve loaded the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> and
+have set a validation rule for the field name in use with this helper, then it will
+forward the call to the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a>’s
+own <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_value()</span></code> method. Otherwise, this function looks in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> for the
+field value.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="set_select">
+<code class="descname">set_select</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$default = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#set_select" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Value to check for</li>
+<li><strong>$default</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Whether the value is also a default one</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">‘selected’ attribute or an empty string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>If you use a &lt;select&gt; menu, this function permits you to display the
+menu item that was selected.</p>
+<p>The first parameter must contain the name of the select menu, the second
+parameter must contain the value of each item, and the third (optional)
+parameter lets you set an item as the default (use boolean TRUE/FALSE).</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">select</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;myselect&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">option</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;one&quot;</span> <span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span>  <span class="nx">set_select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myselect&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span> &gt;One<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">option</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">option</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;two&quot;</span> <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span>  <span class="nx">set_select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myselect&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span>Two<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">option</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">option</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;three&quot;</span> <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span>  <span class="nx">set_select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myselect&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;three&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span>Three<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">option</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">select</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="set_checkbox">
+<code class="descname">set_checkbox</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$default = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#set_checkbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Value to check for</li>
+<li><strong>$default</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Whether the value is also a default one</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">‘checked’ attribute or an empty string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to display a checkbox in the state it was submitted.</p>
+<p>The first parameter must contain the name of the checkbox, the second
+parameter must contain its value, and the third (optional) parameter
+lets you set an item as the default (use boolean TRUE/FALSE).</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;mycheck&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;1&quot;</span> <span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_checkbox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mycheck&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span> /&gt;
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;mycheck&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_checkbox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mycheck&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;2&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="set_radio">
+<code class="descname">set_radio</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$default = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#set_radio" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Value to check for</li>
+<li><strong>$default</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Whether the value is also a default one</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">‘checked’ attribute or an empty string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to display radio buttons in the state they were submitted.
+This function is identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#set_checkbox" title="set_checkbox"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_checkbox()</span></code></a> function above.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;radio&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;myradio&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;1&quot;</span> <span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span>  <span class="nx">set_radio</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myradio&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span> /&gt;
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;radio&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;myradio&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;2&quot;</span> <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span>  <span class="nx">set_radio</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myradio&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;2&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you are using the Form Validation class, you must always specify
+a rule for your field, even if empty, in order for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_*()</span></code>
+functions to work. This is because if a Form Validation object is
+defined, the control for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_*()</span></code> is handed over to a method of the
+class instead of the generic helper function.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_error">
+<code class="descname">form_error</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$field = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$prefix = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$suffix = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$prefix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error opening tag</li>
+<li><strong>$suffix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error closing tag</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML-formatted form validation error message(s)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a validation error message from the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a>, associated with the specified field name.
+You can optionally specify opening and closing tag(s) to put around the error
+message.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Assuming that the &#39;username&#39; field value was incorrect:</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myfield&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/div&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Would produce: &lt;div class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Error message associated with the &quot;username&quot; field.&lt;/div&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="validation_errors">
+<code class="descname">validation_errors</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$prefix = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$suffix = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#validation_errors" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$prefix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error opening tag</li>
+<li><strong>$suffix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error closing tag</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML-formatted form validation error message(s)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Similarly to the <a class="reference internal" href="#form_error" title="form_error"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_error()</span></code></a> function, returns all validation
+error messages produced by the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a>, with optional opening and closing tags
+around each of the messages.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">validation_errors</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">        Would produce, e.g.:</span>
+
+<span class="cm">        &lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;The &quot;email&quot; field doesn&#39;t contain a valid e-mail address!&lt;/span&gt;</span>
+<span class="cm">        &lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;The &quot;password&quot; field doesn&#39;t match the &quot;repeat_password&quot; field!&lt;/span&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cm"> */</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="form_prep">
+<code class="descname">form_prep</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#form_prep" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Value to escape</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Escaped value</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Allows you to safely use HTML and characters such as quotes within form
+elements without breaking out of the form.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you use any of the form helper functions listed in this page the form
+values will be prepped automatically, so there is no need to call this
+function. Use it only if you are creating your own form elements.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is DEPRECATED and is just an alias for
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common function</span></a>
+<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code> - please use that instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="html_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="HTML Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="file_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="File Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/html_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/html_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c40615033
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/html_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1091 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>HTML Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Inflector Helper" href="inflector_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Form Helper" href="form_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+  <a href="#" id="openToc">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>HTML Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="html-helper">
+<h1>HTML Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#html-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The HTML Helper file contains functions that assist in working with
+HTML.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;html&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="heading">
+<code class="descname">heading</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$data = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$h = '1'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$attributes = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#heading" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Content</li>
+<li><strong>$h</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Heading level</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML heading tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you create HTML heading tags. The first parameter will contain the
+data, the second the size of the heading. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Welcome!&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above would produce: &lt;h3&gt;Welcome!&lt;/h3&gt;</p>
+<p>Additionally, in order to add attributes to the heading tag such as HTML
+classes, ids or inline styles, a third parameter accepts either a string
+or an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Welcome!&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;class=&quot;pink&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;How are you?&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;question&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;green&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above code produces:</p>
+<div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;pink&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Welcome!<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h4</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;question&quot;</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;green&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>How are you?<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h4</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="img">
+<code class="descname">img</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$src = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$index_page = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$attributes = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#img" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$src</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Image source data</li>
+<li><strong>$index_page</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to treat $src as a routed URI string</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>array</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML image tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you create HTML &lt;img /&gt; tags. The first parameter contains the
+image source. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">img</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;images/picture.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// gives &lt;img src=&quot;http://site.com/images/picture.jpg&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>There is an optional second parameter that is a TRUE/FALSE value that
+specifics if the <em>src</em> should have the page specified by
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['index_page']</span></code> added to the address it creates.
+Presumably, this would be if you were using a media controller:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">img</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;images/picture.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// gives &lt;img src=&quot;http://site.com/index.php/images/picture.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Additionally, an associative array can be passed to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">img()</span></code> function
+for complete control over all attributes and values. If an <em>alt</em> attribute
+is not provided, CodeIgniter will generate an empty string.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$image_properties</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;src&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;images/picture.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;alt&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Me, demonstrating how to eat 4 slices of pizza at one time&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;post_images&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;width&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;200&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;height&#39;</span><span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;200&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;That was quite a night&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;rel&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;lightbox&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nx">img</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$image_properties</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// &lt;img src=&quot;http://site.com/index.php/images/picture.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Me, demonstrating how to eat 4 slices of pizza at one time&quot; class=&quot;post_images&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; title=&quot;That was quite a night&quot; rel=&quot;lightbox&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="link_tag">
+<code class="descname">link_tag</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$href = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$rel = 'stylesheet'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$type = 'text/css'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$title = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$media = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$index_page = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#link_tag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$href</strong> (<em>string</em>) – What are we linking to</li>
+<li><strong>$rel</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Relation type</li>
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Type of the related document</li>
+<li><strong>$title</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Link title</li>
+<li><strong>$media</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Media type</li>
+<li><strong>$index_page</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to treat $src as a routed URI string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML link tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you create HTML &lt;link /&gt; tags. This is useful for stylesheet links,
+as well as other links. The parameters are <em>href</em>, with optional <em>rel</em>,
+<em>type</em>, <em>title</em>, <em>media</em> and <em>index_page</em>.</p>
+<p><em>index_page</em> is a boolean value that specifies if the <em>href</em> should have
+the page specified by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['index_page']</span></code> added to the address it creates.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">link_tag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;css/mystyles.css&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// gives &lt;link href=&quot;http://site.com/css/mystyles.css&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; type=&quot;text/css&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Further examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">link_tag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;favicon.ico&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;shortcut icon&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;image/ico&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// &lt;link href=&quot;http://site.com/favicon.ico&quot; rel=&quot;shortcut icon&quot; type=&quot;image/ico&quot; /&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">link_tag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;feed&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;alternate&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;application/rss+xml&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My RSS Feed&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// &lt;link href=&quot;http://site.com/feed&quot; rel=&quot;alternate&quot; type=&quot;application/rss+xml&quot; title=&quot;My RSS Feed&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Additionally, an associative array can be passed to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">link()</span></code> function
+for complete control over all attributes and values:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$link</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;href&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;css/printer.css&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;rel&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;stylesheet&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;text/css&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;media&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;print&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">link_tag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$link</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// &lt;link href=&quot;http://site.com/css/printer.css&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; type=&quot;text/css&quot; media=&quot;print&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="ul">
+<code class="descname">ul</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$list</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$attributes = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#ul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$list</strong> (<em>array</em>) – List entries</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>array</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML-formatted unordered list</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to generate unordered HTML lists from simple or
+multi-dimensional arrays. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blue&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;green&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;yellow&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$attributes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;boldlist&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mylist&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">ul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$list</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$attributes</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above code will produce this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;boldlist&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;mylist&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>red<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>blue<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>green<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>yellow<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is a more complex example, using a multi-dimensional array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$attributes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;boldlist&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mylist&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;colors&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;blue&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;green&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;shapes&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;round&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;square&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;circles&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;ellipse&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;oval&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;sphere&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;moods&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;happy&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;upset&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;defeated&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;dejected&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;disheartened&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;depressed&#39;</span>
+                        <span class="p">),</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;annoyed&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;cross&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;angry&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">ul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$list</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$attributes</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above code will produce this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;boldlist&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;mylist&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>colors
+                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>red<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>blue<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>green<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>shapes
+                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>round<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>suare<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>circles
+                                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>elipse<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>oval<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>sphere<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>moods
+                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>happy<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>upset
+                                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>defeated
+                                                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>dejected<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>disheartened<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>depressed<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                                <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>annoyed<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>cross<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>angry<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="ol">
+<code class="descname">ol</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$list</em>, <em>$attributes = ''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#ol" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$list</strong> (<em>array</em>) – List entries</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>array</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML-formatted ordered list</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Identical to <a class="reference internal" href="#ul" title="ul"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ul()</span></code></a>, only it produces the &lt;ol&gt; tag for
+ordered lists instead of &lt;ul&gt;.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="meta">
+<code class="descname">meta</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$name = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$content = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$type = 'name'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$newline = &quot;n&quot;</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#meta" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Meta name</li>
+<li><strong>$content</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Meta content</li>
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Meta type</li>
+<li><strong>$newline</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Newline character</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML meta tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Helps you generate meta tags. You can pass strings to the function, or
+simple arrays, or multidimensional ones.</p>
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">meta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;description&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Great site&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Generates:  &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;My Great Site&quot; /&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">meta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Content-type&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;text/html; charset=utf-8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;equiv&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Note the third parameter.  Can be &quot;equiv&quot; or &quot;name&quot;</span>
+<span class="c1">// Generates:  &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;Content-type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot; /&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">meta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;robots&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;no-cache&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="c1">// Generates:  &lt;meta name=&quot;robots&quot; content=&quot;no-cache&quot; /&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$meta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;robots&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;no-cache&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;description&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Great Site&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;keywords&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;love, passion, intrigue, deception&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;robots&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;no-cache&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Content-type&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;text/html; charset=utf-8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;equiv&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">meta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$meta</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Generates:</span>
+<span class="c1">// &lt;meta name=&quot;robots&quot; content=&quot;no-cache&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="c1">// &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;My Great Site&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="c1">// &lt;meta name=&quot;keywords&quot; content=&quot;love, passion, intrigue, deception&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="c1">// &lt;meta name=&quot;robots&quot; content=&quot;no-cache&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<span class="c1">// &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;Content-type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot; /&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="doctype">
+<code class="descname">doctype</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$type = 'xhtml1-strict'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#doctype" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Doctype name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML DocType tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Helps you generate document type declarations, or DTD’s. XHTML 1.0
+Strict is used by default, but many doctypes are available.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">doctype</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// &lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC &quot;-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN&quot; &quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd&quot;&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">doctype</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;html4-trans&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// &lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC &quot;-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN&quot; &quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd&quot;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The following is a list of doctype choices. These are configurable, and
+pulled from application/config/doctypes.php</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="16%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="74%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Document type</th>
+<th class="head">Option</th>
+<th class="head">Result</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>XHTML 1.1</td>
+<td>xhtml11</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>XHTML 1.0 Strict</td>
+<td>xhtml1-strict</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>XHTML 1.0 Transitional</td>
+<td>xhtml1-trans</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>XHTML 1.0 Frameset</td>
+<td>xhtml1-frame</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>XHTML Basic 1.1</td>
+<td>xhtml-basic11</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.1//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic11.dtd">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic11.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>HTML 5</td>
+<td>html5</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>HTML 4 Strict</td>
+<td>html4-strict</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>HTML 4 Transitional</td>
+<td>html4-trans</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>HTML 4 Frameset</td>
+<td>html4-frame</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>MathML 1.01</td>
+<td>mathml1</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE math SYSTEM “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml1/mathml.dtd">http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml1/mathml.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>MathML 2.0</td>
+<td>mathml2</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE math PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD MathML 2.0//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtd">http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>SVG 1.0</td>
+<td>svg10</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.0//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-SVG-20010904/DTD/svg10.dtd">http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-SVG-20010904/DTD/svg10.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>SVG 1.1 Full</td>
+<td>svg11</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>SVG 1.1 Basic</td>
+<td>svg11-basic</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1 Basic//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11-basic.dtd">http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11-basic.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>SVG 1.1 Tiny</td>
+<td>svg11-tiny</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1 Tiny//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11-tiny.dtd">http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11-tiny.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>XHTML+MathML+SVG (XHTML host)</td>
+<td>xhtml-math-svg-xh</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 plus MathML 2.0 plus SVG 1.1//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/2002/04/xhtml-math-svg/xhtml-math-svg.dtd">http://www.w3.org/2002/04/xhtml-math-svg/xhtml-math-svg.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>XHTML+MathML+SVG (SVG host)</td>
+<td>xhtml-math-svg-sh</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE svg:svg PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 plus MathML 2.0 plus SVG 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/2002/04/xhtml-math-svg/xhtml-math-svg.dtd”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>XHTML+RDFa 1.0</td>
+<td>xhtml-rdfa-1</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd">http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>XHTML+RDFa 1.1</td>
+<td>xhtml-rdfa-2</td>
+<td>&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.1//EN” “<a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-2.dtd">http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-2.dtd</a>”&gt;</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="br">
+<code class="descname">br</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$count = 1</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#br" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$count</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of times to repeat the tag</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML line break tag</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates line break tags (&lt;br /&gt;) based on the number you submit.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">br</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above would produce:</p>
+<div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">br</span> <span class="p">/&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">br</span> <span class="p">/&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">br</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is DEPRECATED. Use the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str_repeat()</span></code>
+in combination with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;br</span> <span class="pre">/&gt;</span></code> instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="nbs">
+<code class="descname">nbs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$num = 1</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#nbs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$num</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of space entities to produce</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A sequence of non-breaking space HTML entities</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates non-breaking spaces (&amp;nbsp;) based on the number you submit.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">nbs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above would produce:</p>
+<div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ni">&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is DEPRECATED. Use the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str_repeat()</span></code>
+in combination with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&amp;nbsp;</span></code> instead.</p>
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diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/index.html b/user_guide/helpers/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc73f8eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Helpers</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="helpers">
+<h1>Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#helpers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="array_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Array Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="../database/db_driver_reference.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="DB Driver Reference"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+  
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+
+  
+
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+  </script>
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/inflector_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/inflector_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d1acb4d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/inflector_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Inflector Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Language Helper" href="language_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="HTML Helper" href="html_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
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+    
+    
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+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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+<ul class="current">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Inflector Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="inflector-helper">
+<h1>Inflector Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#inflector-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Inflector Helper file contains functions that permits you to change
+<strong>English</strong> words to plural, singular, camel case, etc.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;inflector&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="singular">
+<code class="descname">singular</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#singular" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A singular word</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Changes a plural word to singular. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">singular</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;dogs&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Prints &#39;dog&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="plural">
+<code class="descname">plural</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#plural" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A plural word</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Changes a singular word to plural. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">plural</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;dog&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Prints &#39;dogs&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="camelize">
+<code class="descname">camelize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#camelize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Camelized string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Changes a string of words separated by spaces or underscores to camel
+case. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">camelize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_dog_spot&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Prints &#39;myDogSpot&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="underscore">
+<code class="descname">underscore</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#underscore" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">String containing underscores instead of spaces</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes multiple words separated by spaces and underscores them.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">underscore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my dog spot&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Prints &#39;my_dog_spot&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="humanize">
+<code class="descname">humanize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$separator = '_'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#humanize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$separator</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input separator</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Humanized string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes multiple words separated by underscores and adds spaces between
+them. Each word is capitalized.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">humanize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_dog_spot&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Prints &#39;My Dog Spot&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To use dashes instead of underscores:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">humanize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my-dog-spot&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;-&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Prints &#39;My Dog Spot&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="is_countable">
+<code class="descname">is_countable</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$word</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#is_countable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$word</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the word is countable or FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Checks if the given word has a plural version. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">is_countable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;equipment&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Returns FALSE</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
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+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
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+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/language_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/language_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ca5548ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/language_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,550 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Language Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
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+
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+  
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+        <link rel="next" title="Number Helper" href="number_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Inflector Helper" href="inflector_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Language Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="language-helper">
+<h1>Language Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#language-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Language Helper file contains functions that assist in working with
+language files.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;language&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="lang">
+<code class="descname">lang</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$line</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$for = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$attributes = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#lang" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$line</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Language line key</li>
+<li><strong>$for</strong> (<em>string</em>) – HTML “for” attribute (ID of the element we’re creating a label for)</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Any additional HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The language line; in an HTML label tag, if the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$for</span></code> parameter is not empty</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function returns a line of text from a loaded language file with
+simplified syntax that may be more desirable for view files than
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Lang::line()</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">lang</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;language_key&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Outputs: Language line</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">lang</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;language_key&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;form_item_id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myClass&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="c1">// Outputs: &lt;label for=&quot;form_item_id&quot; class=&quot;myClass&quot;&gt;Language line&lt;/label&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="number_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Number Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="inflector_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Inflector Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/number_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/number_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d6720522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/number_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Number Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Path Helper" href="path_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Language Helper" href="language_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Number Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="number-helper">
+<h1>Number Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#number-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Number Helper file contains functions that help you work with
+numeric data.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;number&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="byte_format">
+<code class="descname">byte_format</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$num</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$precision = 1</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#byte_format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$num</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Number of bytes</li>
+<li><strong>$precision</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Floating point precision</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Formatted data size string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Formats numbers as bytes, based on size, and adds the appropriate
+suffix. Examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">byte_format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">456</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Returns 456 Bytes</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">byte_format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4567</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Returns 4.5 KB</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">byte_format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45678</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Returns 44.6 KB</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">byte_format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">456789</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Returns 447.8 KB</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">byte_format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3456789</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Returns 3.3 MB</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">byte_format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">12345678912345</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Returns 1.8 GB</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">byte_format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">123456789123456789</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Returns 11,228.3 TB</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>An optional second parameter allows you to set the precision of the
+result:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">byte_format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45678</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Returns 44.61 KB</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The text generated by this function is found in the following
+language file: <em>language/&lt;your_lang&gt;/number_lang.php</em></p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="path_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Path Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="language_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Language Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/path_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/path_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d0fce9d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/path_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,557 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Path Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Security Helper" href="security_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Number Helper" href="number_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Path Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="path-helper">
+<h1>Path Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#path-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Path Helper file contains functions that permits you to work with
+file paths on the server.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;path&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="set_realpath">
+<code class="descname">set_realpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$check_existance = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#set_realpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path</li>
+<li><strong>$check_existance</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to check if the path actually exists</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An absolute path</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function will return a server path without symbolic links or
+relative directory structures. An optional second argument will
+cause an error to be triggered if the path cannot be resolved.</p>
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/etc/php5/apache2/php.ini&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_realpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$file</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Prints &#39;/etc/php5/apache2/php.ini&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$non_existent_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/non-exist-file.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_realpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$non_existent_file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>    <span class="c1">// Shows an error, as the path cannot be resolved</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_realpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$non_existent_file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>   <span class="c1">// Prints &#39;/path/to/non-exist-file.txt&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$directory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/etc/php5&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_realpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$directory</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// Prints &#39;/etc/php5/&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$non_existent_directory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/nowhere&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_realpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$non_existent_directory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>       <span class="c1">// Shows an error, as the path cannot be resolved</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_realpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$non_existent_directory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>      <span class="c1">// Prints &#39;/path/to/nowhere&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="security_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Security Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="number_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Number Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/security_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/security_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..736f44f57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/security_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,669 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Security Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Smiley Helper" href="smiley_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Path Helper" href="path_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Security Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="security-helper">
+<h1>Security Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#security-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Security Helper file contains security related functions.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;security&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="xss_clean">
+<code class="descname">xss_clean</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$is_image = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#xss_clean" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input data</li>
+<li><strong>$is_image</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether we’re dealing with an image</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">XSS-clean string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Provides Cross Site Script Hack filtering.</p>
+<p>This function is an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Input::xss_clean()</span></code>. For more info,
+please see the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> documentation.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="sanitize_filename">
+<code class="descname">sanitize_filename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#sanitize_filename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$filename</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Filename</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Sanitized file name</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Provides protection against directory traversal.</p>
+<p>This function is an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Security::sanitize_filename()</span></code>.
+For more info, please see the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a>
+documentation.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="do_hash">
+<code class="descname">do_hash</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$type = 'sha1'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#do_hash" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input</li>
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Algorithm</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Hex-formatted hash</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to create one way hashes suitable for encrypting
+passwords. Will use SHA1 by default.</p>
+<p>See <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/function.hash_algos">hash_algos()</a>
+for a full list of supported algorithms.</p>
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">do_hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// SHA1</span>
+<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">do_hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;md5&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// MD5</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function was formerly named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dohash()</span></code>, which has been
+removed in favor of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">do_hash()</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is DEPRECATED. Use the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash()</span></code> instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="strip_image_tags">
+<code class="descname">strip_image_tags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#strip_image_tags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The input string with no image tags</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This is a security function that will strip image tags from a string.
+It leaves the image URL as plain text.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">strip_image_tags</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This function is an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Security::strip_image_tags()</span></code>. For
+more info, please see the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a>
+documentation.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="encode_php_tags">
+<code class="descname">encode_php_tags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#encode_php_tags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Safely formatted string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This is a security function that converts PHP tags to entities.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last"><a class="reference internal" href="#xss_clean" title="xss_clean"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code></a> does this automatically, if you use it.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">encode_php_tags</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="smiley_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Smiley Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="path_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Path Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/smiley_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/smiley_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a0a7e106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/smiley_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,708 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Smiley Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="String Helper" href="string_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Security Helper" href="security_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
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+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Smiley Helper</li>
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+      
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+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="smiley-helper">
+<h1>Smiley Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#smiley-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Smiley Helper file contains functions that let you manage smileys
+(emoticons).</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The Smiley helper is DEPRECATED and should not be used.
+It is currently only kept for backwards compatibility.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overview" id="id2">Overview</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#clickable-smileys-tutorial" id="id3">Clickable Smileys Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-controller" id="id4">The Controller</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#field-aliases" id="id5">Field Aliases</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id6">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;smiley&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="overview">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Overview</a><a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The Smiley helper has a renderer that takes plain text smileys, like
+:-) and turns them into a image representation, like <img alt="smile!" src="../_images/smile.gif" /></p>
+<p>It also lets you display a set of smiley images that when clicked will
+be inserted into a form field. For example, if you have a blog that
+allows user commenting you can show the smileys next to the comment
+form. Your users can click a desired smiley and with the help of some
+JavaScript it will be placed into the form field.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="clickable-smileys-tutorial">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Clickable Smileys Tutorial</a><a class="headerlink" href="#clickable-smileys-tutorial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here is an example demonstrating how you might create a set of clickable
+smileys next to a form field. This example requires that you first
+download and install the smiley images, then create a controller and the
+View as described.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Before you begin, please <a class="reference external" href="https://ellislab.com/asset/ci_download_files/smileys.zip">download the smiley images</a>
+and put them in a publicly accessible place on your server.
+This helper also assumes you have the smiley replacement array
+located at <cite>application/config/smileys.php</cite></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-controller">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">The Controller</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In your <strong>application/controllers/</strong> directory, create a file called
+Smileys.php and place the code below in it.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Change the URL in the <a class="reference internal" href="#get_clickable_smileys" title="get_clickable_smileys"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_clickable_smileys()</span></code></a>
+function below so that it points to your smiley folder.</p>
+</div>
+<p>You’ll notice that in addition to the smiley helper, we are also using
+the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html"><span class="doc">Table Class</span></a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Smileys</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;smiley&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$image_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">get_clickable_smileys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/images/smileys/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;comments&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$col_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">make_columns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$image_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;smiley_table&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$col_array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;smiley_view&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In your <strong>application/views/</strong> directory, create a file called <strong>smiley_view.php</strong>
+and place this code in it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Smileys</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">smiley_js</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">form</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blog&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">textarea</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;comments&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;comments&quot;</span> <span class="na">cols</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;40&quot;</span> <span class="na">rows</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;4&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">textarea</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Click to insert a smiley!<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$smiley_table</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span> <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                When you have created the above controller and view, load it by visiting http://www.example.com/index.php/smileys/
+        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="field-aliases">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Field Aliases</a><a class="headerlink" href="#field-aliases" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When making changes to a view it can be inconvenient to have the field
+id in the controller. To work around this, you can give your smiley
+links a generic name that will be tied to a specific id in your view.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$image_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">get_smiley_links</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;http://example.com/images/smileys/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;comment_textarea_alias&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To map the alias to the field id, pass them both into the
+<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">smiley_js()</span></code> function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$image_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">smiley_js</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;comment_textarea_alias&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;comments&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="get_clickable_smileys">
+<code class="descname">get_clickable_smileys</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$image_url</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$alias = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$smileys = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#get_clickable_smileys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$image_url</strong> (<em>string</em>) – URL path to the smileys directory</li>
+<li><strong>$alias</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field alias</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array of ready to use smileys</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array containing your smiley images wrapped in a clickable
+link. You must supply the URL to your smiley folder and a field id or
+field alias.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$image_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">get_clickable_smileys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/images/smileys/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;comment&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="smiley_js">
+<code class="descname">smiley_js</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$alias = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$field_id = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$inline = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#smiley_js" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$alias</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field alias</li>
+<li><strong>$field_id</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field ID</li>
+<li><strong>$inline</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether we’re inserting an inline smiley</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Smiley-enabling JavaScript code</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates the JavaScript that allows the images to be clicked and
+inserted into a form field. If you supplied an alias instead of an id
+when generating your smiley links, you need to pass the alias and
+corresponding form id into the function. This function is designed to be
+placed into the &lt;head&gt; area of your web page.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">smiley_js</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="parse_smileys">
+<code class="descname">parse_smileys</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$str = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$image_url = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$smileys = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#parse_smileys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Text containing smiley codes</li>
+<li><strong>$image_url</strong> (<em>string</em>) – URL path to the smileys directory</li>
+<li><strong>$smileys</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An array of smileys</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Parsed smileys</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes a string of text as input and replaces any contained plain text
+smileys into the image equivalent. The first parameter must contain your
+string, the second must contain the URL to your smiley folder</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Here are some smileys: :-)  ;-)&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">parse_smileys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/images/smileys/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
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+          
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="string-helper">
+<h1>String Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#string-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The String Helper file contains functions that assist in working with
+strings.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Please note that these functions are NOT intended, nor
+suitable to be used for any kind of security-related logic.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="random_string">
+<code class="descname">random_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$type = 'alnum'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$len = 8</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#random_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Randomization type</li>
+<li><strong>$len</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Output string length</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A random string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates a random string based on the type and length you specify.
+Useful for creating passwords or generating random hashes.</p>
+<p>The first parameter specifies the type of string, the second parameter
+specifies the length. The following choices are available:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>alpha</strong>: A string with lower and uppercase letters only.</li>
+<li><strong>alnum</strong>: Alpha-numeric string with lower and uppercase characters.</li>
+<li><strong>basic</strong>: A random number based on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mt_rand()</span></code>.</li>
+<li><strong>numeric</strong>: Numeric string.</li>
+<li><strong>nozero</strong>: Numeric string with no zeros.</li>
+<li><strong>md5</strong>: An encrypted random number based on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">md5()</span></code> (fixed length of 32).</li>
+<li><strong>sha1</strong>: An encrypted random number based on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sha1()</span></code> (fixed length of 40).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">random_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;alnum&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Usage of the <em>unique</em> and <em>encrypt</em> types is DEPRECATED. They
+are just aliases for <em>md5</em> and <em>sha1</em> respectively.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="increment_string">
+<code class="descname">increment_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$separator = '_'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$first = 1</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#increment_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$separator</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Separator to append a duplicate number with</li>
+<li><strong>$first</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Starting number</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An incremented string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Increments a string by appending a number to it or increasing the
+number. Useful for creating “copies” or a file or duplicating database
+content which has unique titles or slugs.</p>
+<p>Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">increment_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;file&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;_&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// &quot;file_1&quot;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">increment_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;file&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;-&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// &quot;file-2&quot;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">increment_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;file_4&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// &quot;file_5&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="alternator">
+<code class="descname">alternator</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#alternator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$args</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – A variable number of arguments</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Alternated string(s)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Allows two or more items to be alternated between, when cycling through
+a loop. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">alternator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;string one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string two&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can add as many parameters as you want, and with each iteration of
+your loop the next item will be returned.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">alternator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;three&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;four&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;five&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">To use multiple separate calls to this function simply call the
+function with no arguments to re-initialize.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="repeater">
+<code class="descname">repeater</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$num = 1</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#repeater" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input</li>
+<li><strong>$num</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of times to repeat</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Repeated string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates repeating copies of the data you submit. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">repeater</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above would generate 30 newlines.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is DEPRECATED. Use the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str_repeat()</span></code>
+instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="reduce_double_slashes">
+<code class="descname">reduce_double_slashes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#reduce_double_slashes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A string with normalized slashes</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Converts double slashes in a string to a single slash, except those
+found in URL protocol prefixes (e.g. http://).</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;http://example.com//index.php&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">reduce_double_slashes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// results in &quot;http://example.com/index.php&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="strip_slashes">
+<code class="descname">strip_slashes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#strip_slashes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Input string or an array of strings</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">String(s) with stripped slashes</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Removes any slashes from an array of strings.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;question&#39;</span><span class="nx">  </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Is your name O\&#39;reilly?&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;answer&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;No, my name is O\&#39;connor.&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">strip_slashes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above will return the following array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;question&#39;</span><span class="nx">  </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Is your name O&#39;reilly?&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;answer&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;No, my name is O&#39;connor.&quot;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">For historical reasons, this function will also accept
+and handle string inputs. This however makes it just an
+alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stripslashes()</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="trim_slashes">
+<code class="descname">trim_slashes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trim_slashes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Slash-trimmed string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Removes any leading/trailing slashes from a string. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/this/that/theother/&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">trim_slashes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// results in this/that/theother</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is DEPRECATED. Use the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trim()</span></code> instead:
+|
+| trim($str, ‘/’);</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="reduce_multiples">
+<code class="descname">reduce_multiples</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$character = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$trim = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#reduce_multiples" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Text to search in</li>
+<li><strong>$character</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Character to reduce</li>
+<li><strong>$trim</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to also trim the specified character</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Reduced string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Reduces multiple instances of a particular character occurring directly
+after each other. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Fred, Bill,, Joe, Jimmy&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">reduce_multiples</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">//results in &quot;Fred, Bill, Joe, Jimmy&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If the third parameter is set to TRUE it will remove occurrences of the
+character at the beginning and the end of the string. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;,Fred, Bill,, Joe, Jimmy,&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">reduce_multiples</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;, &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">//results in &quot;Fred, Bill, Joe, Jimmy&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="quotes_to_entities">
+<code class="descname">quotes_to_entities</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#quotes_to_entities" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">String with quotes converted to HTML entities</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Converts single and double quotes in a string to the corresponding HTML
+entities. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Joe&#39;s </span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s2">dinner</span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">quotes_to_entities</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">//results in &quot;Joe&amp;#39;s &amp;quot;dinner&amp;quot;&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="strip_quotes">
+<code class="descname">strip_quotes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#strip_quotes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">String with quotes stripped</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Removes single and double quotes from a string. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Joe&#39;s </span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s2">dinner</span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">strip_quotes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">//results in &quot;Joes dinner&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="text_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Text Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="smiley_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Smiley Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/text_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/text_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48cf30762
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/text_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,847 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Text Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Typography Helper" href="typography_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="String Helper" href="string_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Text Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="text-helper">
+<h1>Text Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#text-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Text Helper file contains functions that assist in working with
+text.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="word_limiter">
+<code class="descname">word_limiter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$limit = 100</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$end_char = '&amp;#8230;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#word_limiter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$limit</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Limit</li>
+<li><strong>$end_char</strong> (<em>string</em>) – End character (usually an ellipsis)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Word-limited string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Truncates a string to the number of <em>words</em> specified. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Here is a nice text string consisting of eleven words.&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">word_limiter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Returns:  Here is a nice</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The third parameter is an optional suffix added to the string. By
+default it adds an ellipsis.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="character_limiter">
+<code class="descname">character_limiter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$n = 500</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$end_char = '&amp;#8230;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#character_limiter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Number of characters</li>
+<li><strong>$end_char</strong> (<em>string</em>) – End character (usually an ellipsis)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Character-limited string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Truncates a string to the number of <em>characters</em> specified. It
+maintains the integrity of words so the character count may be slightly
+more or less than what you specify.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Here is a nice text string consisting of eleven words.&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">character_limiter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Returns:  Here is a nice text string</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The third parameter is an optional suffix added to the string, if
+undeclared this helper uses an ellipsis.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you need to truncate to an exact number of characters please
+see the <a class="reference internal" href="#ellipsize" title="ellipsize"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ellipsize()</span></code></a> function below.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="ascii_to_entities">
+<code class="descname">ascii_to_entities</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#ascii_to_entities" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A string with ASCII values converted to entities</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Converts ASCII values to character entities, including high ASCII and MS
+Word characters that can cause problems when used in a web page, so that
+they can be shown consistently regardless of browser settings or stored
+reliably in a database. There is some dependence on your server’s
+supported character sets, so it may not be 100% reliable in all cases,
+but for the most part it should correctly identify characters outside
+the normal range (like accented characters).</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">ascii_to_entities</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="convert_accented_characters">
+<code class="descname">convert_accented_characters</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#convert_accented_characters" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A string with accented characters converted</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Transliterates high ASCII characters to low ASCII equivalents. Useful
+when non-English characters need to be used where only standard ASCII
+characters are safely used, for instance, in URLs.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">convert_accented_characters</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function uses a companion config file
+<cite>application/config/foreign_chars.php</cite> to define the to and
+from array for transliteration.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="word_censor">
+<code class="descname">word_censor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em>, <em>$censored</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$replacement = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#word_censor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$censored</strong> (<em>array</em>) – List of bad words to censor</li>
+<li><strong>$replacement</strong> (<em>string</em>) – What to replace bad words with</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Censored string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Enables you to censor words within a text string. The first parameter
+will contain the original string. The second will contain an array of
+words which you disallow. The third (optional) parameter can contain
+a replacement value for the words. If not specified they are replaced
+with pound signs: ####.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$disallowed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;darn&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;shucks&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;golly&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;phooey&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">word_censor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$disallowed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Beep!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="highlight_code">
+<code class="descname">highlight_code</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#highlight_code" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">String with code highlighted via HTML</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Colorizes a string of code (PHP, HTML, etc.). Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">highlight_code</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The function uses PHP’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">highlight_string()</span></code> function, so the
+colors used are the ones specified in your php.ini file.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="highlight_phrase">
+<code class="descname">highlight_phrase</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em>, <em>$phrase</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$tag_open = '&lt;mark&gt;'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$tag_close = '&lt;/mark&gt;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#highlight_phrase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$phrase</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Phrase to highlight</li>
+<li><strong>$tag_open</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Opening tag used for the highlight</li>
+<li><strong>$tag_close</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Closing tag for the highlight</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">String with a phrase highlighted via HTML</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Will highlight a phrase within a text string. The first parameter will
+contain the original string, the second will contain the phrase you wish
+to highlight. The third and fourth parameters will contain the
+opening/closing HTML tags you would like the phrase wrapped in.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Here is a nice text string about nothing in particular.&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">highlight_phrase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;nice text&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#990000;&quot;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above code prints:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">Here</span> <span class="nx">is</span> <span class="nx">a</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">span</span> <span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;color:#990000;&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">nice</span> <span class="nx">text</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">span</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="nx">string</span> <span class="nx">about</span> <span class="nx">nothing</span> <span class="nx">in</span> <span class="nx">particular</span><span class="o">.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>This function used to use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;strong&gt;</span></code> tag by default. Older browsers
+might not support the new HTML5 mark tag, so it is recommended that you
+insert the following CSS code into your stylesheet if you need to support
+such browsers:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">mark</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nx">background</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="c1">#ff0;</span>
+        <span class="nx">color</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="c1">#000;</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="word_wrap">
+<code class="descname">word_wrap</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$charlim = 76</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#word_wrap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$charlim</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Character limit</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Word-wrapped string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Wraps text at the specified <em>character</em> count while maintaining
+complete words.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Here is a simple string of text that will help us demonstrate this function.&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">word_wrap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Would produce:</span>
+<span class="c1">// Here is a simple string</span>
+<span class="c1">// of text that will help us</span>
+<span class="c1">// demonstrate this</span>
+<span class="c1">// function.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="ellipsize">
+<code class="descname">ellipsize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em>, <em>$max_length</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$position = 1</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$ellipsis = '&amp;hellip;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#ellipsize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$max_length</strong> (<em>int</em>) – String length limit</li>
+<li><strong>$position</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Position to split at (int or float)</li>
+<li><strong>$ellipsis</strong> (<em>string</em>) – What to use as the ellipsis character</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Ellipsized string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function will strip tags from a string, split it at a defined
+maximum length, and insert an ellipsis.</p>
+<p>The first parameter is the string to ellipsize, the second is the number
+of characters in the final string. The third parameter is where in the
+string the ellipsis should appear from 0 - 1, left to right. For
+example. a value of 1 will place the ellipsis at the right of the
+string, .5 in the middle, and 0 at the left.</p>
+<p>An optional forth parameter is the kind of ellipsis. By default,
+&amp;hellip; will be inserted.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;this_string_is_entirely_too_long_and_might_break_my_design.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">ellipsize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">32</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Produces:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">this_string_is_e</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">hellip</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="nx">ak_my_design</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">jpg</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
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+</div>
+
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diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/typography_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/typography_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9343573df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/typography_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Typography Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="typography-helper">
+<h1>Typography Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#typography-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Typography Helper file contains functions that help your format text
+in semantically relevant ways.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;typography&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="auto_typography">
+<code class="descname">auto_typography</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$reduce_linebreaks = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#auto_typography" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$reduce_linebreaks</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to reduce multiple instances of double newlines to two</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML-formatted typography-safe string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Formats text so that it is semantically and typographically correct
+HTML.</p>
+<p>This function is an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Typography::auto_typography()</span></code>.
+For more info, please see the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html"><span class="doc">Typography Library</span></a> documentation.</p>
+<p>Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">auto_typography</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Typographic formatting can be processor intensive, particularly if
+you have a lot of content being formatted. If you choose to use this
+function you may want to consider <a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html"><span class="doc">caching</span></a> your
+pages.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="nl2br_except_pre">
+<code class="descname">nl2br_except_pre</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#nl2br_except_pre" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">String with HTML-formatted line breaks</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Converts newlines to &lt;br /&gt; tags unless they appear within &lt;pre&gt; tags.
+This function is identical to the native PHP <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nl2br()</span></code> function,
+except that it ignores &lt;pre&gt; tags.</p>
+<p>Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">nl2br_except_pre</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="entity_decode">
+<code class="descname">entity_decode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em>, <em>$charset = NULL</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#entity_decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$charset</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Character set</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">String with decoded HTML entities</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function is an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Security::entity_decode()</span></code>.
+Fore more info, please see the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> documentation.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="url_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="URL Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="text_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Text Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/url_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/url_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04c9be47c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/url_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1044 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>URL Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="XML Helper" href="xml_helper.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Typography Helper" href="typography_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Helpers</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>URL Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="url-helper">
+<h1>URL Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#url-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The URL Helper file contains functions that assist in working with URLs.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="site_url">
+<code class="descname">site_url</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$uri = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$protocol = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#site_url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$uri</strong> (<em>string</em>) – URI string</li>
+<li><strong>$protocol</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Protocol, e.g. ‘http’ or ‘https’</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Site URL</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns your site URL, as specified in your config file. The index.php
+file (or whatever you have set as your site <strong>index_page</strong> in your config
+file) will be added to the URL, as will any URI segments you pass to the
+function, plus the <strong>url_suffix</strong> as set in your config file.</p>
+<p>You are encouraged to use this function any time you need to generate a
+local URL so that your pages become more portable in the event your URL
+changes.</p>
+<p>Segments can be optionally passed to the function as a string or an
+array. Here is a string example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">site_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/local/123&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above example would return something like:
+<em>http://example.com/index.php/news/local/123</em></p>
+<p>Here is an example of segments passed as an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$segments</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;local&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;123&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">site_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$segments</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This function is an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Config::site_url()</span></code>. For more info,
+please see the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> documentation.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="base_url">
+<code class="descname">base_url</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$uri = ''</em>, <em>$protocol = NULL</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#base_url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$uri</strong> (<em>string</em>) – URI string</li>
+<li><strong>$protocol</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Protocol, e.g. ‘http’ or ‘https’</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Base URL</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns your site base URL, as specified in your config file. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">base_url</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This function returns the same thing as <a class="reference internal" href="#site_url" title="site_url"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code></a>, without
+the <em>index_page</em> or <em>url_suffix</em> being appended.</p>
+<p>Also like <a class="reference internal" href="#site_url" title="site_url"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code></a>, you can supply segments as a string or
+an array. Here is a string example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">base_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;blog/post/123&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above example would return something like:
+<em>http://example.com/blog/post/123</em></p>
+<p>This is useful because unlike <a class="reference internal" href="#site_url" title="site_url"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code></a>, you can supply a
+string to a file, such as an image or stylesheet. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">base_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;images/icons/edit.png&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This would give you something like:
+<em>http://example.com/images/icons/edit.png</em></p>
+<p>This function is an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Config::base_url()</span></code>. For more info,
+please see the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> documentation.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="current_url">
+<code class="descname">current_url</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#current_url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">The current URL</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the full URL (including segments) of the page being currently
+viewed.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Calling this function is the same as doing this:
+|
+| site_url(uri_string());</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="uri_string">
+<code class="descname">uri_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#uri_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An URI string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the URI segments of any page that contains this function.
+For example, if your URL was this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">some</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">site</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">comments</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">123</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The function would return:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">comments</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">123</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This function is an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Config::uri_string()</span></code>. For more info,
+please see the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Library</span></a> documentation.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="index_page">
+<code class="descname">index_page</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#index_page" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">‘index_page’ value</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">mixed</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns your site <strong>index_page</strong>, as specified in your config file.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">index_page</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="anchor">
+<code class="descname">anchor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$uri = ''</em>, <em>$title = ''</em>, <em>$attributes = ''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#anchor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$uri</strong> (<em>string</em>) – URI string</li>
+<li><strong>$title</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Anchor title</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML hyperlink (anchor tag)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Creates a standard HTML anchor link based on your local site URL.</p>
+<p>The first parameter can contain any segments you wish appended to the
+URL. As with the <a class="reference internal" href="#site_url" title="site_url"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">site_url()</span></code></a> function above, segments can
+be a string or an array.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you are building links that are internal to your application
+do not include the base URL (http://…). This will be added
+automatically from the information specified in your config file.
+Include only the URI segments you wish appended to the URL.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The second segment is the text you would like the link to say. If you
+leave it blank, the URL will be used.</p>
+<p>The third parameter can contain a list of attributes you would like
+added to the link. The attributes can be a simple string or an
+associative array.</p>
+<p>Here are some examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">anchor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/local/123&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My News&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;title=&quot;News title&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Prints: &lt;a href=&quot;http://example.com/index.php/news/local/123&quot; title=&quot;News title&quot;&gt;My News&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">anchor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/local/123&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My News&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;The best news!&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="c1">// Prints: &lt;a href=&quot;http://example.com/index.php/news/local/123&quot; title=&quot;The best news!&quot;&gt;My News&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">anchor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Click here&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Prints: &lt;a href=&quot;http://example.com&quot;&gt;Click Here&lt;/a&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="anchor_popup">
+<code class="descname">anchor_popup</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$uri = ''</em>, <em>$title = ''</em>, <em>$attributes = FALSE</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#anchor_popup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$uri</strong> (<em>string</em>) – URI string</li>
+<li><strong>$title</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Anchor title</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Pop-up hyperlink</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Nearly identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#anchor" title="anchor"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor()</span></code></a> function except that it
+opens the URL in a new window. You can specify JavaScript window
+attributes in the third parameter to control how the window is opened.
+If the third parameter is not set it will simply open a new window with
+your own browser settings.</p>
+<p>Here is an example with attributes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$atts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;width&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">800</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;height&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">600</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;scrollbars&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;yes&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;status&#39;</span><span class="nx">    </span> <span class="nx"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;yes&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;resizable&#39;</span><span class="nx"> </span> <span class="nx"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;yes&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;screenx&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;screeny&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;window_name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;_blank&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">anchor_popup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/local/123&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Click Me!&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$atts</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The above attributes are the function defaults so you only need to
+set the ones that are different from what you need. If you want the
+function to use all of its defaults simply pass an empty array in the
+third parameter:
+|
+| echo anchor_popup(‘news/local/123’, ‘Click Me!’, array());</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The <strong>window_name</strong> is not really an attribute, but an argument to
+the JavaScript <cite>window.open() &lt;http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/met_win_open.asp&gt;</cite>
+method, which accepts either a window name or a window target.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Any other attribute than the listed above will be parsed as an
+HTML attribute to the anchor tag.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mailto">
+<code class="descname">mailto</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$email</em>, <em>$title = ''</em>, <em>$attributes = ''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mailto" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$email</strong> (<em>string</em>) – E-mail address</li>
+<li><strong>$title</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Anchor title</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A “mail to” hyperlink</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Creates a standard HTML e-mail link. Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">mailto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;me@my-site.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Click Here to Contact Me&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As with the <a class="reference internal" href="#anchor" title="anchor"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">anchor()</span></code></a> tab above, you can set attributes using the
+third parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$attributes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Mail me&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">mailto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;me@my-site.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Contact Me&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$attributes</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="safe_mailto">
+<code class="descname">safe_mailto</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$email</em>, <em>$title = ''</em>, <em>$attributes = ''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#safe_mailto" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$email</strong> (<em>string</em>) – E-mail address</li>
+<li><strong>$title</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Anchor title</li>
+<li><strong>$attributes</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – HTML attributes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A spam-safe “mail to” hyperlink</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailto" title="mailto"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mailto()</span></code></a> function except it writes an obfuscated
+version of the <em>mailto</em> tag using ordinal numbers written with JavaScript to
+help prevent the e-mail address from being harvested by spam bots.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="auto_link">
+<code class="descname">auto_link</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em>, <em>$type = 'both'</em>, <em>$popup = FALSE</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#auto_link" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Link type (‘email’, ‘url’ or ‘both’)</li>
+<li><strong>$popup</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to create popup links</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Linkified string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Automatically turns URLs and e-mail addresses contained in a string into
+links. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">auto_link</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The second parameter determines whether URLs and e-mails are converted or
+just one or the other. Default behavior is both if the parameter is not
+specified. E-mail links are encoded as <a class="reference internal" href="#safe_mailto" title="safe_mailto"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">safe_mailto()</span></code></a> as shown
+above.</p>
+<p>Converts only URLs:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">auto_link</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Converts only e-mail addresses:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">auto_link</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The third parameter determines whether links are shown in a new window.
+The value can be TRUE or FALSE (boolean):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">auto_link</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;both&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="url_title">
+<code class="descname">url_title</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em>, <em>$separator = '-'</em>, <em>$lowercase = FALSE</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#url_title" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$separator</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Word separator</li>
+<li><strong>$lowercase</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to transform the output string to lower-case</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">URL-formatted string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes a string as input and creates a human-friendly URL string. This is
+useful if, for example, you have a blog in which you’d like to use the
+title of your entries in the URL. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;What&#39;s wrong with CSS?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$url_title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">url_title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: Whats-wrong-with-CSS</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The second parameter determines the word delimiter. By default dashes
+are used. Preferred options are: <strong>-</strong> (dash) or <strong>_</strong> (underscore)</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;What&#39;s wrong with CSS?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$url_title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">url_title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;underscore&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: Whats_wrong_with_CSS</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Old usage of ‘dash’ and ‘underscore’ as the second parameter
+is DEPRECATED.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The third parameter determines whether or not lowercase characters are
+forced. By default they are not. Options are boolean TRUE/FALSE.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;What&#39;s wrong with CSS?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$url_title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">url_title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;underscore&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Produces: whats_wrong_with_css</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="prep_url">
+<code class="descname">prep_url</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str = ''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#prep_url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – URL string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Protocol-prefixed URL string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This function will add http:// in the event that a protocol prefix
+is missing from a URL.</p>
+<p>Pass the URL string to the function like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">prep_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="redirect">
+<code class="descname">redirect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$uri = ''</em>, <em>$method = 'auto'</em>, <em>$code = NULL</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#redirect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$uri</strong> (<em>string</em>) – URI string</li>
+<li><strong>$method</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Redirect method (‘auto’, ‘location’ or ‘refresh’)</li>
+<li><strong>$code</strong> (<em>string</em>) – HTTP Response code (usually 302 or 303)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Does a “header redirect” to the URI specified. If you specify the full
+site URL that link will be built, but for local links simply providing
+the URI segments to the controller you want to direct to will create the
+link. The function will build the URL based on your config file values.</p>
+<p>The optional second parameter allows you to force a particular redirection
+method. The available methods are <strong>auto</strong>, <strong>location</strong> and <strong>refresh</strong>,
+with location being faster but less reliable on IIS servers.
+The default is <strong>auto</strong>, which will attempt to intelligently choose the
+method based on the server environment.</p>
+<p>The optional third parameter allows you to send a specific HTTP Response
+Code - this could be used for example to create 301 redirects for search
+engine purposes. The default Response Code is 302. The third parameter is
+<em>only</em> available with <strong>location</strong> redirects, and not <em>refresh</em>. Examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$logged_in</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nx">redirect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/login/form/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// with 301 redirect</span>
+<span class="nx">redirect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/article/13&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;location&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">301</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In order for this function to work it must be used before anything
+is outputted to the browser since it utilizes server headers.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">For very fine grained control over headers, you should use the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><span class="doc">Output Library</span></a> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_header()</span></code> method.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">To IIS users: if you hide the <cite>Server</cite> HTTP header, the <em>auto</em>
+method won’t detect IIS, in that case it is advised you explicitly
+use the <strong>refresh</strong> method.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">When the <strong>location</strong> method is used, an HTTP status code of 303
+will <em>automatically</em> be selected when the page is currently accessed
+via POST and HTTP/1.1 is used.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">This function will terminate script execution.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="xml_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="XML Helper">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="typography_helper.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Typography Helper"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/helpers/xml_helper.html b/user_guide/helpers/xml_helper.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d50ffcd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/helpers/xml_helper.html
@@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>XML Helper &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Helpers" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Change Log" href="../changelog.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="URL Helper" href="url_helper.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
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+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Helpers</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>XML Helper</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="xml-helper">
+<h1>XML Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#xml-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The XML Helper file contains functions that assist in working with XML
+data.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id2">Available Functions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This helper is loaded using the following code</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xml&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="available-functions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following functions are available:</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="xml_convert">
+<code class="descname">xml_convert</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$protect_all = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#xml_convert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – the text string to convert</li>
+<li><strong>$protect_all</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to protect all content that looks like a potential entity instead of just numbered entities, e.g. &amp;foo;</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">XML-converted string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes a string as input and converts the following reserved XML
+characters to entities:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>Ampersands: &amp;</li>
+<li>Less than and greater than characters: &lt; &gt;</li>
+<li>Single and double quotes: ‘ “</li>
+<li>Dashes: -</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>This function ignores ampersands if they are part of existing numbered
+character entities, e.g. &amp;#123;. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;p&gt;Here is a paragraph &amp; an entity (&amp;#123;).&lt;/p&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">xml_convert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>outputs:</p>
+<div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ni">&amp;lt;</span>p<span class="ni">&amp;gt;</span>Here is a paragraph <span class="ni">&amp;amp;</span> an entity (<span class="ni">&amp;#123;</span>).<span class="ni">&amp;lt;</span>/p<span class="ni">&amp;gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+          
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+  <div class="section" id="codeigniter-user-guide">
+<h1>CodeIgniter User Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="license.html"><span class="doc">License Agreement</span></a></li>
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+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#welcome" id="id1">Welcome</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-info" id="id2">Basic Info</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installation" id="id3">Installation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id4">Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tutorial" id="id5">Tutorial</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#contributing-to-codeigniter" id="id6">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#general-topics" id="id7">General Topics</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#library-reference" id="id8">Library Reference</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#database-reference" id="id9">Database Reference</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#helper-reference" id="id10">Helper Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="welcome">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Welcome</a><a class="headerlink" href="#welcome" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<div class="section" id="basic-info">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Basic Info</a><a class="headerlink" href="#basic-info" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="general/requirements.html"><span class="doc">Server Requirements</span></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="general/credits.html"><span class="doc">Credits</span></a></li>
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+<div class="section" id="installation">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Installation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#installation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="introduction">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Introduction</a><a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tutorial">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Tutorial</a><a class="headerlink" href="#tutorial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="contributing-to-codeigniter">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><a class="headerlink" href="#contributing-to-codeigniter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="general-topics">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">General Topics</a><a class="headerlink" href="#general-topics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="library-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Library Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#library-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="database-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Database Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#database-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="helper-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Helper Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#helper-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="general/welcome.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Welcome to CodeIgniter">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
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+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'./',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/downloads.html b/user_guide/installation/downloads.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11a1fdb5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/downloads.html
@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Downloading CodeIgniter &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Installation Instructions" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Installation Instructions" href="index.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Downloading CodeIgniter</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="downloading-codeigniter">
+<h1>Downloading CodeIgniter<a class="headerlink" href="#downloading-codeigniter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.1.9">CodeIgniter v3.1.9 (Current version)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.1.8">CodeIgniter v3.1.8</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.1.7">CodeIgniter v3.1.7</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.1.6">CodeIgniter v3.1.6</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.1.5">CodeIgniter v3.1.5</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.1.4">CodeIgniter v3.1.4</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.1.3">CodeIgniter v3.1.3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.1.2">CodeIgniter v3.1.2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.1.1">CodeIgniter v3.1.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.1.0">CodeIgniter v3.1.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.0.6">CodeIgniter v3.0.6</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.0.5">CodeIgniter v3.0.5</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.0.4">CodeIgniter v3.0.4</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.0.3">CodeIgniter v3.0.3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.0.2">CodeIgniter v3.0.2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.0.1">CodeIgniter v3.0.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/3.0.0">CodeIgniter v3.0.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.2.6">CodeIgniter v2.2.6</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.2.5">CodeIgniter v2.2.5</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.2.4">CodeIgniter v2.2.4</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.2.3">CodeIgniter v2.2.3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.2.2">CodeIgniter v2.2.2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.2.1">CodeIgniter v2.2.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.2.0">CodeIgniter v2.2.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.1.4">CodeIgniter v2.1.4</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.1.3">CodeIgniter v2.1.3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.1.2">CodeIgniter v2.1.2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/2.1.1">CodeIgniter v2.1.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://codeload.github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/zip/v2.1.0">CodeIgniter v2.1.0</a></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="github">
+<h2>GitHub<a class="headerlink" href="#github" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://git-scm.com/about">Git</a> is a distributed version control system.</p>
+<p>Public Git access is available at <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter">GitHub</a>.
+Please note that while every effort is made to keep this code base
+functional, we cannot guarantee the functionality of code taken from
+the develop branch.</p>
+<p>Beginning with version 2.0.3, stable versions are also available via <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/releases">GitHub Releases</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrading.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="index.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Installation Instructions"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+    </section>
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+  
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+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/index.html b/user_guide/installation/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc425f862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Installation Instructions &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Downloading CodeIgniter" href="downloads.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Welcome to CodeIgniter" href="../general/welcome.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Installation Instructions</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="installation-instructions">
+<h1>Installation Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#installation-instructions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter is installed in four steps:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Unzip the package.</li>
+<li>Upload the CodeIgniter folders and files to your server. Normally the
+<em>index.php</em> file will be at your root.</li>
+<li>Open the <em>application/config/config.php</em> file with a text editor and
+set your base URL. If you intend to use encryption or sessions, set
+your encryption key.</li>
+<li>If you intend to use a database, open the
+<em>application/config/database.php</em> file with a text editor and set your
+database settings.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>If you wish to increase security by hiding the location of your
+CodeIgniter files you can rename the system and application folders to
+something more private. If you do rename them, you must open your main
+<em>index.php</em> file and set the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$system_path</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$application_folder</span></code>
+variables at the top of the file with the new name you’ve chosen.</p>
+<p>For the best security, both the system and any application folders
+should be placed above web root so that they are not directly accessible
+via a browser. By default, <em>.htaccess</em> files are included in each folder
+to help prevent direct access, but it is best to remove them from public
+access entirely in case the web server configuration changes or doesn’t
+abide by the <em>.htaccess</em>.</p>
+<p>If you would like to keep your views public it is also possible to move
+the views folder out of your application folder.</p>
+<p>After moving them, open your main index.php file and set the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$system_path</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$application_folder</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$view_folder</span></code> variables,
+preferably with a full path, e.g. ‘<em>/www/MyUser/system</em>’.</p>
+<p>One additional measure to take in production environments is to disable
+PHP error reporting and any other development-only functionality. In
+CodeIgniter, this can be done by setting the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ENVIRONMENT</span></code> constant, which
+is more fully described on the <a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html"><span class="doc">security
+page</span></a>.</p>
+<p>That’s it!</p>
+<p>If you’re new to CodeIgniter, please read the <a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html"><span class="doc">Getting
+Started</span></a> section of the User Guide
+to begin learning how to build dynamic PHP applications. Enjoy!</p>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="downloads.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Downloading CodeIgniter">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="../general/welcome.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Welcome to CodeIgniter"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+  </script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/troubleshooting.html b/user_guide/installation/troubleshooting.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ba4382aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/troubleshooting.html
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Troubleshooting &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Installation Instructions" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="CodeIgniter Overview" href="../overview/index.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Beta 1.1" href="upgrade_b11.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+  </a>
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+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
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+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
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+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Troubleshooting</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="troubleshooting">
+<h1>Troubleshooting<a class="headerlink" href="#troubleshooting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>If you find that no matter what you put in your URL only your default
+page is loading, it might be that your server does not support the
+REQUEST_URI variable needed to serve search-engine friendly URLs. As a
+first step, open your <em>application/config/config.php</em> file and look for
+the URI Protocol information. It will recommend that you try a couple
+alternate settings. If it still doesn’t work after you’ve tried this
+you’ll need to force CodeIgniter to add a question mark to your URLs. To
+do this open your <em>application/config/config.php</em> file and change this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;index_page&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;index.php&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;index_page&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;index.php?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
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+  </form>
+</div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Final 1.2</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-beta-1-0-to-final-1-2">
+<h1>Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Final 1.2<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-beta-1-0-to-final-1-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>To upgrade to Version 1.2 please replace the following directories with
+the new versions:</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>drivers</li>
+<li>helpers</li>
+<li>init</li>
+<li>language</li>
+<li>libraries</li>
+<li>plugins</li>
+<li>scaffolding</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_b11.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Beta 1.1">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_130.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.2 to 1.3"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_130.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_130.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ea6b5684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_130.html
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.2 to 1.3 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Final 1.2" href="upgrade_120.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.3 to 1.3.1" href="upgrade_131.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.2 to 1.3</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-2-to-1-3">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.2 to 1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-2-to-1-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The instructions on this page assume you are running version
+1.2. If you have not upgraded to that version please do so first.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace the following directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>application/<strong>models</strong>/ (new for 1.3)</li>
+<li>codeigniter (new for 1.3)</li>
+<li>drivers</li>
+<li>helpers</li>
+<li>init</li>
+<li>language</li>
+<li>libraries</li>
+<li>plugins</li>
+<li>scaffolding</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-error-files">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your error files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-error-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Version 1.3 contains two new error templates located in
+application/errors, and for naming consistency the other error templates
+have been renamed.</p>
+<p>If you <strong>have not</strong> customized any of the error templates simply replace
+this folder:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>application/errors/</li>
+</ul>
+<p>If you <strong>have</strong> customized your error templates, rename them as follows:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>404.php = error_404.php</li>
+<li>error.php = error_general.php</li>
+<li>error_db.php (new)</li>
+<li>error_php.php (new)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-update-your-index-php-file">
+<h2>Step 3: Update your index.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-update-your-index-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please open your main index.php file (located at your root). At the very
+bottom of the file, change this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">require_once</span> <span class="nx">BASEPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;libraries/Front_controller&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">EXT</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">require_once</span> <span class="nx">BASEPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;codeigniter/CodeIgniter&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">EXT</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-update-your-config-php-file">
+<h2>Step 4: Update your config.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-update-your-config-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Open your application/config/config.php file and add these new items:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">|------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| URL suffix</span>
+<span class="cm">|------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| This option allows you to add a suffix to all URLs.</span>
+<span class="cm">| For example, if a URL is this:</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| example.com/index.php/products/view/shoes</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| You can optionally add a suffix, like &quot;.html&quot;,</span>
+<span class="cm">| making the page appear to be of a certain type:</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| example.com/index.php/products/view/shoes.html</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;url_suffix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">|------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| Enable Query Strings</span>
+<span class="cm">|------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| By default CodeIgniter uses search-engine and</span>
+<span class="cm">| human-friendly segment based URLs:</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| example.com/who/what/where/</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| You can optionally enable standard query string</span>
+<span class="cm">| based URLs:</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| example.com?who=me&amp;what=something&amp;where=here</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| Options are: TRUE or FALSE (boolean)</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| The two other items let you set the query string &quot;words&quot;</span>
+<span class="cm">| that will invoke your controllers and functions:</span>
+<span class="cm">| example.com/index.php?c=controller&amp;m=function</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;enable_query_strings&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;controller_trigger&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;function_trigger&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;m&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-5-update-your-database-php-file">
+<h2>Step 5: Update your database.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-5-update-your-database-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Open your application/config/database.php file and add these new items:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbprefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;active_r&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-6-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 6: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-6-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_120.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Final 1.2">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_131.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.3 to 1.3.1"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_131.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_131.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e21e36e3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_131.html
@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.3 to 1.3.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.2 to 1.3" href="upgrade_130.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.3.1 to 1.3.2" href="upgrade_132.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.3 to 1.3.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-3-to-1-3-1">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.3 to 1.3.1<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-3-to-1-3-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The instructions on this page assume you are running version
+1.3. If you have not upgraded to that version please do so first.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace the following directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>drivers</li>
+<li>init/init_unit_test.php (new for 1.3.1)</li>
+<li>language/</li>
+<li>libraries</li>
+<li>scaffolding</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_130.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.2 to 1.3">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_132.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.3.1 to 1.3.2"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_132.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_132.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da323264d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_132.html
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.3.1 to 1.3.2 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.3 to 1.3.1" href="upgrade_131.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.3.2 to 1.3.3" href="upgrade_133.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
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+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.3.1 to 1.3.2</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-3-1-to-1-3-2">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.3.1 to 1.3.2<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-3-1-to-1-3-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The instructions on this page assume you are running version
+1.3.1. If you have not upgraded to that version please do so first.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace the following directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>drivers</li>
+<li>init</li>
+<li>libraries</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_131.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.3 to 1.3.1">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_133.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.3.2 to 1.3.3"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
+  </div>
+  
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+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+  </script>
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+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_133.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_133.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..117961975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_133.html
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.3.2 to 1.3.3 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.3.1 to 1.3.2" href="upgrade_132.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.3.3 to 1.4.0" href="upgrade_140.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
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+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
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+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.3.2 to 1.3.3</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-3-2-to-1-3-3">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.3.2 to 1.3.3<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-3-2-to-1-3-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The instructions on this page assume you are running version
+1.3.2. If you have not upgraded to that version please do so first.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace the following directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>codeigniter</li>
+<li>drivers</li>
+<li>helpers</li>
+<li>init</li>
+<li>libraries</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-models">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your Models<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-models" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you are <strong>NOT</strong> using CodeIgniter’s
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html"><span class="doc">Models</span></a> feature disregard this step.</p>
+<p>As of version 1.3.3, CodeIgniter does <strong>not</strong> connect automatically to
+your database when a model is loaded. This allows you greater
+flexibility in determining which databases you would like used with your
+models. If your application is not connecting to your database prior to
+a model being loaded you will have to update your code. There are
+several options for connecting, <a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html"><span class="doc">as described
+here</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 3: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
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+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.3.3 to 1.4.0</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-3-3-to-1-4-0">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.3.3 to 1.4.0<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-3-3-to-1-4-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The instructions on this page assume you are running version
+1.3.3. If you have not upgraded to that version please do so first.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace the following directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>application/config/<strong>hooks.php</strong></li>
+<li>application/config/<strong>mimes.php</strong></li>
+<li>codeigniter</li>
+<li>drivers</li>
+<li>helpers</li>
+<li>init</li>
+<li>language</li>
+<li>libraries</li>
+<li>scaffolding</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-config-php-file">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your config.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-config-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Open your application/config/config.php file and add these new items:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| Enable/Disable System Hooks</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| If you would like to use the &quot;hooks&quot; feature you must enable it by</span>
+<span class="cm">| setting this variable to TRUE (boolean).  See the user guide for details.</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;enable_hooks&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| Allowed URL Characters</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| This lets you specify which characters are permitted within your URLs.</span>
+<span class="cm">| When someone tries to submit a URL with disallowed characters they will</span>
+<span class="cm">| get a warning message.</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| As a security measure you are STRONGLY encouraged to restrict URLs to</span>
+<span class="cm">| as few characters as possible.  By default only these are allowed: a-z 0-9~%.:_-</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| Leave blank to allow all characters -- but only if you are insane.</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| DO NOT CHANGE THIS UNLESS YOU FULLY UNDERSTAND THE REPERCUSSIONS!!</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;permitted_uri_chars&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;a-z 0-9~%.:_-&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 3: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_133.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.3.2 to 1.3.3">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_141.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.4.0 to 1.4.1"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_141.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_141.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7fa2a124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_141.html
@@ -0,0 +1,564 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.4.0 to 1.4.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.3.3 to 1.4.0" href="upgrade_140.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.4.1 to 1.5.0" href="upgrade_150.html"/> 
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.4.0 to 1.4.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-4-0-to-1-4-1">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.4.0 to 1.4.1<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-4-0-to-1-4-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The instructions on this page assume you are running version
+1.4.0. If you have not upgraded to that version please do so first.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace the following directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>codeigniter</li>
+<li>drivers</li>
+<li>helpers</li>
+<li>libraries</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-config-php-file">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your config.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-config-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Open your application/config/config.php file and add this new item:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| Output Compression</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| Enables Gzip output compression for faster page loads.  When enabled,</span>
+<span class="cm">| the output class will test whether your server supports Gzip.</span>
+<span class="cm">| Even if it does, however, not all browsers support compression</span>
+<span class="cm">| so enable only if you are reasonably sure your visitors can handle it.</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| VERY IMPORTANT:  If you are getting a blank page when compression is enabled it</span>
+<span class="cm">| means you are prematurely outputting something to your browser. It could</span>
+<span class="cm">| even be a line of whitespace at the end of one of your scripts.  For</span>
+<span class="cm">| compression to work, nothing can be sent before the output buffer is called</span>
+<span class="cm">| by the output class.  Do not &quot;echo&quot; any values with compression enabled.</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;compress_output&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-rename-an-autoload-item">
+<h2>Step 3: Rename an Autoload Item<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-rename-an-autoload-item" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Open the following file: application/config/autoload.php</p>
+<p>Find this array item:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$autoload</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;core&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And rename it to this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$autoload</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;libraries&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This change was made to improve clarity since some users were not sure
+that their own libraries could be auto-loaded.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 4: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_140.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.3.3 to 1.4.0">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_150.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.4.1 to 1.5.0"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_150.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_150.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fd6c029a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_150.html
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.4.1 to 1.5.0 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.4.0 to 1.4.1" href="upgrade_141.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.5.0 to 1.5.2" href="upgrade_152.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.4.1 to 1.5.0</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-4-1-to-1-5-0">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.4.1 to 1.5.0<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-4-1-to-1-5-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The instructions on this page assume you are running version
+1.4.1. If you have not upgraded to that version please do so first.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>application/config/user_agents.php (new file for 1.5)</li>
+<li>application/config/smileys.php (new file for 1.5)</li>
+<li>codeigniter/</li>
+<li>database/ (new folder for 1.5. Replaces the “drivers” folder)</li>
+<li>helpers/</li>
+<li>language/</li>
+<li>libraries/</li>
+<li>scaffolding/</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-database-php-file">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your database.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-database-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Open your application/config/database.php file and add these new items:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache_on&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;cachedir&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-update-your-config-php-file">
+<h2>Step 3: Update your config.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-update-your-config-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Open your application/config/config.php file and ADD these new items:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| Class Extension Prefix</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| This item allows you to set the filename/classname prefix when extending</span>
+<span class="cm">| native libraries.  For more information please see the user guide:</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/core_classes.html</span>
+<span class="cm">| https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/creating_libraries.html</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;subclass_prefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MY_&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| Rewrite PHP Short Tags</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| If your PHP installation does not have short tag support enabled CI</span>
+<span class="cm">| can rewrite the tags on-the-fly, enabling you to utilize that syntax</span>
+<span class="cm">| in your view files.  Options are TRUE or FALSE (boolean)</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;rewrite_short_tags&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In that same file REMOVE this item:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| Enable/Disable Error Logging</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| If you would like errors or debug messages logged set this variable to</span>
+<span class="cm">| TRUE (boolean).  Note: You must set the file permissions on the &quot;logs&quot; folder</span>
+<span class="cm">| such that it is writable.</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;log_errors&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Error logging is now disabled simply by setting the threshold to zero.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-update-your-main-index-php-file">
+<h2>Step 4: Update your main index.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-update-your-main-index-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you are running a stock index.php file simply replace your version
+with the new one.</p>
+<p>If your index.php file has internal modifications, please add your
+modifications to the new file and use it.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-5-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 5: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-5-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_141.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.4.0 to 1.4.1">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_152.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.5.0 to 1.5.2"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_152.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_152.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a56abd5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_152.html
@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.5.0 to 1.5.2 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.4.1 to 1.5.0" href="upgrade_150.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.5.2 to 1.5.3" href="upgrade_153.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.5.0 to 1.5.2</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-5-0-to-1-5-2">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.5.0 to 1.5.2<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-5-0-to-1-5-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The instructions on this page assume you are running version
+1.5.0 or 1.5.1. If you have not upgraded to that version please do so
+first.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>system/helpers/download_helper.php</li>
+<li>system/helpers/form_helper.php</li>
+<li>system/libraries/Table.php</li>
+<li>system/libraries/User_agent.php</li>
+<li>system/libraries/Exceptions.php</li>
+<li>system/libraries/Input.php</li>
+<li>system/libraries/Router.php</li>
+<li>system/libraries/Loader.php</li>
+<li>system/libraries/Image_lib.php</li>
+<li>system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php</li>
+<li>system/database/DB_active_rec.php</li>
+<li>system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php</li>
+<li>codeigniter/</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_150.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.4.1 to 1.5.0">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_153.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.5.2 to 1.5.3"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_153.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_153.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8501a2f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_153.html
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.5.2 to 1.5.3 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.5.0 to 1.5.2" href="upgrade_152.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.5.3 to 1.5.4" href="upgrade_154.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.5.2 to 1.5.3</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-5-2-to-1-5-3">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.5.2 to 1.5.3<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-5-2-to-1-5-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>system/database/drivers</li>
+<li>system/helpers</li>
+<li>system/libraries/Input.php</li>
+<li>system/libraries/Loader.php</li>
+<li>system/libraries/Profiler.php</li>
+<li>system/libraries/Table.php</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_152.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.5.0 to 1.5.2">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_154.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.5.3 to 1.5.4"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_154.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_154.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..046dc9e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_154.html
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.5.3 to 1.5.4 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.5.2 to 1.5.3" href="upgrade_153.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.5.4 to 1.6.0" href="upgrade_160.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+  <a href="#" id="openToc">
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
+        
+          <a href="../index.html" class="fa fa-home"> CodeIgniter</a>
+        
+        
+<div role="search">
+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+  </form>
+</div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.5.3 to 1.5.4</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-5-3-to-1-5-4">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.5.3 to 1.5.4<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-5-3-to-1-5-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>application/config/mimes.php</li>
+<li>system/codeigniter</li>
+<li>system/database</li>
+<li>system/helpers</li>
+<li>system/libraries</li>
+<li>system/plugins</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-add-charset-to-your-config-php">
+<h2>Step 2: Add charset to your config.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-add-charset-to-your-config-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Add the following to application/config/config.php</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| Default Character Set</span>
+<span class="cm">|--------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| This determines which character set is used by default in various methods</span>
+<span class="cm">| that require a character set to be provided.</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;charset&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;UTF-8&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-autoloading-language-files">
+<h2>Step 3: Autoloading language files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-autoloading-language-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you want to autoload any language files, add this line to
+application/config/autoload.php</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$autoload</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;language&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 4: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_153.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.5.2 to 1.5.3">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_160.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.5.4 to 1.6.0"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
+    </section>
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+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_160.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_160.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f8afd20a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_160.html
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.5.4 to 1.6.0 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.5.3 to 1.5.4" href="upgrade_154.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.6.0 to 1.6.1" href="upgrade_161.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
+
+      </div>
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+  <a href="#" id="openToc">
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
+        
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+        
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+<div role="search">
+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+  </form>
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+      <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.5.4 to 1.6.0</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-5-4-to-1-6-0">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.5.4 to 1.6.0<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-5-4-to-1-6-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>system/codeigniter</li>
+<li>system/database</li>
+<li>system/helpers</li>
+<li>system/libraries</li>
+<li>system/plugins</li>
+<li>system/language</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-add-time-to-update-to-your-config-php">
+<h2>Step 2: Add time_to_update to your config.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-add-time-to-update-to-your-config-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Add the following to application/config/config.php with the other
+session configuration options</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;sess_time_to_update&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>         <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-add-autoload-model">
+<h2>Step 3: Add $autoload[‘model’]<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-add-autoload-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Add the following to application/config/autoload.php</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">| -------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| Auto-load Model files</span>
+<span class="cm">| -------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| Prototype:</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| $autoload[&#39;model&#39;] = array(&#39;my_model&#39;);</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$autoload</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;model&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-add-to-your-database-php">
+<h2>Step 4: Add to your database.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-add-to-your-database-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Make the following changes to your application/config/database.php file:</p>
+<p>Add the following variable above the database configuration options,
+with $active_group</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$active_record</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Remove the following from your database configuration options</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;active_r&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Add the following to your database configuration options</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;char_set&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;utf8&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;dbcollat&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;utf8_general_ci&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-5-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 5: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-5-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_154.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.5.3 to 1.5.4">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_161.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.6.0 to 1.6.1"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
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+  
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+
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_161.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_161.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f503a802a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_161.html
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.6.0 to 1.6.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.5.4 to 1.6.0" href="upgrade_160.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.6.1 to 1.6.2" href="upgrade_162.html"/> 
+
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+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
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+  </div>
+</div>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
+        
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+        
+        
+<div role="search">
+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
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+      </div>
+
+      <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.6.0 to 1.6.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-6-0-to-1-6-1">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.6.0 to 1.6.1<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-6-0-to-1-6-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>system/codeigniter</li>
+<li>system/database</li>
+<li>system/helpers</li>
+<li>system/language</li>
+<li>system/libraries</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_160.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.5.4 to 1.6.0">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_162.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.6.1 to 1.6.2"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
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diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_162.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_162.html
new file mode 100644
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+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>Upgrading from 1.6.1 to 1.6.2 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.6.1 to 1.6.2</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-6-1-to-1-6-2">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.6.1 to 1.6.2<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-6-1-to-1-6-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>system/codeigniter</li>
+<li>system/database</li>
+<li>system/helpers</li>
+<li>system/language</li>
+<li>system/libraries</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-encryption-key">
+<h2>Step 2: Encryption Key<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-encryption-key" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you are using sessions, open up application/config/config.php and
+verify you’ve set an encryption key.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-constants-file">
+<h2>Step 3: Constants File<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-constants-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Copy /application/config/constants.php to your installation, and modify
+if necessary.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-mimes-file">
+<h2>Step 4: Mimes File<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-mimes-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace /application/config/mimes.php with the dowloaded version. If
+you’ve added custom mime types, you’ll need to re-add them.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-5-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 5: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-5-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_161.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.6.0 to 1.6.1">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_163.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.6.2 to 1.6.3"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_163.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_163.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b9030770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_163.html
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.6.2 to 1.6.3 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.6.1 to 1.6.2" href="upgrade_162.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.6.3 to 1.7.0" href="upgrade_170.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.6.2 to 1.6.3</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-6-2-to-1-6-3">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.6.2 to 1.6.3<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-6-2-to-1-6-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>system/codeigniter</li>
+<li>system/database</li>
+<li>system/helpers</li>
+<li>system/language</li>
+<li>system/libraries</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_162.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.6.1 to 1.6.2">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_170.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.6.3 to 1.7.0"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_170.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_170.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb2316726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_170.html
@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.6.3 to 1.7.0 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.6.2 to 1.6.3" href="upgrade_163.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.7.0 to 1.7.1" href="upgrade_171.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.6.3 to 1.7.0</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-6-3-to-1-7-0">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.6.3 to 1.7.0<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-6-3-to-1-7-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>system/codeigniter</li>
+<li>system/database</li>
+<li>system/helpers</li>
+<li>system/language</li>
+<li>system/libraries</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-session-table">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your Session Table<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-session-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you are using the Session class in your application, AND if you are
+storing session data to a database, you must add a new column named
+user_data to your session table. Here is an example of what this column
+might look like for MySQL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">user_data</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To add this column you will run a query similar to this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">ALTER</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="sb">`ci_sessions`</span> <span class="nx">ADD</span> <span class="sb">`user_data`</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You’ll find more information regarding the new Session functionality in
+the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session class</span></a> page.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-update-your-validation-syntax">
+<h2>Step 3: Update your Validation Syntax<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-update-your-validation-syntax" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This is an <strong>optional</strong>, but recommended step, for people currently
+using the Validation class. CI 1.7 introduces a new <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation
+class</span></a>, which deprecates the old
+Validation library. We have left the old one in place so that existing
+applications that use it will not break, but you are encouraged to
+migrate to the new version as soon as possible. Please read the user
+guide carefully as the new library works a little differently, and has
+several new features.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 4: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please replace your local copy of the user guide with the new version,
+including the image files.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_163.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.6.2 to 1.6.3">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_171.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.7.0 to 1.7.1"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_171.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_171.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7821e062d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_171.html
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.7.0 to 1.7.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.6.3 to 1.7.0" href="upgrade_170.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 1.7.1 to 1.7.2" href="upgrade_172.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+        
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+<div role="search">
+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
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+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.7.0 to 1.7.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-7-0-to-1-7-1">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.7.0 to 1.7.1<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-7-0-to-1-7-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>system/codeigniter</li>
+<li>system/database</li>
+<li>system/helpers</li>
+<li>system/language</li>
+<li>system/libraries</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please replace your local copy of the user guide with the new version,
+including the image files.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
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new file mode 100644
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+    <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+  </form>
+</div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.7.1 to 1.7.2</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-7-1-to-1-7-2">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.7.1 to 1.7.2<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-7-1-to-1-7-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace these files and directories in your “system” folder with the new
+versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>system/codeigniter</li>
+<li>system/database</li>
+<li>system/helpers</li>
+<li>system/language</li>
+<li>system/libraries</li>
+<li>index.php</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-remove-header-from-404-error-template">
+<h2>Step 2: Remove header() from 404 error template<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-remove-header-from-404-error-template" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you are using header() in your 404 error template, such as the case
+with the default error_404.php template shown below, remove that line
+of code.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="nb">header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>404 status headers are now properly handled in the show_404() method
+itself.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-confirm-your-system-path">
+<h2>Step 3: Confirm your system_path<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-confirm-your-system-path" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In your updated index.php file, confirm that the $system_path variable
+is set to your application’s system folder.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 4: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please replace your local copy of the user guide with the new version,
+including the image files.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_171.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.7.0 to 1.7.1">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_200.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 1.7.2 to 2.0.0"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_200.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_200.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca15f58b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_200.html
@@ -0,0 +1,632 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 1.7.2 to 2.0.0 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.7.1 to 1.7.2" href="upgrade_172.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.0.0 to 2.0.1" href="upgrade_201.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 1.7.2 to 2.0.0</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-1-7-2-to-2-0-0">
+<h1>Upgrading from 1.7.2 to 2.0.0<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-1-7-2-to-2-0-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="update-instructions">
+<h2>Update Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#update-instructions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h3>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder <strong>except</strong>
+your application folder.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-adjust-get-dir-file-info-where-necessary">
+<h3>Step 2: Adjust get_dir_file_info() where necessary<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-adjust-get-dir-file-info-where-necessary" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Version 2.0.0 brings a non-backwards compatible change to
+get_dir_file_info() in the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File
+Helper</span></a>. Non-backwards compatible changes
+are extremely rare in CodeIgniter, but this one we feel was warranted
+due to how easy it was to create serious server performance issues. If
+you <em>need</em> recursiveness where you are using this helper function,
+change such instances, setting the second parameter, $top_level_only
+to FALSE:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">get_dir_file_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/directory&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-convert-your-plugins-to-helpers">
+<h3>Step 3: Convert your Plugins to Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-convert-your-plugins-to-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>2.0.0 gets rid of the “Plugin” system as their functionality was
+identical to Helpers, but non-extensible. You will need to rename your
+plugin files from filename_pi.php to filename_helper.php, move them to
+your helpers folder, and change all instances of:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">plugin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>to</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-update-stored-encrypted-data">
+<h3>Step 4: Update stored encrypted data<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-update-stored-encrypted-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If your application does not use the Encrypt library, does
+not store Encrypted data permanently, or is on an environment that does
+not support Mcrypt, you may skip this step.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The Encrypt library has had a number of improvements, some for
+encryption strength and some for performance, that has an unavoidable
+consequence of making it no longer possible to decode encrypted data
+produced by the original version of this library. To help with the
+transition, a new method has been added, encode_from_legacy() that
+will decode the data with the original algorithm and return a re-encoded
+string using the improved methods. This will enable you to easily
+replace stale encrypted data with fresh in your applications, either on
+the fly or en masse.</p>
+<p>Please read <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">how to use this
+method</span></a> in the Encrypt library
+documentation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-5-remove-loading-calls-for-the-compatibility-helper">
+<h3>Step 5: Remove loading calls for the compatibility helper.<a class="headerlink" href="#step-5-remove-loading-calls-for-the-compatibility-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The compatibility helper has been removed from the CodeIgniter core. All
+methods in it should be natively available in supported PHP versions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-6-update-class-extension">
+<h3>Step 6: Update Class extension<a class="headerlink" href="#step-6-update-class-extension" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>All core classes are now prefixed with CI_. Update Models and
+Controllers to extend CI_Model and CI_Controller, respectively.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-7-update-parent-constructor-calls">
+<h3>Step 7: Update Parent Constructor calls<a class="headerlink" href="#step-7-update-parent-constructor-calls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>All native CodeIgniter classes now use the PHP 5 __construct()
+convention. Please update extended libraries to call
+parent::__construct().</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-8-move-any-core-extensions-to-application-core">
+<h3>Step 8: Move any core extensions to application/core<a class="headerlink" href="#step-8-move-any-core-extensions-to-application-core" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Any extensions to core classes (e.g. MY_Controller.php) in your
+application/libraries folder must be moved to the new
+application/core folder.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-9-update-your-user-guide">
+<h3>Step 9: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-9-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Please replace your local copy of the user guide with the new version,
+including the image files.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="update-notes">
+<h2>Update Notes<a class="headerlink" href="#update-notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="../changelog.html#changelog"><span class="std std-ref">2.0.0 Change Log</span></a> for full
+details, but here are some of the larger changes that are more likely to
+impact your code:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Scaffolding has been removed.</li>
+<li>The CAPTCHA plugin in now a <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html"><span class="doc">helper</span></a>.</li>
+<li>The JavaScript calendar plugin was removed.</li>
+<li>The <em>system/cache</em> and <em>system/logs</em> directories are now in the application
+directory.</li>
+<li>The Validation class has been removed.  Please see the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation library</span></a></li>
+<li>“default” is now a reserved name.</li>
+<li>The xss_clean() function has moved to the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Class</span></a>.</li>
+<li>do_xss_clean() now returns FALSE if the uploaded file fails XSS checks.</li>
+<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Class</span></a> requires now the use of an
+encryption key set in the config file.</li>
+<li>The following deprecated Active Record functions have been removed:
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">orwhere</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">orlike</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">groupby</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">orhaving</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">orderby</span></code>,
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getwhere</span></code>.</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_drop_database()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_create_database()</span></code> functions have been removed
+from the db utility drivers.</li>
+<li>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dohash()</span></code> function of the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html"><span class="doc">Security helper</span></a>
+has been renamed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">do_hash()</span></code> for naming consistency.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="the-config-folder">
+<h3>The config folder<a class="headerlink" href="#the-config-folder" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The following files have been changed:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>config.php</li>
+<li>database.php</li>
+<li>mimes.php</li>
+<li>routes.php</li>
+<li>user_agents.php</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The following files have been added:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>foreign_chars.php</li>
+<li>profiler.php</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_172.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.7.1 to 1.7.2">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_201.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.0.0 to 2.0.1"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_201.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_201.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c80d918d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_201.html
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.0.0 to 2.0.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 1.7.2 to 2.0.0" href="upgrade_200.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.0.1 to 2.0.2" href="upgrade_202.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 2.0.0 to 2.0.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-0-0-to-2-0-1">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.0.0 to 2.0.1<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-0-0-to-2-0-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder and replace
+your index.php file. If any modifications were made to your index.php
+they will need to be made fresh in this new one.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-replace-config-mimes-php">
+<h2>Step 2: Replace config/mimes.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-replace-config-mimes-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This config file has been updated to contain more mime types, please
+copy it to application/config/mimes.php.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-check-for-forms-posting-to-default-controller">
+<h2>Step 3: Check for forms posting to default controller<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-check-for-forms-posting-to-default-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The default behavior for form_open() when called with no parameters
+used to be to post to the default controller, but it will now just leave
+an empty action=”” meaning the form will submit to the current URL. If
+submitting to the default controller was the expected behavior it will
+need to be changed from:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">//&lt;form action=&quot;&quot; method=&quot;post&quot; accept-charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>to use either a / or base_url():</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">//&lt;form action=&quot;http://example.com/index.php/&quot; method=&quot;post&quot; accept-charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">base_url</span><span class="p">());</span> <span class="c1">//&lt;form action=&quot;http://example.com/&quot; method=&quot;post&quot; accept-charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_200.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 1.7.2 to 2.0.0">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_202.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.0.1 to 2.0.2"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_202.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_202.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69425bc6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_202.html
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.0.1 to 2.0.2 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.0.0 to 2.0.1" href="upgrade_201.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.0.2 to 2.0.3" href="upgrade_203.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 2.0.1 to 2.0.2</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-0-1-to-2-0-2">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.0.1 to 2.0.2<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-0-1-to-2-0-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder and replace
+your index.php file. If any modifications were made to your index.php
+they will need to be made fresh in this new one.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-remove-loading-calls-for-the-security-library">
+<h2>Step 2: Remove loading calls for the Security Library<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-remove-loading-calls-for-the-security-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Security has been moved to the core and is now always loaded
+automatically. Make sure you remove any loading calls as they will
+result in PHP errors.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-move-my-security">
+<h2>Step 3: Move MY_Security<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-move-my-security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you are overriding or extending the Security library, you will need
+to move it to application/core.</p>
+<p>csrf_token_name and csrf_hash have changed to protected class
+properties. Please use security-&gt;get_csrf_hash() and
+security-&gt;get_csrf_token_name() to access those values.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_201.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 2.0.0 to 2.0.1">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_203.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.0.2 to 2.0.3"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_203.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_203.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ad431576
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_203.html
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.0.2 to 2.0.3 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.0.1 to 2.0.2" href="upgrade_202.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.0.3 to 2.1.0" href="upgrade_210.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
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+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-0-2-to-2-0-3">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.0.2 to 2.0.3<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-0-2-to-2-0-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder and replace
+your index.php file. If any modifications were made to your index.php
+they will need to be made fresh in this new one.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-main-index-php-file">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your main index.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-main-index-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you are running a stock index.php file simply replace your version
+with the new one.</p>
+<p>If your index.php file has internal modifications, please add your
+modifications to the new file and use it.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-replace-config-user-agents-php">
+<h2>Step 3: Replace config/user_agents.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-replace-config-user-agents-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This config file has been updated to contain more user agent types,
+please copy it to application/config/user_agents.php.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-change-references-of-the-ext-constant-to-php">
+<h2>Step 4: Change references of the EXT constant to “.php”<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-change-references-of-the-ext-constant-to-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The EXT Constant has been marked as deprecated, but has not
+been removed from the application. You are encouraged to make the
+changes sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-5-remove-apppath-third-party-from-autoload-php">
+<h2>Step 5: Remove APPPATH.’third_party’ from autoload.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-5-remove-apppath-third-party-from-autoload-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Open application/config/autoload.php, and look for the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$autoload</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;packages&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;third_party&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you have not chosen to load any additional packages, that line can be
+changed to:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$autoload</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;packages&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Which should provide for nominal performance gains if not autoloading
+packages.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="update-sessions-database-tables">
+<h2>Update Sessions Database Tables<a class="headerlink" href="#update-sessions-database-tables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you are using database sessions with the CI Session Library, please
+update your ci_sessions database table as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">INDEX</span> <span class="nx">last_activity_idx</span> <span class="nx">ON</span> <span class="nx">ci_sessions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">last_activity</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nx">ALTER</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">ci_sessions</span> <span class="nx">MODIFY</span> <span class="nx">user_agent</span> <span class="nx">VARCHAR</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_202.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 2.0.1 to 2.0.2">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_210.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.0.3 to 2.1.0"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_210.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_210.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3c2f52b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_210.html
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.0.3 to 2.1.0 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.0.2 to 2.0.3" href="upgrade_203.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.1.0 to 2.1.1" href="upgrade_211.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+  <a href="#" id="openToc">
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+  </a>
+</div>
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+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
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+        
+          
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+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 2.0.3 to 2.1.0</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-0-3-to-2-1-0">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.0.3 to 2.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-0-3-to-2-1-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-replace-config-mimes-php">
+<h2>Step 2: Replace config/mimes.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-replace-config-mimes-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This config file has been updated to contain more user agent types,
+please copy it to <em>application/config/mimes.php</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 3: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
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+</div>
+
+
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+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
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+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_211.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.1.0 to 2.1.1"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
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+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
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diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_211.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_211.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68f6056c6
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+
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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>Upgrading from 2.1.0 to 2.1.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 2.1.0 to 2.1.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-1-0-to-2-1-1">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.1.0 to 2.1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-1-0-to-2-1-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-replace-config-mimes-php">
+<h2>Step 2: Replace config/mimes.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-replace-config-mimes-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This config file has been updated to contain more user mime-types, please copy
+it to _application/config/mimes.php*.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-update-your-ip-address-tables">
+<h2>Step 3: Update your IP address tables<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-update-your-ip-address-tables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This upgrade adds support for IPv6 IP addresses. In order to store them, you need
+to enlarge your ip_address columns to 45 characters. For example, CodeIgniter’s
+session table will need to change</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">ALTER</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">ci_sessions</span> <span class="nx">CHANGE</span> <span class="nx">ip_address</span> <span class="nx">ip_address</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">default</span> <span class="s1">&#39;0&#39;</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_210.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 2.0.3 to 2.1.0">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_212.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.1.1 to 2.1.2"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_212.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_212.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecab6b8e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_212.html
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.1.1 to 2.1.2 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.1.0 to 2.1.1" href="upgrade_211.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.1.2 to 2.1.3" href="upgrade_213.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 2.1.1 to 2.1.2</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-1-1-to-2-1-2">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.1.1 to 2.1.2<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-1-1-to-2-1-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_211.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 2.1.0 to 2.1.1">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_213.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.1.2 to 2.1.3"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_213.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_213.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..600b6ea47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_213.html
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.1.2 to 2.1.3 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.1.1 to 2.1.2" href="upgrade_212.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.1.3 to 2.1.4" href="upgrade_214.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 2.1.2 to 2.1.3</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-1-2-to-2-1-3">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.1.2 to 2.1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-1-2-to-2-1-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-user-guide">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your user guide<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please also replace your local copy of the user guide with the new
+version.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_212.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 2.1.1 to 2.1.2">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_214.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.1.3 to 2.1.4"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_214.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_214.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27acdd3bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_214.html
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.1.3 to 2.1.4 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.1.2 to 2.1.3" href="upgrade_213.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.1.4 to 2.2.x" href="upgrade_220.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
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+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-1-3-to-2-1-4">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.1.3 to 2.1.4<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-1-3-to-2-1-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder.</p>
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
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+
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_220.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_220.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5263bdbc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_220.html
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.1.4 to 2.2.x &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+    
+
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
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+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.1.3 to 2.1.4" href="upgrade_214.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.2.0 to 2.2.1" href="upgrade_221.html"/> 
+
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+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 2.1.4 to 2.2.x</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-1-4-to-2-2-x">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.1.4 to 2.2.x<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-1-4-to-2-2-x" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Class</span></a> now requires the
+Mcrypt extension. If you were previously using the Encrypt Class
+without Mcrypt, then this is a breaking change.  You must install
+the Mcrypt extension in order to upgrade. For information on
+installing Mcrypt please see the PHP <cite>documentation
+&lt;http://php.net/manual/en/mcrypt.setup.php&gt;</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_214.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 2.1.3 to 2.1.4">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_221.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.2.0 to 2.2.1"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_221.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_221.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c99e9c2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_221.html
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.2.0 to 2.2.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.1.4 to 2.2.x" href="upgrade_220.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.2.1 to 2.2.2" href="upgrade_222.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 2.2.0 to 2.2.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-2-0-to-2-2-1">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.2.0 to 2.2.1<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-2-0-to-2-2-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_220.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 2.1.4 to 2.2.x">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_222.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.2.1 to 2.2.2"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_222.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_222.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a753e82cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_222.html
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.2.1 to 2.2.2 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.2.0 to 2.2.1" href="upgrade_221.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.2.2 to 2.2.3" href="upgrade_223.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 2.2.1 to 2.2.2</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-2-1-to-2-2-2">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.2.1 to 2.2.2<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-2-1-to-2-2-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_221.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 2.2.0 to 2.2.1">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_223.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 2.2.2 to 2.2.3"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_223.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_223.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7b62b5a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_223.html
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.2.2 to 2.2.3 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.2.1 to 2.2.2" href="upgrade_222.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 2.2.x to 3.0.x" href="upgrade_300.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-2-2-to-2-2-3">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.2.2 to 2.2.3<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-2-2-to-2-2-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your “system” folder.</p>
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_300.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_300.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a6f58f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_300.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1330 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 2.2.x to 3.0.x &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+  
+    
+
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.2.2 to 2.2.3" href="upgrade_223.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.0.0 to 3.0.1" href="upgrade_301.html"/> 
+
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+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 2.2.x to 3.0.x</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-2-2-x-to-3-0-x">
+<h1>Upgrading from 2.2.x to 3.0.x<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-2-2-x-to-3-0-x" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>Replace</strong> all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory and
+replace your index.php file. If any modifications were made to your
+index.php they will need to be made fresh in this new one.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">You have to delete the old <em>system/</em> directory first and
+then put the new one in its place. A simple copy-paste may cause
+issues.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these folders please
+make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-classes-file-names">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your classes file names<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-classes-file-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Starting with CodeIgniter 3.0, all class filenames (libraries, drivers, controllers
+and models) must be named in a Ucfirst-like manner or in other words - they must
+start with a capital letter.</p>
+<p>For example, if you have the following library file:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>application/libraries/mylibrary.php</div></blockquote>
+<p>… then you’ll have to rename it to:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>application/libraries/Mylibrary.php</div></blockquote>
+<p>The same goes for driver libraries and extensions and/or overrides of CodeIgniter’s
+own libraries and core classes.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>application/libraries/MY_email.php
+application/core/MY_log.php</div></blockquote>
+<p>The above files should respectively be renamed to the following:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>application/libraries/MY_Email.php
+application/core/MY_Log.php</div></blockquote>
+<p>Controllers:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>application/controllers/welcome.php     -&gt;      application/controllers/Welcome.php</div></blockquote>
+<p>Models:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>application/models/misc_model.php       -&gt;      application/models/Misc_model.php</div></blockquote>
+<p>Please note that this DOES NOT affect directories, configuration files, views,
+helpers, hooks and anything else - it is only applied to classes.</p>
+<p>You must now follow just one simple rule - class names in Ucfirst and everything else
+in lowercase.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-replace-config-mimes-php">
+<h2>Step 3: Replace config/mimes.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-replace-config-mimes-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This config file has been updated to contain more user mime-types, please copy
+it to <em>application/config/mimes.php</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-remove-autoload-core-from-your-config-autoload-php">
+<h2>Step 4: Remove $autoload[‘core’] from your config/autoload.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-remove-autoload-core-from-your-config-autoload-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Use of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$autoload['core']</span></code> config array has been deprecated as of CodeIgniter 1.4.1 and is now removed.
+Move any entries that you might have listed there to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$autoload['libraries']</span></code> instead.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-5-move-your-log-class-overrides-or-extensions">
+<h2>Step 5: Move your Log class overrides or extensions<a class="headerlink" href="#step-5-move-your-log-class-overrides-or-extensions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The Log Class is considered as a “core” class and is now located in the
+<strong>system/core/</strong> directory. Therefore, in order for your Log class overrides
+or extensions to work, you need to move them to <strong>application/core/</strong>:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>application/libraries/Log.php -&gt; application/core/Log.php
+application/libraries/MY_Log.php -&gt; application/core/MY_Log.php</div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-6-update-your-session-library-usage">
+<h2>Step 6: Update your Session library usage<a class="headerlink" href="#step-6-update-your-session-library-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> has been completely
+re-written in CodeIgniter 3 and now comes with a bunch of new features,
+but that also means that there are changes that you should make …</p>
+<p>Most notably, the library now uses separate storage drivers instead of
+always relying on (encrypted) cookies.
+In fact, cookies as storage have now been removed and you must always use
+some kind of server-side storage engine, with the file-system being the
+default option.</p>
+<p>The Session Class now utilizes PHP’s own mechanisms for building custom
+session handlers, which also means that your session data is now
+accessible via the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> superglobal (though, we’ve kept the
+possibility to use it as “userdata”, like you’ve done until now).</p>
+<p>A few configuration options have been removed and a few have been added.
+You should really read the whole <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session library manual</span></a> for the details, but here’s a short list of changes
+that you should make:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul>
+<li><p class="first">Set your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_driver']</span></code> value</p>
+<p>It will default to ‘files’, unless you’ve previously used
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_use_database']</span></code>, in which case it will be set to
+‘database’.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Set a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_save_path']</span></code> value</p>
+<p>For the ‘database’ driver, a fallback to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_table_name']</span></code>
+is in place, but otherwise requires you to read the manual for the
+specific driver of your choice.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Update your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ci_sessions</span></code> table (‘database’ driver only)</p>
+<p>The table structure has changed a bit, and more specifically:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session_id</span></code> field is renamed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">id</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user_agent</span></code> field is dropped</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user_data</span></code> field is renamed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">data</span></code> and under MySQL is now of type BLOB</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">last_activity</span></code> field is renamed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>This is accompanied by a slight change in the table indexes too, so
+please read the manual about the <a class="reference external" href="../libraries/sessions.html#database-driver">Session Database Driver</a> for more information.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Only MySQL and PostgreSQL are officially supported
+now. Other databases may still work, but due to lack of advisory
+locking features, they are unsafe for concurrent requests and
+you should consider using another driver instead.</p>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Remove <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_match_useragent']</span></code></p>
+<p>The user-agent string is input supplied by the user’s browser, or in
+other words: client side input. As such, it is an ineffective feature
+and hence why it has been removed.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Remove <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_encrypt_cookie']</span></code></p>
+<p>As already noted, the library no longer uses cookies as a storage
+mechanism, which renders this option useless.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Remove <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_expire_on_close']</span></code></p>
+<p>This option is still usable, but only for backwards compatibility
+purposes and it should be otherwise removed. The same effect is
+achieved by setting <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_expiration']</span></code> to 0.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Check “flashdata” for collisions with “userdata”</p>
+<p>Flashdata is now just regular “userdata”, only marked for deletion on
+the next request. In other words: you can’t have both “userdata” and
+“flashdata” with the same name, because it’s the same thing.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Check usage of session metadata</p>
+<p>Previously, you could access the ‘session_id’, ‘ip_address’,
+‘user_agent’ and ‘last_activity’ metadata items as userdata.
+This is no longer possible, and you should read the notes about
+<a class="reference external" href="../libraries/sessions.html#accessing-session-metadata">Session Metadata</a>
+if your application relies on those values.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Check <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unset_userdata()</span></code> usage</p>
+<p>Previously, this method used to accept an associative array of
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'key'</span> <span class="pre">=&gt;</span> <span class="pre">'dummy</span> <span class="pre">value'</span></code> pairs for unsetting multiple keys. That
+however makes no sense and you now have to pass <em>only</em> the keys, as
+the elements of an array.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Old</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unset_userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;item2&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// New</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unset_userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;item2&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>Finally, if you have written a Session extension, you must now move it to
+the <em>application/libraries/Session/</em> directory, although chances are that
+it will now also have to be re-factored.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-7-update-your-config-database-php">
+<h2>Step 7: Update your config/database.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-7-update-your-config-database-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Due to 3.0.0’s renaming of Active Record to Query Builder, inside your
+<strong>config/database.php</strong>, you will need to rename the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$active_record</span></code>
+variable to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$query_builder</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$active_group</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;default&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="c1">// $active_record = TRUE;</span>
+<span class="nv">$query_builder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-8-replace-your-error-templates">
+<h2>Step 8: Replace your error templates<a class="headerlink" href="#step-8-replace-your-error-templates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In CodeIgniter 3.0, the error templates are now considered as views and have been moved to the
+<em>application/views/errors</em> directory.</p>
+<p>Furthermore, we’ve added support for CLI error templates in plain-text format that unlike HTML,
+is suitable for the command line. This of course requires another level of separation.</p>
+<p>It is safe to move your old templates from <em>application/errors</em> to <em>application/views/errors/html</em>,
+but you’ll have to copy the new <em>application/views/errors/cli</em> directory from the CodeIgniter archive.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-9-update-your-config-routes-php-file">
+<h2>Step 9: Update your config/routes.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-9-update-your-config-routes-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="routes-containing-any">
+<h3>Routes containing :any<a class="headerlink" href="#routes-containing-any" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Historically, CodeIgniter has always provided the <strong>:any</strong> wildcard in
+routing, with the intention of providing a way to match any character
+<strong>within</strong> an URI segment.</p>
+<p>However, the <strong>:any</strong> wildcard is actually just an alias for a regular
+expression and used to be executed in that manner as <strong>.+</strong>. This is
+considered a bug, as it also matches the / (forward slash) character, which
+is the URI segment delimiter and that was never the intention.</p>
+<p>In CodeIgniter 3, the <strong>:any</strong> wildcard will now represent <strong>[^/]+</strong>, so
+that it will not match a forward slash.</p>
+<p>There are certainly many developers that have utilized this bug as an actual
+feature. If you’re one of them and want to match a forward slash, please use
+the <strong>.+</strong> regular expression:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">.+</span><span class="p">)</span>    <span class="c1">// matches ANYTHING</span>
+<span class="p">(</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">any</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">// matches any character, except for &#39;/&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="directories-and-default-controller-404-override">
+<h3>Directories and ‘default_controller’, ‘404_override’<a class="headerlink" href="#directories-and-default-controller-404-override" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>As you should know, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$route['default_controller']</span></code> and
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$route['404_override']</span></code> settings accept not only a controller name, but
+also <em>controller/method</em> pairs. However, a bug in the routing logic has
+made it possible for some users to use that as <em>directory/controller</em>
+instead.</p>
+<p>As already said, this behavior was incidental and was never intended, nor
+documented. If you’ve relied on it, your application will break with
+CodeIgniter 3.0.</p>
+<p>Another notable change in version 3 is that ‘default_controller’ and
+‘404_override’ are now applied <em>per directory</em>. To explain what this means,
+let’s take the following example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;main&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, assuming that your website is located at <em>example.com</em>, you already
+know that if a user visits <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://example.com/</span></code>, the above setting will
+cause your ‘Main’ controller to be loaded.</p>
+<p>However, what happens if you have an <em>application/controllers/admin/</em>
+directory and the user visits <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://example.com/admin/</span></code>?
+In CodeIgniter 3, the router will look for a ‘Main’ controller under the
+admin/ directory as well. If not found, a Not Found (404) will be triggered.</p>
+<p>The same rule applies to the ‘404_override’ setting.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-10-many-functions-now-return-null-instead-of-false-on-missing-items">
+<h2>Step 10: Many functions now return NULL instead of FALSE on missing items<a class="headerlink" href="#step-10-many-functions-now-return-null-instead-of-false-on-missing-items" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Many methods and functions now return NULL instead of FALSE when the required items don’t exist:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common functions</span></a><ul>
+<li>config_item()</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html"><span class="doc">Config Class</span></a><ul>
+<li>config-&gt;item()</li>
+<li>config-&gt;slash_item()</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Class</span></a><ul>
+<li>input-&gt;get()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;post()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;get_post()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;cookie()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;server()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;input_stream()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;get_request_header()</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Class</span></a><ul>
+<li>session-&gt;userdata()</li>
+<li>session-&gt;flashdata()</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Class</span></a><ul>
+<li>uri-&gt;segment()</li>
+<li>uri-&gt;rsegment()</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html"><span class="doc">Array Helper</span></a><ul>
+<li>element()</li>
+<li>elements()</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-11-usage-of-xss-filtering">
+<h2>Step 11: Usage of XSS filtering<a class="headerlink" href="#step-11-usage-of-xss-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Many functions in CodeIgniter allow you to use its XSS filtering feature
+on demand by passing a boolean parameter. The default value of that
+parameter used to be boolean FALSE, but it is now changed to NULL and it
+will be dynamically determined by your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['global_xss_filtering']</span></code>
+value.</p>
+<p>If you used to manually pass a boolean value for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$xss_filter</span></code>
+parameter or if you’ve always had <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['global_xss_filtering']</span></code> set
+to FALSE, then this change doesn’t concern you.</p>
+<p>Otherwise however, please review your usage of the following functions:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a><ul>
+<li>input-&gt;get()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;post()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;get_post()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;cookie()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;server()</li>
+<li>input-&gt;input_stream()</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html"><span class="doc">Cookie Helper</span></a> <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html#get_cookie" title="get_cookie"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_cookie()</span></code></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Another related change is that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code>,
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_COOKIE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER</span></code> superglobals are no longer
+automatically overwritten when global XSS filtering is turned on.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-12-check-for-potential-xss-issues-with-uris">
+<h2>Step 12: Check for potential XSS issues with URIs<a class="headerlink" href="#step-12-check-for-potential-xss-issues-with-uris" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html"><span class="doc">URI Library</span></a> used to automatically convert
+a certain set of “programmatic characters” to HTML entities when they
+are encountered in a URI segment.</p>
+<p>This was aimed at providing some automatic XSS protection, in addition
+to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['permitted_uri_chars']</span></code> setting, but has proven to be
+problematic and is now removed in CodeIgniter 3.0.</p>
+<p>If your application has relied on this feature, you should update it to
+filter URI segments through <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;security-&gt;xss_clean()</span></code> whenever you
+output them.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-13-check-for-usage-of-the-xss-clean-form-validation-rule">
+<h2>Step 13: Check for usage of the ‘xss_clean’ Form validation rule<a class="headerlink" href="#step-13-check-for-usage-of-the-xss-clean-form-validation-rule" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A largely unknown rule about XSS cleaning is that it should <em>only be
+applied to output</em>, as opposed to input data.</p>
+<p>We’ve made that mistake ourselves with our automatic and global XSS cleaning
+feature (see previous step about XSS above), so now in an effort to discourage that
+practice, we’re also removing ‘xss_clean’ from the officially supported
+list of <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">form validation</span></a> rules.</p>
+<p>Because the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation library</span></a>
+generally validates <em>input</em> data, the ‘xss_clean’ rule simply doesn’t
+belong in it.</p>
+<p>If you really, really need to apply that rule, you should now also load the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html"><span class="doc">Security Helper</span></a>, which contains
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code> as a regular function and therefore can be also used as
+a validation rule.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-14-update-usage-of-input-class-s-get-post-method">
+<h2>Step 14: Update usage of Input Class’s get_post() method<a class="headerlink" href="#step-14-update-usage-of-input-class-s-get-post-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Previously, the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Class</span></a> method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_post()</span></code>
+was searching first in POST data, then in GET data. This method has been
+modified so that it searches in GET then in POST, as its name suggests.</p>
+<p>A method has been added, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post_get()</span></code>, which searches in POST then in GET, as
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_post()</span></code> was doing before.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-15-update-usage-of-directory-helper-s-directory-map-function">
+<h2>Step 15: Update usage of Directory Helper’s directory_map() function<a class="headerlink" href="#step-15-update-usage-of-directory-helper-s-directory-map-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In the resulting array, directories now end with a trailing directory
+separator (i.e. a slash, usually).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-16-update-usage-of-database-forge-s-drop-table-method">
+<h2>Step 16: Update usage of Database Forge’s drop_table() method<a class="headerlink" href="#step-16-update-usage-of-database-forge-s-drop-table-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Up until now, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">drop_table()</span></code> added an IF EXISTS clause by default or it didn’t work
+at all with some drivers. In CodeIgniter 3.0, the IF EXISTS condition is no longer added
+by default and has an optional second parameter that allows that instead and is set to
+FALSE by default.</p>
+<p>If your application relies on IF EXISTS, you’ll have to change its usage.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Now produces just DROP TABLE `table_name`</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">drop_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `table_name`</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">drop_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The given example uses MySQL-specific syntax, but it should work across
+all drivers with the exception of ODBC.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-17-change-usage-of-email-library-with-multiple-emails">
+<h2>Step 17: Change usage of Email library with multiple emails<a class="headerlink" href="#step-17-change-usage-of-email-library-with-multiple-emails" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html"><span class="doc">Email Library</span></a> will automatically clear the
+set parameters after successfully sending emails. To override this behaviour,
+pass FALSE as the first parameter in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// Parameters won&#39;t be cleared</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-18-update-your-form-validation-language-lines">
+<h2>Step 18: Update your Form_validation language lines<a class="headerlink" href="#step-18-update-your-form-validation-language-lines" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Two improvements have been made to the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a>’s <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html"><span class="doc">language</span></a>
+files and error messages format:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul>
+<li><p class="first"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html"><span class="doc">Language Library</span></a> line keys now must be
+prefixed with <strong>form_validation_</strong> in order to avoid collisions:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Old</span>
+<span class="nv">$lang</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;rule&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// New</span>
+<span class="nv">$lang</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation_rule&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">The error messages format has been changed to use named parameters, to
+allow more flexibility than what <cite>sprintf()</cite> offers:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Old</span>
+<span class="s1">&#39;The %s field does not match the %s field.&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// New</span>
+<span class="s1">&#39;The {field} field does not match the {param} field.&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The old formatting still works, but the non-prefixed line keys
+are DEPRECATED and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
+Therefore you’re encouraged to update its usage sooner rather than
+later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-19-make-sure-your-base-url-config-value-is-not-empty">
+<h2>Step 19: Make sure your ‘base_url’ config value is not empty<a class="headerlink" href="#step-19-make-sure-your-base-url-config-value-is-not-empty" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>When <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['base_url']</span></code> is not set, CodeIgniter tries to automatically
+detect what your website’s base URL is. This is done purely for convenience
+when you are starting development of a new application.</p>
+<p>Auto-detection is never reliable and also has security implications, which
+is why you should <strong>always</strong> have it manually configured!</p>
+<p>One of the changes in CodeIgniter 3.0.3 is how this auto-detection works,
+and more specifically it now falls back to the server’s IP address instead
+of the hostname requested by the client. Therefore, if you’ve ever relied
+on auto-detection, it will change how your website works now.</p>
+<p>In case you need to allow e.g. multiple domains, or both <a class="reference external" href="http://">http://</a> and
+<a class="reference external" href="https://">https://</a> prefixes to be dynamically used depending on the request,
+remember that <em>application/config/config.php</em> is still a PHP script, in
+which you can create this logic with a few lines of code. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$allowed_domains</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;domain1.tld&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;domain2.tld&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$default_domain</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;domain1.tld&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">in_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_SERVER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;HTTP_HOST&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nv">$allowed_domains</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$domain</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_SERVER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;HTTP_HOST&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$domain</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$default_domain</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="k">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_SERVER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;HTTPS&#39;</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$domain</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$domain</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-20-remove-usage-of-previously-deprecated-functionalities">
+<h2>Step 20: Remove usage of (previously) deprecated functionalities<a class="headerlink" href="#step-20-remove-usage-of-previously-deprecated-functionalities" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In addition to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$autoload['core']</span></code> configuration setting, there’s a
+number of other functionalities that have been removed in CodeIgniter 3.0.0:</p>
+<div class="section" id="the-sha1-library">
+<h3>The SHA1 library<a class="headerlink" href="#the-sha1-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The previously deprecated SHA1 library has been removed, alter your code to use PHP’s native
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sha1()</span></code> function to generate a SHA1 hash.</p>
+<p>Additionally, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sha1()</span></code> method in the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Library</span></a> has been removed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-ext-constant">
+<h3>The EXT constant<a class="headerlink" href="#the-ext-constant" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Usage of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXT</span></code> constant has been deprecated since dropping support for PHP 4. There’s no
+longer a need to maintain different filename extensions and in this new CodeIgniter version,
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">EXT</span></code> constant has been removed. Use just ‘.php’ instead.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="smiley-helper">
+<h3>Smiley helper<a class="headerlink" href="#smiley-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html"><span class="doc">Smiley Helper</span></a> is a legacy feature from EllisLab’s
+ExpressionEngine product. However, it is too specific for a general purpose framework like
+CodeIgniter and as such it is now deprecated.</p>
+<p>Also, the previously deprecated <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">js_insert_smiley()</span></code> (since version 1.7.2) is now removed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-encrypt-library">
+<h3>The Encrypt library<a class="headerlink" href="#the-encrypt-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Following numerous vulnerability reports, the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Library</span></a> has
+been deprecated and a new, <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html"><span class="doc">Encryption Library</span></a> is added to take
+its place.</p>
+<p>The new library requires either the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mcrypt">MCrypt extension</a> (and /dev/urandom
+availability) or PHP 5.3.3 and the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/openssl">OpenSSL extension</a>.
+While this might be rather inconvenient, it is a requirement that allows us to have properly
+implemented cryptographic functions.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Library</span></a> is still available for the purpose
+of keeping backwards compatibility.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">You are strongly encouraged to switch to the new <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html"><span class="doc">Encryption Library</span></a> as soon as possible!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-cart-library">
+<h3>The Cart library<a class="headerlink" href="#the-cart-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html"><span class="doc">Cart Library</span></a>, similarly to the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html"><span class="doc">Smiley Helper</span></a> is too specific for CodeIgniter. It is now deprecated
+and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The library is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner
+rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="database-drivers-mysql-sqlite-mssql-pdo-dblib">
+<h3>Database drivers ‘mysql’, ‘sqlite’, ‘mssql’, ‘pdo/dblib’<a class="headerlink" href="#database-drivers-mysql-sqlite-mssql-pdo-dblib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <strong>mysql</strong> driver utilizes the old ‘mysql’ PHP extension, known for its aging code base and
+many low-level problems. The extension is deprecated as of PHP 5.5 and CodeIgniter deprecates
+it in version 3.0, switching the default configured MySQL driver to <strong>mysqli</strong>.</p>
+<p>Please use either the ‘mysqli’ or ‘pdo/mysql’ drivers for MySQL. The old ‘mysql’ driver will be
+removed at some point in the future.</p>
+<p>The <strong>sqlite</strong>, <strong>mssql</strong> and <strong>pdo/dblib</strong> (also known as pdo/mssql or pdo/sybase) drivers
+all depend on PHP extensions that for different reasons no longer exist since PHP 5.3.</p>
+<p>Therefore we are now deprecating these drivers as we will have to remove them in one of the next
+CodeIgniter versions. You should use the more advanced, <strong>sqlite3</strong>, <strong>sqlsrv</strong> or <strong>pdo/sqlsrv</strong>
+drivers respectively.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">These drivers are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to switch to other ones
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="security-helper-do-hash">
+<h3>Security helper do_hash()<a class="headerlink" href="#security-helper-do-hash" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html"><span class="doc">Security Helper</span></a> function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">do_hash()</span></code> is now just an alias for
+PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hash()</span></code> function. It is deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner
+rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-config-global-xss-filtering-setting">
+<h3>The $config[‘global_xss_filtering’] setting<a class="headerlink" href="#the-config-global-xss-filtering-setting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>As already explained above, XSS filtering should not be done on input data,
+but on output instead. Therefore, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['global_xss_filtering']</span></code>,
+which automatically filters <em>input</em> data, is considered a bad practice and
+is now deprecated.</p>
+<p>Instead, you should manually escape any user-provided data via the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html#xss_clean" title="xss_clean"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code></a> function when you need to output it, or use a
+library like <a class="reference external" href="http://htmlpurifier.org/">HTML Purifier</a> that does that
+for you.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The setting is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to
+remove its usage sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="file-helper-read-file">
+<h3>File helper read_file()<a class="headerlink" href="#file-helper-read-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html"><span class="doc">File Helper</span></a> function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">read_file()</span></code> is now just an alias for
+PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">file_get_contents()</span></code> function. It is deprecated and scheduled for removal in
+CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner
+rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="string-helper-repeater">
+<h3>String helper repeater()<a class="headerlink" href="#string-helper-repeater" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html#repeater" title="repeater"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">repeater()</span></code></a> is now just an alias for
+PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str_repeat()</span></code> function. It is deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner
+rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="string-helper-trim-slashes">
+<h3>String helper trim_slashes()<a class="headerlink" href="#string-helper-trim-slashes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html#trim_slashes" title="trim_slashes"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">trim_slashes()</span></code></a> is now just an alias
+for PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trim()</span></code> function (with a slash passed as its second argument). It is deprecated and
+scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner
+rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="form-helper-form-prep">
+<h3>Form helper form_prep()<a class="headerlink" href="#form-helper-form-prep" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html#form_prep" title="form_prep"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_prep()</span></code></a>
+is now just an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">common function</span></a>
+<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code>. It is deprecated and will be removed in the future.</p>
+<p>Please use <a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html#html_escape" title="html_escape"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code></a> instead.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged
+to remove its usage sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="email-helper-functions">
+<h3>Email helper functions<a class="headerlink" href="#email-helper-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html"><span class="doc">Email Helper</span></a> only has two functions</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html#valid_email" title="valid_email"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">valid_email()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html#send_email" title="send_email"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">send_email()</span></code></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>Both of them are now aliases for PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter_var()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mail()</span></code> functions, respectively.
+Therefore the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html"><span class="doc">Email Helper</span></a> altogether is being deprecated and
+is scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">These functions are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove their usage
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="date-helper-standard-date">
+<h3>Date helper standard_date()<a class="headerlink" href="#date-helper-standard-date" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a> function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">standard_date()</span></code> is being deprecated due
+to the availability of native PHP <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/class.datetime.php#datetime.constants.types">constants</a>,
+which when combined with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">date()</span></code> provide the same functionality. Furthermore, they have the
+exact same names as the ones supported by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">standard_date()</span></code>. Here are examples of how to replace
+its usage:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Old way</span>
+<span class="nx">standard_date</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// defaults to standard_date(&#39;DATE_RFC822&#39;, now());</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Replacement</span>
+<span class="nb">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">DATE_RFC822</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">now</span><span class="p">());</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Old way</span>
+<span class="nx">standard_date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;DATE_ATOM&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$time</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Replacement</span>
+<span class="nb">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">DATE_ATOM</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$time</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner
+rather than later as it is scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="html-helpers-nbs-br">
+<h3>HTML helpers nbs(), br()<a class="headerlink" href="#html-helpers-nbs-br" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html"><span class="doc">HTML Helper</span></a> functions <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nbs()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">br()</span></code> are just aliases
+for the native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str_repeat()</span></code> function used with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&amp;nbsp;</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;br</span> <span class="pre">&gt;</span></code> respectively.</p>
+<p>Because there’s no point in just aliasing native PHP functions, they are now deprecated and
+scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">These functions are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove their usage
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="pagination-library-anchor-class-setting">
+<h3>Pagination library ‘anchor_class’ setting<a class="headerlink" href="#pagination-library-anchor-class-setting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html"><span class="doc">Pagination Library</span></a> now supports adding pretty much any HTML
+attribute to your anchors via the ‘attributes’ configuration setting. This includes passing the
+‘class’ attribute and using the separate ‘anchor_class’ setting no longer makes sense.
+As a result of that, the ‘anchor_class’ setting is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in
+CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This setting is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner
+rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="string-helper-random-string-types-unique-and-encrypt">
+<h3>String helper random_string() types ‘unique’ and ‘encrypt’<a class="headerlink" href="#string-helper-random-string-types-unique-and-encrypt" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When using the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html"><span class="doc">String Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html#random_string" title="random_string"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">random_string()</span></code></a>,
+you should no longer pass the <strong>unique</strong> and <strong>encrypt</strong> randomization types. They are only
+aliases for <strong>md5</strong> and <strong>sha1</strong> respectively and are now deprecated and scheduled for removal
+in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">These options are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove their usage
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="url-helper-url-title-separators-dash-and-underscore">
+<h3>URL helper url_title() separators ‘dash’ and ‘underscore’<a class="headerlink" href="#url-helper-url-title-separators-dash-and-underscore" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When using the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html#url_title" title="url_title"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">url_title()</span></code></a>, you
+should no longer pass <strong>dash</strong> or <strong>underscore</strong> as the word separator. This function will
+now accept any character and you should just pass the chosen character directly, so you
+should write ‘-‘ instead of ‘dash’ and ‘_’ instead of ‘underscore’.</p>
+<p><strong>dash</strong> and <strong>underscore</strong> now act as aliases and are deprecated and scheduled for removal
+in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">These options are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove their usage
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-library-method-all-userdata">
+<h3>Session Library method all_userdata()<a class="headerlink" href="#session-library-method-all-userdata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>As seen in the <a class="reference internal" href="../changelog.html"><span class="doc">Change Log</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a>
+method <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">userdata()</span></code> now allows you to fetch all userdata by simply omitting its parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">userdata</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This makes the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">all_userdata()</span></code> method redudant and therefore it is now just an alias for
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">userdata()</span></code> with the above shown usage and is being deprecated and scheduled for removal
+in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="database-forge-method-add-column-with-an-after-clause">
+<h3>Database Forge method add_column() with an AFTER clause<a class="headerlink" href="#database-forge-method-add-column-with-an-after-clause" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you have used the <strong>third parameter</strong> for <a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> method
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_column()</span></code> to add a field for an AFTER clause, then you should change its usage.</p>
+<p>That third parameter has been deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<p>You should now put AFTER clause field names in the field definition array instead:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Old usage:</span>
+<span class="nv">$field</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;new_field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;TEXT&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;another_field&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// New usage:</span>
+<span class="nv">$field</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;new_field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;TEXT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;after&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;another_field&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$field</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The parameter is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is for MySQL and CUBRID databases only! Other drivers don’t support this
+clause and will silently ignore it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="uri-routing-methods-fetch-directory-fetch-class-fetch-method">
+<h3>URI Routing methods fetch_directory(), fetch_class(), fetch_method()<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-routing-methods-fetch-directory-fetch-class-fetch-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>With properties <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Router::$directory</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Router::$class</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Router::$method</span></code>
+being public and their respective <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fetch_*()</span></code> no longer doing anything else to just return
+the properties - it doesn’t make sense to keep them.</p>
+<p>Those are all internal, undocumented methods, but we’ve opted to deprecate them for now
+in order to maintain backwards-compatibility just in case. If some of you have utilized them,
+then you can now just access the properties instead:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">router</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">directory</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">router</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">class</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">router</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Those methods are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove their usage
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="input-library-method-is-cli-request">
+<h3>Input library method is_cli_request()<a class="headerlink" href="#input-library-method-is-cli-request" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Calls to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Input::is_cli_request()</span></code> method are necessary at many places
+in the CodeIgniter internals and this is often before the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> is loaded. Because of that, it is being replaced by a common
+function named <a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html#is_cli" title="is_cli"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_cli()</span></code></a> and this method is now just an alias.</p>
+<p>The new function is both available at all times for you to use and shorter to type.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Old</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_cli_request</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// New</span>
+<span class="nx">is_cli</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Input::is_cli_request()</span></code> is now now deprecated and scheduled for removal in
+CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="config-library-method-system-url">
+<h3>Config library method system_url()<a class="headerlink" href="#config-library-method-system-url" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Usage of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Config::system_url()</span></code> encourages insecure coding practices.
+Namely, your CodeIgniter <em>system/</em> directory shouldn’t be publicly accessible
+from a security point of view.</p>
+<p>Because of this, this method is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in
+CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-javascript-library">
+<h3>The Javascript library<a class="headerlink" href="#the-javascript-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html"><span class="doc">Javascript Library</span></a> has always had an
+‘experimental’ status and was never really useful, nor a proper solution.</p>
+<p>It is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This library is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage
+sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="form-validation-method-prep-for-form">
+<h3>Form Validation method prep_for_form()<a class="headerlink" href="#form-validation-method-prep-for-form" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> has a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prep_for_form()</span></code> method, which is/can also be used as a rule in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_rules()</span></code> to automatically perform HTML encoding on input data.</p>
+<p>Automatically encoding input (instead of output) data is a bad practice in
+the first place, and CodeIgniter and PHP itself offer other alternatives
+to this method anyway.
+For example, <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> functions will
+automatically perform HTML escaping when necessary.</p>
+<p>Therefore, the <em>prep_for_form</em> method/rule is pretty much useless and is now
+deprecated and scheduled for removal in 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The method is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to
+remove its usage sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-21-check-your-usage-of-text-helper-highlight-phrase">
+<h2>Step 21: Check your usage of Text helper highlight_phrase()<a class="headerlink" href="#step-21-check-your-usage-of-text-helper-highlight-phrase" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The default HTML tag used by <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html"><span class="doc">Text Helper</span></a> function
+<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">highlight_phrase()</span></code> has been changed from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;strong&gt;</span></code> to the new HTML5
+tag <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;mark&gt;</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Unless you’ve used your own highlighting tags, this might cause trouble
+for your visitors who use older web browsers such as Internet Explorer 8.
+We therefore suggest that you add the following code to your CSS files
+in order to avoid backwards compatibility with old browsers:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">mark</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nx">background</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="c1">#ff0;</span>
+        <span class="nx">color</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="c1">#000;</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_223.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 2.2.2 to 2.2.3">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_301.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.0.0 to 3.0.1"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+
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+  
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+
+
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+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_301.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_301.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ed3bb7d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_301.html
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.0.0 to 3.0.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 2.2.x to 3.0.x" href="upgrade_300.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.0.1 to 3.0.2" href="upgrade_302.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
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+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+
+          
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+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
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+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.0.0 to 3.0.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
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+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-0-0-to-3-0-1">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.0.0 to 3.0.1<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-0-0-to-3-0-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-cli-error-templates">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your CLI error templates<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-cli-error-templates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files under your <em>application/views/errors/cli/</em> directory.</p>
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diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_302.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_302.html
new file mode 100644
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+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.0.1 to 3.0.2</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-0-1-to-3-0-2">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.0.1 to 3.0.2<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-0-1-to-3-0-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-application-config-constants-php-file">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your application/config/constants.php file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-application-config-constants-php-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <em>application/config/constants.php</em> file has been updated to check
+if constants aren’t already defined before doing that, making it easier
+to add an environment-specific configuration.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you’ve made modifications to this file, please make a
+backup first and cross-check the differences first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_301.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.0.0 to 3.0.1">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_303.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.0.2 to 3.0.3"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_303.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_303.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89c526525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_303.html
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.0.2 to 3.0.3 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.0.1 to 3.0.2" href="upgrade_302.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.0.3 to 3.0.4" href="upgrade_304.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.0.2 to 3.0.3</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-0-2-to-3-0-3">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.0.2 to 3.0.3<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-0-2-to-3-0-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-make-sure-your-base-url-config-value-is-not-empty">
+<h2>Step 2: Make sure your ‘base_url’ config value is not empty<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-make-sure-your-base-url-config-value-is-not-empty" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>When <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['base_url']</span></code> is not set, CodeIgniter tries to automatically
+detect what your website’s base URL is. This is done purely for convenience
+when you are starting development of a new application.</p>
+<p>Auto-detection is never reliable and also has security implications, which
+is why you should <strong>always</strong> have it manually configured!</p>
+<p>One of the changes in CodeIgniter 3.0.3 is how this auto-detection works,
+and more specifically it now falls back to the server’s IP address instead
+of the hostname requested by the client. Therefore, if you’ve ever relied
+on auto-detection, it will change how your website works now.</p>
+<p>In case you need to allow e.g. multiple domains, or both <a class="reference external" href="http://">http://</a> and
+<a class="reference external" href="https://">https://</a> prefixes to be dynamically used depending on the request,
+remember that <em>application/config/config.php</em> is still a PHP script, in
+which you can create this logic with a few lines of code. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$allowed_domains</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;domain1.tld&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;domain2.tld&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$default_domain</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;domain1.tld&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">in_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_SERVER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;HTTP_HOST&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nv">$allowed_domains</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$domain</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_SERVER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;HTTP_HOST&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$domain</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$default_domain</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="k">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_SERVER</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;HTTPS&#39;</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$domain</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$domain</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_302.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.0.1 to 3.0.2">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_304.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.0.3 to 3.0.4"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+  </script>
+   
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+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_304.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_304.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64fe24377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_304.html
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.0.3 to 3.0.4 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.0.2 to 3.0.3" href="upgrade_303.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.0.4 to 3.0.5" href="upgrade_305.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.0.3 to 3.0.4</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-0-3-to-3-0-4">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.0.3 to 3.0.4<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-0-3-to-3-0-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_303.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.0.2 to 3.0.3">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_305.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.0.4 to 3.0.5"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+  <script type="text/javascript">
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+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_305.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_305.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44864792d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_305.html
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.0.4 to 3.0.5 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.0.3 to 3.0.4" href="upgrade_304.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.0.5 to 3.0.6" href="upgrade_306.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
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+    
+    
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+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.0.4 to 3.0.5</li>
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-0-4-to-3-0-5">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.0.4 to 3.0.5<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-0-4-to-3-0-5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
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diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_306.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_306.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..485b8bb3d
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.0.5 to 3.0.6</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-0-5-to-3-0-6">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.0.5 to 3.0.6<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-0-5-to-3-0-6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-index-php-file-optional">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your index.php file (optional)<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-index-php-file-optional" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>We’ve made some tweaks to the index.php file, mostly related to proper
+usage of directory separators (i.e. use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR</span></code>
+constant instead of a hard coded forward slash “/”).</p>
+<p>Nothing will break if you skip this step, but if you’re running Windows
+or just want to be up to date with every change - we do recommend that
+you update your index.php file.</p>
+<p><em>Tip: Just copy the ``ENVIRONMENT``, ``$system_path``, ``$application_folder``
+and ``$view_folder`` declarations from the old file and put them into the
+new one, replacing the defaults.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-remove-prep-for-form-usage-deprecation">
+<h2>Step 3: Remove ‘prep_for_form’ usage (deprecation)<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-remove-prep-for-form-usage-deprecation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> has a
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prep_for_form()</span></code> method, which is/can also be used as a rule in
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_rules()</span></code> to automatically perform HTML encoding on input data.</p>
+<p>Automatically encoding input (instead of output) data is a bad practice in
+the first place, and CodeIgniter and PHP itself offer other alternatives
+to this method anyway.
+For example, <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> functions will
+automatically perform HTML escaping when necessary.</p>
+<p>Therefore, the <em>prep_for_form</em> method/rule is pretty much useless and is now
+deprecated and scheduled for removal in 3.1+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The method is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to
+remove its usage sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_305.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.0.4 to 3.0.5">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_310.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.0.6 to 3.1.0"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_310.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_310.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81f88ded6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_310.html
@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.0.6 to 3.1.0 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.0.5 to 3.0.6" href="upgrade_306.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.1.0 to 3.1.1" href="upgrade_311.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.0.6 to 3.1.0</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-0-6-to-3-1-0">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.0.6 to 3.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-0-6-to-3-1-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-check-your-php-version">
+<h2>Step 2: Check your PHP version<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-check-your-php-version" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>We recommend always running versions that are <a class="reference external" href="https://secure.php.net/supported-versions.php">currently supported</a>, which right now is at least PHP 5.6.</p>
+<p>PHP 5.2.x versions are now officially not supported by CodeIgniter, and while 5.3.7+
+may be at least runnable, we strongly discourage you from using any PHP versions below
+the ones listed on the <a class="reference external" href="https://secure.php.net/supported-versions.php">PHP.net Supported Versions</a>
+page.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-if-you-re-using-the-odbc-database-driver-check-for-usage-of-query-builder">
+<h2>Step 3: If you’re using the ‘odbc’ database driver, check for usage of Query Builder<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-if-you-re-using-the-odbc-database-driver-check-for-usage-of-query-builder" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> functionality and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape()</span></code> can
+no longer be used with the ‘odbc’ database driver.</p>
+<p>This is because, due to its nature, the <a class="reference external" href="https://secure.php.net/odbc">ODBC extension for PHP</a>
+does not provide a function that allows to safely escape user-supplied strings for usage
+inside an SQL query (which our <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> relies on).</p>
+<p>Thus, user inputs MUST be bound, as shown in <a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html"><span class="doc">Running Queries</span></a>,
+under the “Query Bindings” section.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_306.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.0.5 to 3.0.6">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_311.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.1.0 to 3.1.1"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_311.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_311.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f86173b57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_311.html
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.1.0 to 3.1.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.0.6 to 3.1.0" href="upgrade_310.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.1.1 to 3.1.2" href="upgrade_312.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.1.0 to 3.1.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-1-0-to-3-1-1">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.1.0 to 3.1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-1-0-to-3-1-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_310.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.0.6 to 3.1.0">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_312.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.1.1 to 3.1.2"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_312.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_312.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e104c8070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_312.html
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.1.1 to 3.1.2 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.1.0 to 3.1.1" href="upgrade_311.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.1.2 to 3.1.3" href="upgrade_313.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
+        
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+        
+        
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+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
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+      <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.1.1 to 3.1.2</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-1-1-to-3-1-2">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.1.1 to 3.1.2<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-1-1-to-3-1-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-update-your-ci-sessions-database-table">
+<h2>Step 2: Update your “ci_sessions” database table<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-update-your-ci-sessions-database-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you’re using the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Library</span></a> with the
+‘database’ driver, you may have to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ALTER</span></code> your sessions table for your
+sessions to continue to work.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The table in question is not necessarily named “ci_sessions”.
+It is what you’ve set as your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_save_path']</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>This will only affect you if you’ve changed your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.hash_function</span></code>
+<em>php.ini</em> setting to something like ‘sha512’. Or if you’ve been running
+an older CodeIgniter version on PHP 7.1+.</p>
+<p>It is recommended that you do this anyway, just to avoid potential issues
+in the future if you do change your configuration.</p>
+<p>Just execute the one of the following SQL queries, depending on your
+database:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// MySQL:</span>
+<span class="nx">ALTER</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">ci_sessions</span> <span class="nx">CHANGE</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// PostgreSQL</span>
+<span class="nx">ALTER</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">ci_sessions</span> <span class="nx">ALTER</span> <span class="nx">COLUMN</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">SET</span> <span class="nx">DATA</span> <span class="nx">TYPE</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
+        
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+        
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+<div role="search">
+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+  </form>
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+
+      <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.1.2 to 3.1.3</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-1-2-to-3-1-3">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.1.2 to 3.1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-1-2-to-3-1-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-remove-usage-of-nice-date-helper-deprecation">
+<h2>Step 2: Remove usage of nice_date() helper (deprecation)<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-remove-usage-of-nice-date-helper-deprecation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a> function <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nice_date()</span></code> is
+no longer useful since the introduction of PHP’s <a class="reference external" href="https://secure.php.net/datetime">DateTime classes</a></p>
+<p>You can replace it with the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">DateTime</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">createFromFormat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$input_format</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$input_date</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$desired_output_format</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Thus, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nice_date()</span></code> is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in
+CodeIgniter 3.2+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged
+to remove its usage sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-remove-usage-of-config-standardize-newlines">
+<h2>Step 3: Remove usage of $config[‘standardize_newlines’]<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-remove-usage-of-config-standardize-newlines" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">Input Library</span></a> would optionally replace
+occurrences of <cite>rn</cite>, <cite>r</cite>, <cite>n</cite> in input data with whatever the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PHP_EOL</span></code>
+value is on your system - if you’ve set <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['standardize_newlines']</span></code>
+to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TRUE</span></code> in your <em>application/config/config.php</em>.</p>
+<p>This functionality is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in
+CodeIgniter 3.2.+.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The functionality is still available, but you’re strongly
+encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_312.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.1.1 to 3.1.2">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_314.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.1.3 to 3.1.4"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_314.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_314.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..913546622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_314.html
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.1.3 to 3.1.4 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.1.2 to 3.1.3" href="upgrade_313.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.1.4 to 3.1.5" href="upgrade_315.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
+
+      </div>
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+  </div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-1-3-to-3-1-4">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.1.3 to 3.1.4<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-1-3-to-3-1-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_315.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_315.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99b2234a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_315.html
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.1.4 to 3.1.5 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
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+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+    
+
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
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+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.1.3 to 3.1.4" href="upgrade_314.html"/>
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+
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+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.1.4 to 3.1.5</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-1-4-to-3-1-5">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.1.4 to 3.1.5<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-1-4-to-3-1-5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_314.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.1.3 to 3.1.4">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_316.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.1.5 to 3.1.6"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_316.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_316.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54a1f84ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_316.html
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.1.5 to 3.1.6 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.1.4 to 3.1.5" href="upgrade_315.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.1.6 to 3.1.7" href="upgrade_317.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.1.5 to 3.1.6</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-1-5-to-3-1-6">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.1.5 to 3.1.6<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-1-5-to-3-1-6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-remove-usage-of-the-apc-cache-driver-deprecation">
+<h2>Step 2: Remove usage of the APC Cache driver (deprecation)<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-remove-usage-of-the-apc-cache-driver-deprecation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html"><span class="doc">Cache Library</span></a> APC driver is now
+deprecated, as the APC extension is effectively dead, as explained in its
+<a class="reference external" href="https://secure.php.net/manual/en/intro.apc.php">PHP Manual page</a>.</p>
+<p>If your application happens to be using it, you can switch to another
+cache driver, as APC support will be removed in a future CodeIgniter
+version.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The driver is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged
+to remove its usage sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_315.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.1.4 to 3.1.5">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_317.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.1.6 to 3.1.7"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_317.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_317.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9cd6d27f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_317.html
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.1.6 to 3.1.7 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.1.5 to 3.1.6" href="upgrade_316.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.1.7 to 3.1.8" href="upgrade_318.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.1.6 to 3.1.7</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-1-6-to-3-1-7">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.1.6 to 3.1.7<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-1-6-to-3-1-7" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-remove-usage-of-captcha-helper-extra-parameters-deprecation">
+<h2>Step 2: Remove usage of CAPTCHA helper extra parameters (deprecation)<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-remove-usage-of-captcha-helper-extra-parameters-deprecation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html"><span class="doc">CAPTCHA Helper</span></a> function
+<a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html#create_captcha" title="create_captcha"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_captcha()</span></code></a> allows passing of its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">img_path</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">img_url</span></code>
+and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">font_path</span></code> options as the 2nd, 3rd and 4th parameters respectively.</p>
+<p>This kind of usage is now deprecated and you should just pass the options
+in question as part of the first parameter array.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The functionality in question is still available, but you’re
+strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_316.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.1.5 to 3.1.6">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_318.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading from 3.1.7 to 3.1.8"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_318.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_318.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eeea8f101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_318.html
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.1.7 to 3.1.8 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.1.6 to 3.1.7" href="upgrade_317.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading from 3.1.8 to 3.1.9" href="upgrade_319.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+    <li>Upgrading from 3.1.7 to 3.1.8</li>
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+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-1-7-to-3-1-8">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.1.7 to 3.1.8<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-1-7-to-3-1-8" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_319.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_319.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61b0cbedc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_319.html
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
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+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading from 3.1.8 to 3.1.9 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+    
+
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
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+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Upgrading from 3.1.7 to 3.1.8" href="upgrade_318.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading from 3.1.8 to 3.1.9</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-3-1-8-to-3-1-9">
+<h1>Upgrading from 3.1.8 to 3.1.9<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-3-1-8-to-3-1-9" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Before performing an update you should take your site offline by
+replacing the index.php file with a static one.</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files">
+<h2>Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-update-your-codeigniter-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace all files and directories in your <em>system/</em> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you have any custom developed files in these directories,
+please make copies of them first.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-replace-config-mimes-php">
+<h3>Step 3: Replace config/mimes.php<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-replace-config-mimes-php" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>This config file has received some updates. Please copy it to
+<em>application/config/mimes.php</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_318.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.1.7 to 3.1.8">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrading.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrade_b11.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_b11.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69f8203de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrade_b11.html
@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Beta 1.1 &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Upgrading From a Previous Version" href="upgrading.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Troubleshooting" href="troubleshooting.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Final 1.2" href="upgrade_120.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Beta 1.1</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-beta-1-0-to-beta-1-1">
+<h1>Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Beta 1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-from-beta-1-0-to-beta-1-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>To upgrade to Beta 1.1 please perform the following steps:</p>
+<div class="section" id="step-1-replace-your-index-file">
+<h2>Step 1: Replace your index file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-1-replace-your-index-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace your main index.php file with the new index.php file. Note: If
+you have renamed your “system” folder you will need to edit this info in
+the new file.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-2-relocate-your-config-folder">
+<h2>Step 2: Relocate your config folder<a class="headerlink" href="#step-2-relocate-your-config-folder" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This version of CodeIgniter now permits multiple sets of “applications”
+to all share a common set of backend files. In order to enable each
+application to have its own configuration values, the config directory
+must now reside inside of your application folder, so please move it
+there.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-3-replace-directories">
+<h2>Step 3: Replace directories<a class="headerlink" href="#step-3-replace-directories" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Replace the following directories with the new versions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>drivers</li>
+<li>helpers</li>
+<li>init</li>
+<li>libraries</li>
+<li>scaffolding</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-4-add-the-calendar-language-file">
+<h2>Step 4: Add the calendar language file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-4-add-the-calendar-language-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There is a new language file corresponding to the new calendaring class
+which must be added to your language folder. Add the following item to
+your version: language/english/calendar_lang.php</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="step-5-edit-your-config-file">
+<h2>Step 5: Edit your config file<a class="headerlink" href="#step-5-edit-your-config-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The original application/config/config.php file has a typo in it Open
+the file and look for the items related to cookies:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$conf</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;cookie_prefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$conf</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;cookie_domain&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$conf</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;cookie_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>    <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Change the array name from $conf to $config, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;cookie_prefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>        <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;cookie_domain&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>        <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;cookie_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Lastly, add the following new item to the config file (and edit the
+option if needed):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cm">/*</span>
+<span class="cm">|------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">| URI PROTOCOL</span>
+<span class="cm">|------------------------------------------------</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| This item determines which server global</span>
+<span class="cm">| should be used to retrieve the URI string. The</span>
+<span class="cm">| default setting of &quot;auto&quot; works for most servers.</span>
+<span class="cm">| If your links do not seem to work, try one of</span>
+<span class="cm">| the other delicious flavors:</span>
+<span class="cm">|</span>
+<span class="cm">| &#39;auto&#39;         Default - auto detects</span>
+<span class="cm">| &#39;path_info&#39;    Uses the PATH_INFO</span>
+<span class="cm">| &#39;query_string&#39;        Uses the QUERY_STRING</span>
+<span class="cm">*/</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;uri_protocol&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;auto&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="troubleshooting.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Troubleshooting">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_120.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Final 1.2"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/installation/upgrading.html b/user_guide/installation/upgrading.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3bbe1316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/installation/upgrading.html
@@ -0,0 +1,551 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Upgrading From a Previous Version &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+
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+  
+    
+
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
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+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Installation Instructions" href="index.html"/>
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+        <link rel="prev" title="Downloading CodeIgniter" href="downloads.html"/> 
+
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+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+  <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-a-previous-version">
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+<p>Please read the upgrade notes corresponding to the version you are
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrade_214.html">Upgrading from 2.1.3 to 2.1.4</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrade_202.html">Upgrading from 2.0.1 to 2.0.2</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrade_200.html">Upgrading from 1.7.2 to 2.0</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrade_162.html">Upgrading from 1.6.1 to 1.6.2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrade_161.html">Upgrading from 1.6.0 to 1.6.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrade_160.html">Upgrading from 1.5.4 to 1.6.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrade_154.html">Upgrading from 1.5.3 to 1.5.4</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrade_153.html">Upgrading from 1.5.2 to 1.5.3</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrade_152.html">Upgrading from 1.5.0 or 1.5.1 to 1.5.2</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="upgrade_b11.html">Upgrading from Beta 1.0 to Beta 1.1</a></li>
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+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="upgrade_319.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Upgrading from 3.1.8 to 3.1.9">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
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+    <p>
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
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diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/benchmark.html b/user_guide/libraries/benchmark.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65e8aaaa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/benchmark.html
@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Benchmarking Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
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+        <link rel="prev" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Benchmarking Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="benchmarking-class">
+<h1>Benchmarking Class<a class="headerlink" href="#benchmarking-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter has a Benchmarking class that is always active, enabling the
+time difference between any two marked points to be calculated.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This class is initialized automatically by the system so there
+is no need to do it manually.</p>
+</div>
+<p>In addition, the benchmark is always started the moment the framework is
+invoked, and ended by the output class right before sending the final
+view to the browser, enabling a very accurate timing of the entire
+system execution to be shown.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-benchmark-class" id="id1">Using the Benchmark Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#profiling-your-benchmark-points" id="id2">Profiling Your Benchmark Points</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#displaying-total-execution-time" id="id3">Displaying Total Execution Time</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#displaying-memory-consumption" id="id4">Displaying Memory Consumption</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id5">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-benchmark-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Benchmark Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-benchmark-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The Benchmark class can be used within your
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">controllers</span></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html"><span class="doc">views</span></a>, or your <a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html"><span class="doc">models</span></a>.
+The process for usage is this:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Mark a start point</li>
+<li>Mark an end point</li>
+<li>Run the “elapsed time” function to view the results</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Here’s an example using real code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;code_start&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Some code happens here</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;code_end&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">elapsed_time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;code_start&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;code_end&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>The words “code_start” and “code_end” are arbitrary. They
+are simply words used to set two markers. You can use any words you
+want, and you can set multiple sets of markers. Consider this example:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;dog&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Some code happens here</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cat&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// More code happens here</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;bird&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">elapsed_time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;dog&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;cat&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">elapsed_time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cat&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bird&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">elapsed_time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;dog&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bird&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="profiling-your-benchmark-points">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Profiling Your Benchmark Points</a><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling-your-benchmark-points" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you want your benchmark data to be available to the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler</span></a> all of your marked points must
+be set up in pairs, and each mark point name must end with _start and
+_end. Each pair of points must otherwise be named identically. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_mark_start&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Some code happens here...</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_mark_end&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;another_mark_start&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Some more code happens here...</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;another_mark_end&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please read the <a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler page</span></a> for more
+information.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="displaying-total-execution-time">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Displaying Total Execution Time</a><a class="headerlink" href="#displaying-total-execution-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you would like to display the total elapsed time from the moment
+CodeIgniter starts to the moment the final output is sent to the
+browser, simply place this in one of your view templates:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">elapsed_time</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You’ll notice that it’s the same function used in the examples above to
+calculate the time between two point, except you are <strong>not</strong> using any
+parameters. When the parameters are absent, CodeIgniter does not stop
+the benchmark until right before the final output is sent to the
+browser. It doesn’t matter where you use the function call, the timer
+will continue to run until the very end.</p>
+<p>An alternate way to show your elapsed time in your view files is to use
+this pseudo-variable, if you prefer not to use the pure PHP:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">elapsed_time</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you want to benchmark anything within your controller
+functions you must set your own start/end points.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="displaying-memory-consumption">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Displaying Memory Consumption</a><a class="headerlink" href="#displaying-memory-consumption" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If your PHP installation is configured with –enable-memory-limit, you
+can display the amount of memory consumed by the entire system using the
+following code in one of your view file:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">benchmark</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">memory_usage</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This function can only be used in your view files. The consumption
+will reflect the total memory used by the entire app.</p>
+</div>
+<p>An alternate way to show your memory usage in your view files is to use
+this pseudo-variable, if you prefer not to use the pure PHP:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">memory_usage</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Benchmark">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Benchmark</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Benchmark" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Benchmark::mark">
+<code class="descname">mark</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Benchmark::mark" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – the name you wish to assign to your marker</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets a benchmark marker.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Benchmark::elapsed_time">
+<code class="descname">elapsed_time</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$point1 = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$point2 = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$decimals = 4</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Benchmark::elapsed_time" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$point1</strong> (<em>string</em>) – a particular marked point</li>
+<li><strong>$point2</strong> (<em>string</em>) – a particular marked point</li>
+<li><strong>$decimals</strong> (<em>int</em>) – number of decimal places for precision</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Elapsed time</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Calculates and returns the time difference between two marked points.</p>
+<p>If the first parameter is empty this function instead returns the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{elapsed_time}</span></code> pseudo-variable. This permits the full system
+execution time to be shown in a template. The output class will
+swap the real value for this variable.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Benchmark::memory_usage">
+<code class="descname">memory_usage</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Benchmark::memory_usage" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Memory usage info</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Simply returns the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{memory_usage}</span></code> marker.</p>
+<p>This permits it to be put it anywhere in a template without the memory
+being calculated until the end. The <a class="reference internal" href="output.html"><span class="doc">Output Class</span></a> will
+swap the real value for this variable.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
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+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
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+      
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+  
+
+  <hr/>
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+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/caching.html b/user_guide/libraries/caching.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa7d427bc
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,895 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>Caching Driver &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Caching Driver</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="caching-driver">
+<h1>Caching Driver<a class="headerlink" href="#caching-driver" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter features wrappers around some of the most popular forms of
+fast and dynamic caching. All but file-based caching require specific
+server requirements, and a Fatal Exception will be thrown if server
+requirements are not met.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-usage" id="id1">Example Usage</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id2">Class Reference</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#drivers" id="id3">Drivers</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#alternative-php-cache-apc-caching" id="id4">Alternative PHP Cache (APC) Caching</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-based-caching" id="id5">File-based Caching</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#memcached-caching" id="id6">Memcached Caching</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#wincache-caching" id="id7">WinCache Caching</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#redis-caching" id="id8">Redis Caching</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dummy-cache" id="id9">Dummy Cache</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="example-usage">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Example Usage</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following example will load the cache driver, specify <a class="reference external" href="#alternative-php-cache-apc-caching">APC</a>
+as the driver to use, and fall back to file-based caching if APC is not
+available in the hosting environment.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;adapter&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;apc&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;backup&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;file&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Saving to the cache!&lt;br /&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foobarbaz!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+        <span class="c1">// Save into the cache for 5 minutes</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also prefix cache item names via the <strong>key_prefix</strong> setting, which is useful
+to avoid collisions when you’re running multiple applications on the same environment.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;adapter&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;apc&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;backup&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;file&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;key_prefix&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;my_&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Will get the cache entry named &#39;my_foo&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Cache">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Cache</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cache" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cache::is_supported">
+<code class="descname">is_supported</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$driver</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cache::is_supported" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$driver</strong> (<em>string</em>) – the name of the caching driver</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if supported, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is automatically called when accessing drivers via
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;cache-&gt;get()</span></code>. However, if the individual drivers are used,
+make sure to call this method to ensure the driver is supported in the
+hosting environment.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">apc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_supported</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">apc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_cache&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// do things.</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cache::get">
+<code class="descname">get</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$id</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cache::get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$id</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cache item name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Item value or FALSE if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method will attempt to fetch an item from the cache store. If the
+item does not exist, the method will return FALSE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_cached_item&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cache::save">
+<code class="descname">save</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$id</em>, <em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$ttl = 60</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$raw = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cache::save" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$id</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cache item name</li>
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – the data to save</li>
+<li><strong>$ttl</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Time To Live, in seconds (default 60)</li>
+<li><strong>$raw</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to store the raw value</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method will save an item to the cache store. If saving fails, the
+method will return FALSE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache_item_id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;data_to_cache&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$raw</span></code> parameter is only utilized by APC and Memcache,
+in order to allow usage of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">increment()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrement()</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cache::delete">
+<code class="descname">delete</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$id</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cache::delete" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$id</strong> (<em>string</em>) – name of cached item</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method will delete a specific item from the cache store. If item
+deletion fails, the method will return FALSE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache_item_id&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cache::increment">
+<code class="descname">increment</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$id</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$offset = 1</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cache::increment" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$id</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cache ID</li>
+<li><strong>$offset</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Step/value to add</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">New value on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Performs atomic incrementation of a raw stored value.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// &#39;iterator&#39; has a value of 2</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">increment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;iterator&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// &#39;iterator&#39; is now 3</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">increment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;iterator&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// &#39;iterator&#39; is now 6</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cache::decrement">
+<code class="descname">decrement</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$id</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$offset = 1</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cache::decrement" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$id</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cache ID</li>
+<li><strong>$offset</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Step/value to reduce by</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">New value on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Performs atomic decrementation of a raw stored value.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// &#39;iterator&#39; has a value of 6</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">decrement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;iterator&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// &#39;iterator&#39; is now 5</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">decrement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;iterator&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// &#39;iterator&#39; is now 3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cache::clean">
+<code class="descname">clean</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cache::clean" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method will ‘clean’ the entire cache. If the deletion of the
+cache files fails, the method will return FALSE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">clean</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cache::cache_info">
+<code class="descname">cache_info</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cache::cache_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Information on the entire cache database</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">mixed</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method will return information on the entire cache.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">var_dump</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_info</span><span class="p">());</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The information returned and the structure of the data is dependent
+on which adapter is being used.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cache::get_metadata">
+<code class="descname">get_metadata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$id</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cache::get_metadata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$id</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cache item name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Metadata for the cached item</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method will return detailed information on a specific item in the
+cache.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">var_dump</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_metadata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_cached_item&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The information returned and the structure of the data is dependent
+on which adapter is being used.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="drivers">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Drivers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#drivers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="alternative-php-cache-apc-caching">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Alternative PHP Cache (APC) Caching</a><a class="headerlink" href="#alternative-php-cache-apc-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>All of the methods listed above can be accessed without passing a
+specific adapter to the driver loader as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">apc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For more information on APC, please see
+<a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/apc">http://php.net/apc</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="file-based-caching">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">File-based Caching</a><a class="headerlink" href="#file-based-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Unlike caching from the Output Class, the driver file-based caching
+allows for pieces of view files to be cached. Use this with care, and
+make sure to benchmark your application, as a point can come where disk
+I/O will negate positive gains by caching.</p>
+<p>All of the methods listed above can be accessed without passing a
+specific adapter to the driver loader as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">file</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="memcached-caching">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Memcached Caching</a><a class="headerlink" href="#memcached-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Multiple Memcached servers can be specified in the memcached.php
+configuration file, located in the _application/config/* directory.</p>
+<p>All of the methods listed above can be accessed without passing a
+specific adapter to the driver loader as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">memcached</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For more information on Memcached, please see
+<a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/memcached">http://php.net/memcached</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="wincache-caching">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">WinCache Caching</a><a class="headerlink" href="#wincache-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Under Windows, you can also utilize the WinCache driver.</p>
+<p>All of the methods listed above can be accessed without passing a
+specific adapter to the driver loader as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">wincache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For more information on WinCache, please see
+<a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/wincache">http://php.net/wincache</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="redis-caching">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Redis Caching</a><a class="headerlink" href="#redis-caching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Redis is an in-memory key-value store which can operate in LRU cache mode.
+To use it, you need <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/phpredis/phpredis">Redis server and phpredis PHP extension</a>.</p>
+<p>Config options to connect to redis server must be stored in the application/config/redis.php file.
+Available options are:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;socket_type&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;tcp&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">//`tcp` or `unix`</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;socket&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/var/run/redis.sock&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// in case of `unix` socket type</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;host&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;port&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">6379</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;timeout&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>All of the methods listed above can be accessed without passing a
+specific adapter to the driver loader as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cache&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">redis</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For more information on Redis, please see
+<a class="reference external" href="http://redis.io">http://redis.io</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="dummy-cache">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Dummy Cache</a><a class="headerlink" href="#dummy-cache" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>This is a caching backend that will always ‘miss.’ It stores no data,
+but lets you keep your caching code in place in environments that don’t
+support your chosen cache.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="calendar.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Calendaring Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="benchmark.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Benchmarking Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/calendar.html b/user_guide/libraries/calendar.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d262cc74e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/calendar.html
@@ -0,0 +1,972 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Calendaring Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Shopping Cart Class" href="cart.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Caching Driver" href="caching.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Calendaring Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="calendaring-class">
+<h1>Calendaring Class<a class="headerlink" href="#calendaring-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Calendar class enables you to dynamically create calendars. Your
+calendars can be formatted through the use of a calendar template,
+allowing 100% control over every aspect of its design. In addition, you
+can pass data to your calendar cells.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-calendaring-class" id="id1">Using the Calendaring Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id2">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#displaying-a-calendar" id="id3">Displaying a Calendar</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#passing-data-to-your-calendar-cells" id="id4">Passing Data to your Calendar Cells</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-display-preferences" id="id5">Setting Display Preferences</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#showing-next-previous-month-links" id="id6">Showing Next/Previous Month Links</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-calendar-template" id="id7">Creating a Calendar Template</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id8">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-calendaring-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Calendaring Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-calendaring-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Calendar class is
+initialized in your controller using the $this-&gt;load-&gt;library function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;calendar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Calendar object will be available using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">calendar</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="displaying-a-calendar">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Displaying a Calendar</a><a class="headerlink" href="#displaying-a-calendar" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Here is a very simple example showing how you can display a calendar:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;calendar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">calendar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above code will generate a calendar for the current month/year based
+on your server time. To show a calendar for a specific month and year
+you will pass this information to the calendar generating function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;calendar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">calendar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2006</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above code will generate a calendar showing the month of June in
+2006. The first parameter specifies the year, the second parameter
+specifies the month.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="passing-data-to-your-calendar-cells">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Passing Data to your Calendar Cells</a><a class="headerlink" href="#passing-data-to-your-calendar-cells" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To add data to your calendar cells involves creating an associative
+array in which the keys correspond to the days you wish to populate and
+the array value contains the data. The array is passed to the third
+parameter of the calendar generating function. Consider this example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;calendar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="mi">3</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/news/article/2006/06/03/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="mi">7</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/news/article/2006/06/07/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="mi">13</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/news/article/2006/06/13/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="mi">26</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/news/article/2006/06/26/&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">calendar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2006</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Using the above example, day numbers 3, 7, 13, and 26 will become links
+pointing to the URLs you’ve provided.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">By default it is assumed that your array will contain links.
+In the section that explains the calendar template below you’ll see how
+you can customize how data passed to your cells is handled so you can
+pass different types of information.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-display-preferences">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Setting Display Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-display-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>There are seven preferences you can set to control various aspects of
+the calendar. Preferences are set by passing an array of preferences in
+the second parameter of the loading function. Here is an example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$prefs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;start_day&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;saturday&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;month_type&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;long&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;day_type&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;short&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;calendar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$prefs</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">calendar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above code would start the calendar on saturday, use the “long”
+month heading, and the “short” day names. More information regarding
+preferences below.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="15%" />
+<col width="11%" />
+<col width="29%" />
+<col width="45%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default</th>
+<th class="head">Options</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>template</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td><dl class="first last docutils">
+<dt>A string or array containing your calendar template.</dt>
+<dd>See the template section below.</dd>
+</dl>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>local_time</strong></td>
+<td>time()</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>A Unix timestamp corresponding to the current time.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>start_day</strong></td>
+<td>sunday</td>
+<td>Any week day (sunday, monday, tuesday, etc.)</td>
+<td>Sets the day of the week the calendar should start on.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>month_type</strong></td>
+<td>long</td>
+<td>long, short</td>
+<td><dl class="first last docutils">
+<dt>Determines what version of the month name to use in the header.</dt>
+<dd>long = January, short = Jan.</dd>
+</dl>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>day_type</strong></td>
+<td>abr</td>
+<td>long, short, abr</td>
+<td><dl class="first last docutils">
+<dt>Determines what version of the weekday names to use in</dt>
+<dd>the column headers. long = Sunday, short = Sun, abr = Su.</dd>
+</dl>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>show_next_prev</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td><dl class="first last docutils">
+<dt>Determines whether to display links allowing you to toggle</dt>
+<dd>to next/previous months. See information on this feature below.</dd>
+</dl>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>next_prev_url</strong></td>
+<td>controller/method</td>
+<td>A URL</td>
+<td>Sets the basepath used in the next/previous calendar links.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>show_other_days</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td><dl class="first last docutils">
+<dt>Determines whether to display days of other months that share the</dt>
+<dd>first or last week of the calendar month.</dd>
+</dl>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="showing-next-previous-month-links">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Showing Next/Previous Month Links</a><a class="headerlink" href="#showing-next-previous-month-links" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To allow your calendar to dynamically increment/decrement via the
+next/previous links requires that you set up your calendar code similar
+to this example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$prefs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;show_next_prev&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;next_prev_url&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/index.php/calendar/show/&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;calendar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$prefs</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">calendar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You’ll notice a few things about the above example:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>You must set the “show_next_prev” to TRUE.</li>
+<li>You must supply the URL to the controller containing your calendar in
+the “next_prev_url” preference. If you don’t, it will be set to the current
+<em>controller/method</em>.</li>
+<li>You must supply the “year” and “month” to the calendar generating
+function via the URI segments where they appear (Note: The calendar
+class automatically adds the year/month to the base URL you
+provide.).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-a-calendar-template">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Creating a Calendar Template</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-calendar-template" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>By creating a calendar template you have 100% control over the design of
+your calendar. Using the string method, each component of your calendar
+will be placed within a pair of pseudo-variables as shown here:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$prefs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;template&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {table_open}&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;{/table_open}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {heading_row_start}&lt;tr&gt;{/heading_row_start}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {heading_previous_cell}&lt;th&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;{previous_url}&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt;{/heading_previous_cell}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {heading_title_cell}&lt;th colspan=&quot;{colspan}&quot;&gt;{heading}&lt;/th&gt;{/heading_title_cell}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {heading_next_cell}&lt;th&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;{next_url}&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt;{/heading_next_cell}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {heading_row_end}&lt;/tr&gt;{/heading_row_end}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {week_row_start}&lt;tr&gt;{/week_row_start}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {week_day_cell}&lt;td&gt;{week_day}&lt;/td&gt;{/week_day_cell}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {week_row_end}&lt;/tr&gt;{/week_row_end}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {cal_row_start}&lt;tr&gt;{/cal_row_start}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_start}&lt;td&gt;{/cal_cell_start}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_start_today}&lt;td&gt;{/cal_cell_start_today}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_start_other}&lt;td class=&quot;other-month&quot;&gt;{/cal_cell_start_other}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_content}&lt;a href=&quot;{content}&quot;&gt;{day}&lt;/a&gt;{/cal_cell_content}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_content_today}&lt;div class=&quot;highlight&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;{content}&quot;&gt;{day}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;{/cal_cell_content_today}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_no_content}{day}{/cal_cell_no_content}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_no_content_today}&lt;div class=&quot;highlight&quot;&gt;{day}&lt;/div&gt;{/cal_cell_no_content_today}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_blank}&amp;nbsp;{/cal_cell_blank}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_other}{day}{/cal_cel_other}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_end}&lt;/td&gt;{/cal_cell_end}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_end_today}&lt;/td&gt;{/cal_cell_end_today}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {cal_cell_end_other}&lt;/td&gt;{/cal_cell_end_other}</span>
+<span class="s1">        {cal_row_end}&lt;/tr&gt;{/cal_row_end}</span>
+
+<span class="s1">        {table_close}&lt;/table&gt;{/table_close}</span>
+<span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;calendar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$prefs</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">calendar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Using the array method, you will pass <cite>key =&gt; value</cite> pairs. You can pass as
+many or as few values as you’d like. Omitted keys will use the default values
+inherited in the calendar class.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$prefs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;template&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;table_open&#39;</span>           <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;table class=&quot;calendar&quot;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;cal_cell_start&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;td class=&quot;day&quot;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;cal_cell_start_today&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;td class=&quot;today&quot;&gt;&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;calendar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$prefs</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">calendar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Calendar">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Calendar</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Calendar" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Calendar::initialize">
+<code class="descname">initialize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$config = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Calendar::initialize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$config</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Configuration parameters</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Calendar instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Calendar</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Initializes the Calendaring preferences. Accepts an associative array as input, containing display preferences.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Calendar::generate">
+<code class="descname">generate</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$year = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$month = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$data = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Calendar::generate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$year</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Year</li>
+<li><strong>$month</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Month</li>
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Data to be shown in the calendar cells</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML-formatted calendar</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generate the calendar.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Calendar::get_month_name">
+<code class="descname">get_month_name</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$month</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Calendar::get_month_name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$month</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Month</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Month name</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates a textual month name based on the numeric month provided.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Calendar::get_day_names">
+<code class="descname">get_day_names</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$day_type = ''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Calendar::get_day_names" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$day_type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – ‘long’, ‘short’, or ‘abr’</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of day names</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array of day names (Sunday, Monday, etc.) based on the type
+provided. Options: long, short, abr. If no <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$day_type</span></code> is provided (or
+if an invalid type is provided) this method will return the “abbreviated”
+style.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Calendar::adjust_date">
+<code class="descname">adjust_date</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$month</em>, <em>$year</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Calendar::adjust_date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$month</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Month</li>
+<li><strong>$year</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Year</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An associative array containing month and year</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method makes sure that you have a valid month/year. For example, if
+you submit 13 as the month, the year will increment and the month will
+become January:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print_r</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">calendar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">adjust_date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2014</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>outputs:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">Array</span>
+<span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">month</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;01&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">year</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;2015&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Calendar::get_total_days">
+<code class="descname">get_total_days</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$month</em>, <em>$year</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Calendar::get_total_days" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$month</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Month</li>
+<li><strong>$year</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Year</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Count of days in the specified month</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">int</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Total days in a given month:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">calendar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_total_days</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2012</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// 29</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html"><span class="doc">Date Helper</span></a> function <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html#days_in_month" title="days_in_month"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">days_in_month()</span></code></a>.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Calendar::default_template">
+<code class="descname">default_template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Calendar::default_template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An array of template values</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the default template. This method is used when you have not created
+your own template.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Calendar::parse_template">
+<code class="descname">parse_template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Calendar::parse_template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_Calendar instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_Calendar</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Harvests the data within the template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{pseudo-variables}</span></code> used to
+display the calendar.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="cart.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Shopping Cart Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="caching.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Caching Driver"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/cart.html b/user_guide/libraries/cart.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7dc33a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/cart.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1025 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Shopping Cart Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Config Class" href="config.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Calendaring Class" href="calendar.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Shopping Cart Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="shopping-cart-class">
+<h1>Shopping Cart Class<a class="headerlink" href="#shopping-cart-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Cart Class permits items to be added to a session that stays active
+while a user is browsing your site. These items can be retrieved and
+displayed in a standard “shopping cart” format, allowing the user to
+update the quantity or remove items from the cart.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The Cart library is DEPRECATED and should not be used.
+It is currently only kept for backwards compatibility.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Please note that the Cart Class ONLY provides the core “cart”
+functionality. It does not provide shipping, credit card authorization,
+or other processing components.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-cart-class" id="id1">Using the Cart Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-shopping-cart-class" id="id2">Initializing the Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-an-item-to-the-cart" id="id3">Adding an Item to The Cart</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-multiple-items-to-the-cart" id="id4">Adding Multiple Items to The Cart</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#displaying-the-cart" id="id5">Displaying the Cart</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#updating-the-cart" id="id6">Updating The Cart</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-a-row-id" id="id7">What is a Row ID?</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id8">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-cart-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Cart Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-cart-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-shopping-cart-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Shopping Cart Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-shopping-cart-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The Cart class utilizes CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session
+Class</span></a> to save the cart information to a database, so
+before using the Cart class you must set up a database table as
+indicated in the <a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html"><span class="doc">Session Documentation</span></a>, and set the
+session preferences in your application/config/config.php file to
+utilize a database.</p>
+</div>
+<p>To initialize the Shopping Cart Class in your controller constructor,
+use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;cart&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Cart object will be available using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The Cart Class will load and initialize the Session Class
+automatically, so unless you are using sessions elsewhere in your
+application, you do not need to load the Session class.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-an-item-to-the-cart">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Adding an Item to The Cart</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-an-item-to-the-cart" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To add an item to the shopping cart, simply pass an array with the
+product information to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;cart-&gt;insert()</span></code> method, as shown
+below:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sku_123ABC&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;price&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mf">39.95</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;T-Shirt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;options&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Size&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;L&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Color&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Red&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The first four array indexes above (id, qty, price, and
+name) are <strong>required</strong>. If you omit any of them the data will not be
+saved to the cart. The fifth index (options) is optional. It is intended
+to be used in cases where your product has options associated with it.
+Use an array for options, as shown above.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The five reserved indexes are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>id</strong> - Each product in your store must have a unique identifier.
+Typically this will be an “sku” or other such identifier.</li>
+<li><strong>qty</strong> - The quantity being purchased.</li>
+<li><strong>price</strong> - The price of the item.</li>
+<li><strong>name</strong> - The name of the item.</li>
+<li><strong>options</strong> - Any additional attributes that are needed to identify
+the product. These must be passed via an array.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In addition to the five indexes above, there are two reserved words:
+rowid and subtotal. These are used internally by the Cart class, so
+please do NOT use those words as index names when inserting data into
+the cart.</p>
+<p>Your array may contain additional data. Anything you include in your
+array will be stored in the session. However, it is best to standardize
+your data among all your products in order to make displaying the
+information in a table easier.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sku_123ABC&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;price&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mf">39.95</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;T-Shirt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;coupon&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;XMAS-50OFF&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">insert()</span></code> method will return the $rowid if you successfully insert a
+single item.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-multiple-items-to-the-cart">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Adding Multiple Items to The Cart</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-multiple-items-to-the-cart" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>By using a multi-dimensional array, as shown below, it is possible to
+add multiple products to the cart in one action. This is useful in cases
+where you wish to allow people to select from among several items on the
+same page.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sku_123ABC&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;price&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mf">39.95</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;T-Shirt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;options&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Size&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;L&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Color&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Red&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sku_567ZYX&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;price&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mf">9.95</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Coffee Mug&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sku_965QRS&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;price&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mf">29.95</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Shot Glass&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="displaying-the-cart">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Displaying the Cart</a><a class="headerlink" href="#displaying-the-cart" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To display the cart you will create a <a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html"><span class="doc">view
+file</span></a> with code similar to the one shown below.</p>
+<p>Please note that this example uses the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">form
+helper</span></a>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;path/to/controller/update/method&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">table</span> <span class="na">cellpadding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;6&quot;</span> <span class="na">cellspacing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;1&quot;</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;width:100%&quot;</span> <span class="na">border</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;0&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">th</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>QTY<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">th</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">th</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Item Description<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">th</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">th</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text-align:right&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Item Price<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">th</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">th</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text-align:right&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Sub-Total<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">th</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">contents</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$items</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_hidden</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;[rowid]&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;rowid&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;[qty]&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s1">&#39;maxlength&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;3&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;size&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;5&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                        <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+                        <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">has_options</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;rowid&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+                                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                                        <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">product_options</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;rowid&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$option_name</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$option_value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+                                                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">strong</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$option_name</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>:<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">strong</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$option_value</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">br</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+                                        <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+                                <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+                        <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endif</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+                <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">td</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text-align:right&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">format_number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;price&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">td</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text-align:right&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>$<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">format_number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;subtotal&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">td</span> <span class="na">colspan</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;2&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">td</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;right&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">strong</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Total<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">strong</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">td</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;right&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>$<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">format_number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">total</span><span class="p">());</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">table</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Update your Cart&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="updating-the-cart">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Updating The Cart</a><a class="headerlink" href="#updating-the-cart" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To update the information in your cart, you must pass an array
+containing the Row ID and one or more pre-defined properties to the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;cart-&gt;update()</span></code> method.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If the quantity is set to zero, the item will be removed from
+the cart.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;rowid&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b99ccdf16028f015540f341130b6d8ec&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Or a multi-dimensional array</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rowid&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b99ccdf16028f015540f341130b6d8ec&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rowid&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;xw82g9q3r495893iajdh473990rikw23&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">4</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rowid&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;fh4kdkkkaoe30njgoe92rkdkkobec333&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You may also update any property you have previously defined when
+inserting the item such as options, price or other custom fields.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;rowid&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b99ccdf16028f015540f341130b6d8ec&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;qty&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;price&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mf">49.95</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;coupon&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">NULL</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cart</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-is-a-row-id">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">What is a Row ID?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-a-row-id" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The row ID is a unique identifier that is generated by the cart code
+when an item is added to the cart. The reason a unique ID is created
+is so that identical products with different options can be managed
+by the cart.</p>
+<p>For example, let’s say someone buys two identical t-shirts (same product
+ID), but in different sizes. The product ID (and other attributes) will
+be identical for both sizes because it’s the same shirt. The only
+difference will be the size. The cart must therefore have a means of
+identifying this difference so that the two sizes of shirts can be
+managed independently. It does so by creating a unique “row ID” based on
+the product ID and any options associated with it.</p>
+<p>In nearly all cases, updating the cart will be something the user does
+via the “view cart” page, so as a developer, it is unlikely that you
+will ever have to concern yourself with the “row ID”, other than making
+sure your “view cart” page contains this information in a hidden form
+field, and making sure it gets passed to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update()</span></code> method when
+the update form is submitted. Please examine the construction of the
+“view cart” page above for more information.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Cart">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Cart</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$product_id_rules = '.a-z0-9_-'</code></dt>
+<dd><p>These are the regular expression rules that we use to validate the product
+ID - alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, or periods by default</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$product_name_rules      = 'w -.:'</code></dt>
+<dd><p>These are the regular expression rules that we use to validate the product ID and product name - alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, colons or periods by
+default</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$product_name_safe = TRUE</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Whether or not to only allow safe product names. Default TRUE.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cart::insert">
+<code class="descname">insert</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$items = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart::insert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$items</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Items to insert into the cart</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Insert items into the cart and save it to the session table. Returns TRUE
+on success and FALSE on failure.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cart::update">
+<code class="descname">update</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$items = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart::update" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$items</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Items to update in the cart</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method permits changing the properties of a given item.
+Typically it is called from the “view cart” page if a user makes changes
+to the quantity before checkout. That array must contain the rowid
+for each item.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cart::remove">
+<code class="descname">remove</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$rowid</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart::remove" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$rowid</strong> (<em>int</em>) – ID of the item to remove from the cart</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Allows you to remove an item from the shopping cart by passing it the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$rowid</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cart::total">
+<code class="descname">total</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart::total" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Total amount</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">int</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Displays the total amount in the cart.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cart::total_items">
+<code class="descname">total_items</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart::total_items" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Total amount of items in the cart</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">int</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Displays the total number of items in the cart.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cart::contents">
+<code class="descname">contents</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$newest_first = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart::contents" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$newest_first</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to order the array with newest items first</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array of cart contents</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array containing everything in the cart. You can sort the
+order by which the array is returned by passing it TRUE where the contents
+will be sorted from newest to oldest, otherwise it is sorted from oldest
+to newest.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cart::get_item">
+<code class="descname">get_item</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$row_id</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart::get_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$row_id</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Row ID to retrieve</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of item data</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array containing data for the item matching the specified row
+ID, or FALSE if no such item exists.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cart::has_options">
+<code class="descname">has_options</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$row_id = ''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart::has_options" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$row_id</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Row ID to inspect</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if options exist, FALSE otherwise</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns TRUE (boolean) if a particular row in the cart contains options.
+This method is designed to be used in a loop with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contents()</span></code>, since
+you must pass the rowid to this method, as shown in the Displaying
+the Cart example above.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cart::product_options">
+<code class="descname">product_options</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$row_id = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart::product_options" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$row_id</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Row ID</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of product options</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array of options for a particular product. This method is
+designed to be used in a loop with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contents()</span></code>, since you
+must pass the rowid to this method, as shown in the Displaying the
+Cart example above.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Cart::destroy">
+<code class="descname">destroy</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Cart::destroy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">void</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to destroy the cart. This method will likely be called
+when you are finished processing the customer’s order.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="config.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Config Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="calendar.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Calendaring Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/config.html b/user_guide/libraries/config.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd42e5875
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/config.html
@@ -0,0 +1,834 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Config Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Email Class" href="email.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Shopping Cart Class" href="cart.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
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+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
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+        <div class="rst-content">
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Config Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="config-class">
+<h1>Config Class<a class="headerlink" href="#config-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Config class provides a means to retrieve configuration preferences.
+These preferences can come from the default config file
+(application/config/config.php) or from your own custom config files.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This class is initialized automatically by the system so there
+is no need to do it manually.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#working-with-the-config-class" id="id1">Working with the Config Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#anatomy-of-a-config-file" id="id2">Anatomy of a Config File</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-a-config-file" id="id3">Loading a Config File</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#manual-loading" id="id4">Manual Loading</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#auto-loading" id="id5">Auto-loading</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fetching-config-items" id="id6">Fetching Config Items</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-a-config-item" id="id7">Setting a Config Item</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#environments" id="id8">Environments</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id9">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="working-with-the-config-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Working with the Config Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-the-config-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="anatomy-of-a-config-file">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Anatomy of a Config File</a><a class="headerlink" href="#anatomy-of-a-config-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>By default, CodeIgniter has one primary config file, located at
+application/config/config.php. If you open the file using your text
+editor you’ll see that config items are stored in an array called
+$config.</p>
+<p>You can add your own config items to this file, or if you prefer to keep
+your configuration items separate (assuming you even need config items),
+simply create your own file and save it in config folder.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you do create your own config files use the same format as
+the primary one, storing your items in an array called $config.
+CodeIgniter will intelligently manage these files so there will be no
+conflict even though the array has the same name (assuming an array
+index is not named the same as another).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="loading-a-config-file">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Loading a Config File</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-a-config-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">CodeIgniter automatically loads the primary config file
+(application/config/config.php), so you will only need to load a config
+file if you have created your own.</p>
+</div>
+<p>There are two ways to load a config file:</p>
+<div class="section" id="manual-loading">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Manual Loading</a><a class="headerlink" href="#manual-loading" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>To load one of your custom config files you will use the following
+function within the <a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> that
+needs it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where filename is the name of your config file, without the .php file
+extension.</p>
+<p>If you need to load multiple config files normally they will be
+merged into one master config array. Name collisions can occur,
+however, if you have identically named array indexes in different
+config files. To avoid collisions you can set the second parameter to
+TRUE and each config file will be stored in an array index
+corresponding to the name of the config file. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Stored in an array with this prototype: $this-&gt;config[&#39;blog_settings&#39;] = $config</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_settings&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please see the section entitled Fetching Config Items below to learn
+how to retrieve config items set this way.</p>
+<p>The third parameter allows you to suppress errors in the event that a
+config file does not exist:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_settings&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="auto-loading">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Auto-loading</a><a class="headerlink" href="#auto-loading" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>If you find that you need a particular config file globally, you can
+have it loaded automatically by the system. To do this, open the
+<strong>autoload.php</strong> file, located at application/config/autoload.php,
+and add your config file as indicated in the file.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="fetching-config-items">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Fetching Config Items</a><a class="headerlink" href="#fetching-config-items" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To retrieve an item from your config file, use the following function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where item_name is the $config array index you want to retrieve. For
+example, to fetch your language choice you’ll do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$lang</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;language&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The function returns NULL if the item you are trying to fetch
+does not exist.</p>
+<p>If you are using the second parameter of the $this-&gt;config-&gt;load
+function in order to assign your config items to a specific index you
+can retrieve it by specifying the index name in the second parameter of
+the $this-&gt;config-&gt;item() function. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Loads a config file named blog_settings.php and assigns it to an index named &quot;blog_settings&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_settings&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Retrieve a config item named site_name contained within the blog_settings array</span>
+<span class="nv">$site_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;site_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blog_settings&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// An alternate way to specify the same item:</span>
+<span class="nv">$blog_config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_settings&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$site_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$blog_config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;site_name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-a-config-item">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Setting a Config Item</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-a-config-item" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you would like to dynamically set a config item or change an existing
+one, you can do so using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">config</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;item_value&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where item_name is the $config array index you want to change, and
+item_value is its value.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="environments">
+<span id="config-environments"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Environments</a><a class="headerlink" href="#environments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You may load different configuration files depending on the current
+environment. The ENVIRONMENT constant is defined in index.php, and is
+described in detail in the <a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html"><span class="doc">Handling
+Environments</span></a> section.</p>
+<p>To create an environment-specific configuration file, create or copy a
+configuration file in application/config/{ENVIRONMENT}/{FILENAME}.php</p>
+<p>For example, to create a production-only config.php, you would:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Create the directory application/config/production/</li>
+<li>Copy your existing config.php into the above directory</li>
+<li>Edit application/config/production/config.php so it contains your
+production settings</li>
+</ol>
+<p>When you set the ENVIRONMENT constant to ‘production’, the settings for
+your new production-only config.php will be loaded.</p>
+<p>You can place the following configuration files in environment-specific
+folders:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Default CodeIgniter configuration files</li>
+<li>Your own custom configuration files</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">CodeIgniter always loads the global config file first (i.e., the one in application/config/),
+then tries to load the configuration files for the current environment.
+This means you are not obligated to place <strong>all</strong> of your configuration files in an
+environment folder. Only the files that change per environment. Additionally you don’t
+have to copy <strong>all</strong> the config items in the environment config file. Only the config items
+that you wish to change for your environment. The config items declared in your environment
+folders always overwrite those in your global config files.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Config">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Config</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Config" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$config</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Array of all loaded config values</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$is_loaded</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Array of all loaded config files</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Config::item">
+<code class="descname">item</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$item</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$index=''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Config::item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$item</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Config item name</li>
+<li><strong>$index</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Index name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Config item value or NULL if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Fetch a config file item.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Config::set_item">
+<code class="descname">set_item</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$item</em>, <em>$value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Config::set_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$item</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Config item name</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Config item value</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets a config file item to the specified value.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Config::slash_item">
+<code class="descname">slash_item</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$item</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Config::slash_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$item</strong> (<em>string</em>) – config item name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Config item value with a trailing forward slash or NULL if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">item()</span></code>, except it appends a forward
+slash to the end of the item, if it exists.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Config::load">
+<code class="descname">load</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$file = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$use_sections = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$fail_gracefully = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Config::load" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$file</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Configuration file name</li>
+<li><strong>$use_sections</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether config values should be loaded into their own section (index of the main config array)</li>
+<li><strong>$fail_gracefully</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to return FALSE or to display an error message</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Loads a configuration file.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Config::site_url">
+<code class="descname">site_url</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Config::site_url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Site URL</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method retrieves the URL to your site, along with the “index” value
+you’ve specified in the config file.</p>
+<p>This method is normally accessed via the corresponding functions in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Config::base_url">
+<code class="descname">base_url</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Config::base_url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Base URL</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method retrieves the URL to your site, plus an optional path such
+as to a stylesheet or image.</p>
+<p>This method is normally accessed via the corresponding functions in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Config::system_url">
+<code class="descname">system_url</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Config::system_url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">URL pointing at your CI system/ directory</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method retrieves the URL to your CodeIgniter system/ directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is DEPRECATED because it encourages usage of
+insecure coding practices. Your <em>system/</em> directory shouldn’t
+be publicly accessible.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="email.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Email Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="cart.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Shopping Cart Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+
+    </section>
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+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/email.html b/user_guide/libraries/email.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca5c3917b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/email.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1218 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Email Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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+        <link rel="next" title="Encrypt Class" href="encrypt.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Config Class" href="config.html"/> 
+
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+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Email Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="email-class">
+<h1>Email Class<a class="headerlink" href="#email-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s robust Email Class supports the following features:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Multiple Protocols: Mail, Sendmail, and SMTP</li>
+<li>TLS and SSL Encryption for SMTP</li>
+<li>Multiple recipients</li>
+<li>CC and BCCs</li>
+<li>HTML or Plaintext email</li>
+<li>Attachments</li>
+<li>Word wrapping</li>
+<li>Priorities</li>
+<li>BCC Batch Mode, enabling large email lists to be broken into small
+BCC batches.</li>
+<li>Email Debugging tools</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-email-library" id="id1">Using the Email Library</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sending-email" id="id2">Sending Email</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-email-preferences" id="id3">Setting Email Preferences</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-email-preferences-in-a-config-file" id="id4">Setting Email Preferences in a Config File</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#email-preferences" id="id5">Email Preferences</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overriding-word-wrapping" id="id6">Overriding Word Wrapping</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id7">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-email-library">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Email Library</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-email-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="sending-email">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Sending Email</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sending-email" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Sending email is not only simple, but you can configure it on the fly or
+set your preferences in a config file.</p>
+<p>Here is a basic example demonstrating how you might send email. Note:
+This example assumes you are sending the email from one of your
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">controllers</span></a>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;your@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Your Name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;someone@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;another@another-example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">bcc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;them@their-example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">subject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Email Test&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Testing the email class.&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-email-preferences">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Setting Email Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-email-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>There are 21 different preferences available to tailor how your email
+messages are sent. You can either set them manually as described here,
+or automatically via preferences stored in your config file, described
+below:</p>
+<p>Preferences are set by passing an array of preference values to the
+email initialize method. Here is an example of how you might set some
+preferences:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;protocol&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sendmail&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;mailpath&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/sbin/sendmail&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;charset&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;iso-8859-1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;wordwrap&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Most of the preferences have default values that will be used
+if you do not set them.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-email-preferences-in-a-config-file">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Setting Email Preferences in a Config File</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-email-preferences-in-a-config-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>If you prefer not to set preferences using the above method, you can
+instead put them into a config file. Simply create a new file called the
+email.php, add the $config array in that file. Then save the file at
+config/email.php and it will be used automatically. You will NOT need to
+use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;email-&gt;initialize()</span></code> method if you save your
+preferences in a config file.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="email-preferences">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Email Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#email-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The following is a list of all the preferences that can be set when
+sending email.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="16%" />
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="51%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default Value</th>
+<th class="head">Options</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>useragent</strong></td>
+<td>CodeIgniter</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The “user agent”.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>protocol</strong></td>
+<td>mail</td>
+<td>mail, sendmail, or smtp</td>
+<td>The mail sending protocol.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>mailpath</strong></td>
+<td>/usr/sbin/sendmail</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The server path to Sendmail.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>smtp_host</strong></td>
+<td>No Default</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>SMTP Server Address.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>smtp_user</strong></td>
+<td>No Default</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>SMTP Username.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>smtp_pass</strong></td>
+<td>No Default</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>SMTP Password.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>smtp_port</strong></td>
+<td>25</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>SMTP Port.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>smtp_timeout</strong></td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>SMTP Timeout (in seconds).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>smtp_keepalive</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE or FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Enable persistent SMTP connections.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>smtp_crypto</strong></td>
+<td>No Default</td>
+<td>tls or ssl</td>
+<td>SMTP Encryption</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>wordwrap</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+<td>TRUE or FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Enable word-wrap.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>wrapchars</strong></td>
+<td>76</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+<td>Character count to wrap at.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>mailtype</strong></td>
+<td>text</td>
+<td>text or html</td>
+<td>Type of mail. If you send HTML email you must send it as a complete web
+page. Make sure you don’t have any relative links or relative image
+paths otherwise they will not work.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>charset</strong></td>
+<td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['charset']</span></code></td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+<td>Character set (utf-8, iso-8859-1, etc.).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>validate</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE or FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Whether to validate the email address.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>priority</strong></td>
+<td>3</td>
+<td>1, 2, 3, 4, 5</td>
+<td>Email Priority. 1 = highest. 5 = lowest. 3 = normal.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>crlf</strong></td>
+<td>\n</td>
+<td>“\r\n” or “\n” or “\r”</td>
+<td>Newline character. (Use “\r\n” to comply with RFC 822).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>newline</strong></td>
+<td>\n</td>
+<td>“\r\n” or “\n” or “\r”</td>
+<td>Newline character. (Use “\r\n” to comply with RFC 822).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>bcc_batch_mode</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE or FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Enable BCC Batch Mode.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>bcc_batch_size</strong></td>
+<td>200</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Number of emails in each BCC batch.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>dsn</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE or FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Enable notify message from server</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="overriding-word-wrapping">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Overriding Word Wrapping</a><a class="headerlink" href="#overriding-word-wrapping" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you have word wrapping enabled (recommended to comply with RFC 822)
+and you have a very long link in your email it can get wrapped too,
+causing it to become un-clickable by the person receiving it.
+CodeIgniter lets you manually override word wrapping within part of your
+message like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">The</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="nx">of</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">email</span> <span class="nx">that</span>
+<span class="nx">gets</span> <span class="nx">wrapped</span> <span class="nx">normally</span><span class="o">.</span>
+
+<span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">unwrap</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">a_long_link_that_should_not_be_wrapped</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">unwrap</span><span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="nx">More</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="nx">that</span> <span class="nx">will</span> <span class="nx">be</span>
+<span class="nx">wrapped</span> <span class="nx">normally</span><span class="o">.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Place the item you do not want word-wrapped between: {unwrap} {/unwrap}</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Email">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Email</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::from">
+<code class="descname">from</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$from</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$name = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$return_path = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::from" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$from</strong> (<em>string</em>) – “From” e-mail address</li>
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – “From” display name</li>
+<li><strong>$return_path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional email address to redirect undelivered e-mail to</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the email address and name of the person sending the email:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;you@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Your Name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also set a Return-Path, to help redirect undelivered mail:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;you@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Your Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;returned_emails@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Return-Path can’t be used if you’ve configured ‘smtp’ as
+your protocol.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::reply_to">
+<code class="descname">reply_to</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$replyto</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$name = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::reply_to" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$replyto</strong> (<em>string</em>) – E-mail address for replies</li>
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Display name for the reply-to e-mail address</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the reply-to address. If the information is not provided the
+information in the :meth:from method is used. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">reply_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;you@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Your Name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::to">
+<code class="descname">to</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$to</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::to" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$to</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Comma-delimited string or an array of e-mail addresses</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the email address(s) of the recipient(s). Can be a single e-mail,
+a comma-delimited list or an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;someone@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;one@example.com, two@example.com, three@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">to</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;one@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;two@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;three@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::cc">
+<code class="descname">cc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$cc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::cc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$cc</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Comma-delimited string or an array of e-mail addresses</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the CC email address(s). Just like the “to”, can be a single e-mail,
+a comma-delimited list or an array.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::bcc">
+<code class="descname">bcc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$bcc</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$limit = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::bcc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$bcc</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Comma-delimited string or an array of e-mail addresses</li>
+<li><strong>$limit</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Maximum number of e-mails to send per batch</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the BCC email address(s). Just like the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">to()</span></code> method, can be a single
+e-mail, a comma-delimited list or an array.</p>
+<p>If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$limit</span></code> is set, “batch mode” will be enabled, which will send
+the emails to batches, with each batch not exceeding the specified
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$limit</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::subject">
+<code class="descname">subject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$subject</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::subject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$subject</strong> (<em>string</em>) – E-mail subject line</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the email subject:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">subject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;This is my subject&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::message">
+<code class="descname">message</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$body</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::message" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$body</strong> (<em>string</em>) – E-mail message body</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the e-mail message body:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;This is my message&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::set_alt_message">
+<code class="descname">set_alt_message</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::set_alt_message" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Alternative e-mail message body</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the alternative e-mail message body:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_alt_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;This is the alternative message&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This is an optional message string which can be used if you send
+HTML formatted email. It lets you specify an alternative message
+with no HTML formatting which is added to the header string for
+people who do not accept HTML email. If you do not set your own
+message CodeIgniter will extract the message from your HTML email
+and strip the tags.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::set_header">
+<code class="descname">set_header</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$header</em>, <em>$value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::set_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$header</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Header name</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Header value</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Appends additional headers to the e-mail:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Header1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Value1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Header2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Value2&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::clear">
+<code class="descname">clear</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$clear_attachments = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$clear_attachments</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether or not to clear attachments</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Initializes all the email variables to an empty state. This method
+is intended for use if you run the email sending method in a loop,
+permitting the data to be reset between cycles.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$list</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$address</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">clear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$address</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;your@example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">subject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Here is your info &#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Hi &#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39; Here is the info you requested.&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you set the parameter to TRUE any attachments will be cleared as
+well:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">clear</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::send">
+<code class="descname">send</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$auto_clear = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::send" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$auto_clear</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to clear message data automatically</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The e-mail sending method. Returns boolean TRUE or FALSE based on
+success or failure, enabling it to be used conditionally:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// Generate error</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This method will automatically clear all parameters if the request was
+successful. To stop this behaviour pass FALSE:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// Parameters won&#39;t be cleared</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In order to use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print_debugger()</span></code> method, you need
+to avoid clearing the email parameters.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::attach">
+<code class="descname">attach</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$filename</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$disposition = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$newname = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$mime = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::attach" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$filename</strong> (<em>string</em>) – File name</li>
+<li><strong>$disposition</strong> (<em>string</em>) – ‘disposition’ of the attachment. Most
+email clients make their own decision regardless of the MIME
+specification used here. <a class="reference external" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/cont-disp/cont-disp.xhtml">https://www.iana.org/assignments/cont-disp/cont-disp.xhtml</a></li>
+<li><strong>$newname</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Custom file name to use in the e-mail</li>
+<li><strong>$mime</strong> (<em>string</em>) – MIME type to use (useful for buffered data)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Email instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Email</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Enables you to send an attachment. Put the file path/name in the first
+parameter. For multiple attachments use the method multiple times.
+For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/photo1.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/photo2.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/photo3.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To use the default disposition (attachment), leave the second parameter blank,
+otherwise use a custom disposition:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;image.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;inline&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also use a URL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/filename.pdf&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you’d like to use a custom file name, you can use the third parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename.pdf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;attachment&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;report.pdf&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you need to use a buffer string instead of a real - physical - file you can
+use the first parameter as buffer, the third parameter as file name and the fourth
+parameter as mime-type:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$buffer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;attachment&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;report.pdf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;application/pdf&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::attachment_cid">
+<code class="descname">attachment_cid</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::attachment_cid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$filename</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Existing attachment filename</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Attachment Content-ID or FALSE if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets and returns an attachment’s Content-ID, which enables your to embed an inline
+(picture) attachment into HTML. First parameter must be the already attached file name.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/img/photo1.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">attach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$filename</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$list</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$address</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$address</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$cid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">attachment_cid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$filename</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;img src=&quot;cid:&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$cid</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;&quot; alt=&quot;photo1&quot; /&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Content-ID for each e-mail must be re-created for it to be unique.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Email::print_debugger">
+<code class="descname">print_debugger</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$include = array('headers'</em>, <em>'subject'</em>, <em>'body')</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Email::print_debugger" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$include</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Which parts of the message to print out</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Formatted debug data</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a string containing any server messages, the email headers, and
+the email message. Useful for debugging.</p>
+<p>You can optionally specify which parts of the message should be printed.
+Valid options are: <strong>headers</strong>, <strong>subject</strong>, <strong>body</strong>.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// You need to pass FALSE while sending in order for the email data</span>
+<span class="c1">// to not be cleared - if that happens, print_debugger() would have</span>
+<span class="c1">// nothing to output.</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Will only print the email headers, excluding the message subject and body</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">email</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">print_debugger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;headers&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">By default, all of the raw data will be printed.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="encrypt.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Encrypt Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
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+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
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+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/encrypt.html b/user_guide/libraries/encrypt.html
new file mode 100644
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+
+
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+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
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+      
+    <li>Encrypt Class</li>
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+      
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+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="encrypt-class">
+<h1>Encrypt Class<a class="headerlink" href="#encrypt-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Encrypt Class provides two-way data encryption. It encrypted using
+the Mcrypt PHP extension, which is required for the Encrypt Class to run.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">This library has been DEPRECATED and is only kept for
+backwards compatibility. Please use the new <a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html"><span class="doc">Encryption Library</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-encrypt-library" id="id1">Using the Encrypt Library</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-your-key" id="id2">Setting your Key</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#message-length" id="id3">Message Length</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id4">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id5">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-encrypt-library">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Encrypt Library</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-encrypt-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="setting-your-key">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Setting your Key</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-key" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A <em>key</em> is a piece of information that controls the cryptographic
+process and permits an encrypted string to be decoded. In fact, the key
+you chose will provide the <strong>only</strong> means to decode data that was
+encrypted with that key, so not only must you choose the key carefully,
+you must never change it if you intend use it for persistent data.</p>
+<p>It goes without saying that you should guard your key carefully. Should
+someone gain access to your key, the data will be easily decoded. If
+your server is not totally under your control it’s impossible to ensure
+key security so you may want to think carefully before using it for
+anything that requires high security, like storing credit card numbers.</p>
+<p>To take maximum advantage of the encryption algorithm, your key should
+be 32 characters in length (256 bits). The key should be as random a
+string as you can concoct, with numbers and uppercase and lowercase
+letters. Your key should <strong>not</strong> be a simple text string. In order to be
+cryptographically secure it needs to be as random as possible.</p>
+<p>Your key can be either stored in your <strong>application/config/config.php</strong>, or
+you can design your own storage mechanism and pass the key dynamically
+when encoding/decoding.</p>
+<p>To save your key to your <strong>application/config/config.php</strong>, open the file
+and set:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;encryption_key&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;YOUR KEY&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="message-length">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Message Length</a><a class="headerlink" href="#message-length" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>It’s important for you to know that the encoded messages the encryption
+function generates will be approximately 2.6 times longer than the
+original message. For example, if you encrypt the string “my super
+secret data”, which is 21 characters in length, you’ll end up with an
+encoded string that is roughly 55 characters (we say “roughly” because
+the encoded string length increments in 64 bit clusters, so it’s not
+exactly linear). Keep this information in mind when selecting your data
+storage mechanism. Cookies, for example, can only hold 4K of
+information.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Encrypt class is
+initialized in your controller using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code>
+method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;encrypt&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Encrypt library object will be available using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encrypt</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Encrypt">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Encrypt</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encrypt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Encrypt::encode">
+<code class="descname">encode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$string</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$key = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encrypt::encode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$string</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Data to encrypt</li>
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Encryption key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Encrypted string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Performs the data encryption and returns it as a string. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My secret message&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$encrypted_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$msg</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can optionally pass your encryption key via the second parameter if
+you don’t want to use the one in your config file:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My secret message&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;super-secret-key&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$encrypted_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$msg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$key</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Encrypt::decode">
+<code class="descname">decode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$string</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$key = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encrypt::decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$string</strong> (<em>string</em>) – String to decrypt</li>
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Encryption key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Plain-text string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Decrypts an encoded string. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$encrypted_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;APANtByIGI1BpVXZTJgcsAG8GZl8pdwwa84&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$plaintext_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$encrypted_string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can optionally pass your encryption key via the second parameter if
+you don’t want to use the one in your config file:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$msg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My secret message&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;super-secret-key&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$encrypted_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$msg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$key</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Encrypt::set_cipher">
+<code class="descname">set_cipher</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$cipher</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encrypt::set_cipher" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$cipher</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Valid PHP MCrypt cypher constant</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Encrypt instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Encrypt</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to set an Mcrypt cipher. By default it uses
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256</span></code>. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_cipher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">MCRYPT_BLOWFISH</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please visit php.net for a list of <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mcrypt">available ciphers</a>.</p>
+<p>If you’d like to manually test whether your server supports MCrypt you
+can use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nb">extension_loaded</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mcrypt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Yup&#39;</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Nope&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Encrypt::set_mode">
+<code class="descname">set_mode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$mode</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encrypt::set_mode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$mode</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Valid PHP MCrypt mode constant</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Encrypt instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Encrypt</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to set an Mcrypt mode. By default it uses <strong>MCRYPT_MODE_CBC</strong>.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_mode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">MCRYPT_MODE_CFB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please visit php.net for a list of <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mcrypt">available modes</a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Encrypt::encode_from_legacy">
+<code class="descname">encode_from_legacy</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$string</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$legacy_mode = MCRYPT_MODE_ECB</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$key = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encrypt::encode_from_legacy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$string</strong> (<em>string</em>) – String to encrypt</li>
+<li><strong>$legacy_mode</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Valid PHP MCrypt cipher constant</li>
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Encryption key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Newly encrypted string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Enables you to re-encode data that was originally encrypted with
+CodeIgniter 1.x to be compatible with the Encrypt library in
+CodeIgniter 2.x. It is only necessary to use this method if you have
+encrypted data stored permanently such as in a file or database and are
+on a server that supports Mcrypt. “Light” use encryption such as
+encrypted session data or transitory encrypted flashdata require no
+intervention on your part. However, existing encrypted Sessions will be
+destroyed since data encrypted prior to 2.x will not be decoded.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last"><strong>Why only a method to re-encode the data instead of maintaining legacy
+methods for both encoding and decoding?</strong> The algorithms in the
+Encrypt library have improved in CodeIgniter 2.x both for performance
+and security, and we do not wish to encourage continued use of the older
+methods. You can of course extend the Encryption library if you wish and
+replace the new methods with the old and retain seamless compatibility
+with CodeIgniter 1.x encrypted data, but this a decision that a
+developer should make cautiously and deliberately, if at all.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$new_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encode_from_legacy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$old_encrypted_string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="66%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Parameter</th>
+<th class="head">Default</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>$orig_data</strong></td>
+<td>n/a</td>
+<td>The original encrypted data from CodeIgniter 1.x’s Encryption library</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>$legacy_mode</strong></td>
+<td>MCRYPT_MODE_ECB</td>
+<td>The Mcrypt mode that was used to generate the original encrypted data.
+CodeIgniter 1.x’s default was MCRYPT_MODE_ECB, and it will assume that
+to be the case unless overridden by this parameter.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>$key</strong></td>
+<td>n/a</td>
+<td>The encryption key. This it typically specified in your config file as
+outlined above.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
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+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
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+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Encryption Library</a></li>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="encryption-library">
+<h1>Encryption Library<a class="headerlink" href="#encryption-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">DO NOT use this or any other <em>encryption</em> library for
+user password storage! Passwords must be <em>hashed</em> instead, and you
+should do that via PHP’s own <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password">Password Hashing extension</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The Encryption Library provides two-way data encryption. To do so in
+a cryptographically secure way, it utilizes PHP extensions that are
+unfortunately not always available on all systems.
+You must meet one of the following dependencies in order to use this
+library:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/openssl">OpenSSL</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mcrypt">MCrypt</a> (and <cite>MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM</cite> availability)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>If neither of the above dependencies is met, we simply cannot offer
+you a good enough implementation to meet the high standards required
+for proper cryptography.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-encryption-library" id="id2">Using the Encryption Library</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id3">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#default-behavior" id="id4">Default behavior</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-your-encryption-key" id="id5">Setting your encryption_key</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#supported-encryption-ciphers-and-modes" id="id6">Supported encryption ciphers and modes</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#portable-ciphers" id="id7">Portable ciphers</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#driver-specific-ciphers" id="id8">Driver-specific ciphers</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#encryption-modes" id="id9">Encryption modes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#message-length" id="id10">Message Length</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-the-library" id="id11">Configuring the library</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#encrypting-and-decrypting-data" id="id12">Encrypting and decrypting data</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-it-works" id="id13">How it works</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-custom-parameters" id="id14">Using custom parameters</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#supported-hmac-authentication-algorithms" id="id15">Supported HMAC authentication algorithms</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id16">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-encryption-library">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Using the Encryption Library</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-encryption-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Encryption library is
+initialized in your controller using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code>
+method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;encryption&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Encryption library object will be available using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="default-behavior">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Default behavior</a><a class="headerlink" href="#default-behavior" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>By default, the Encryption Library will use the AES-128 cipher in CBC
+mode, using your configured <em>encryption_key</em> and SHA512 HMAC authentication.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">AES-128 is chosen both because it is proven to be strong and
+because of its wide availability across different cryptographic
+software and programming languages’ APIs.</p>
+</div>
+<p>However, the <em>encryption_key</em> is not used as is.</p>
+<p>If you are somewhat familiar with cryptography, you should already know
+that a HMAC also requires a secret key and using the same key for both
+encryption and authentication is a bad practice.</p>
+<p>Because of that, two separate keys are derived from your already configured
+<em>encryption_key</em>: one for encryption and one for authentication. This is
+done via a technique called <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKDF">HMAC-based Key Derivation Function</a> (HKDF).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-your-encryption-key">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Setting your encryption_key</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-encryption-key" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>An <em>encryption key</em> is a piece of information that controls the
+cryptographic process and permits a plain-text string to be encrypted,
+and afterwards - decrypted. It is the secret “ingredient” in the whole
+process that allows you to be the only one who is able to decrypt data
+that you’ve decided to hide from the eyes of the public.
+After one key is used to encrypt data, that same key provides the <strong>only</strong>
+means to decrypt it, so not only must you chose one carefully, but you
+must not lose it or you will also lose access to the data.</p>
+<p>It must be noted that to ensure maximum security, such key <em>should</em> not
+only be as strong as possible, but also often changed. Such behavior
+however is rarely practical or possible to implement, and that is why
+CodeIgniter gives you the ability to configure a single key that is to be
+used (almost) every time.</p>
+<p>It goes without saying that you should guard your key carefully. Should
+someone gain access to your key, the data will be easily decrypted. If
+your server is not totally under your control it’s impossible to ensure
+key security so you may want to think carefully before using it for
+anything that requires high security, like storing credit card numbers.</p>
+<p>Your encryption key <strong>must</strong> be as long as the encyption algorithm in use
+allows. For AES-128, that’s 128 bits or 16 bytes (charcters) long.
+You will find a table below that shows the supported key lengths of
+different ciphers.</p>
+<p>The key should be as random as possible and it <strong>must not</strong> be a regular
+text string, nor the output of a hashing function, etc. In order to create
+a proper key, you must use the Encryption library’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_key()</span></code> method</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// $key will be assigned a 16-byte (128-bit) random key</span>
+<span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">create_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The key can be either stored in your <em>application/config/config.php</em>, or
+you can design your own storage mechanism and pass the key dynamically
+when encrypting/decrypting.</p>
+<p>To save your key to your <em>application/config/config.php</em>, open the file
+and set:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;encryption_key&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;YOUR KEY&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You’ll notice that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_key()</span></code> method outputs binary data, which
+is hard to deal with (i.e. a copy-paste may damage it), so you may use
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bin2hex()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hex2bin()</span></code> or Base64-encoding to work with the key in
+a more friendly manner. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Get a hex-encoded representation of the key:</span>
+<span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">bin2hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">create_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Put the same value in your config with hex2bin(),</span>
+<span class="c1">// so that it is still passed as binary to the library:</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;encryption_key&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">hex2bin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">hex</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">encoded</span> <span class="nb">key</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="supported-encryption-ciphers-and-modes">
+<span id="ciphers-and-modes"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Supported encryption ciphers and modes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#supported-encryption-ciphers-and-modes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The terms ‘cipher’ and ‘encryption algorithm’ are interchangeable.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="portable-ciphers">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Portable ciphers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#portable-ciphers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Because MCrypt and OpenSSL (also called drivers throughout this document)
+each support different sets of encryption algorithms and often implement
+them in different ways, our Encryption library is designed to use them in
+a portable fashion, or in other words - it enables you to use them
+interchangeably, at least for the ciphers supported by both drivers.</p>
+<p>It is also implemented in a way that aims to match the standard
+implementations in other programming languages and libraries.</p>
+<p>Here’s a list of the so called “portable” ciphers, where
+“CodeIgniter name” is the string value that you’d have to pass to the
+Encryption library to use that cipher:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="24%" />
+<col width="18%" />
+<col width="28%" />
+<col width="31%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Cipher name</th>
+<th class="head">CodeIgniter name</th>
+<th class="head">Key lengths (bits / bytes)</th>
+<th class="head">Supported modes</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>AES-128 / Rijndael-128</td>
+<td>aes-128</td>
+<td>128 / 16</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>AES-192</td>
+<td>aes-192</td>
+<td>192 / 24</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>AES-256</td>
+<td>aes-256</td>
+<td>256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>DES</td>
+<td>des</td>
+<td>56 / 7</td>
+<td>CBC, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>TripleDES</td>
+<td>tripledes</td>
+<td>56 / 7, 112 / 14, 168 / 21</td>
+<td>CBC, CFB, CFB8, OFB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>Blowfish</td>
+<td>blowfish</td>
+<td>128-448 / 16-56</td>
+<td>CBC, CFB, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>CAST5 / CAST-128</td>
+<td>cast5</td>
+<td>88-128 / 11-16</td>
+<td>CBC, CFB, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>RC4 / ARCFour</td>
+<td>rc4</td>
+<td>40-2048 / 5-256</td>
+<td>Stream</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Because of how MCrypt works, if you fail to provide a key
+with the appropriate length, you might end up using a different
+algorithm than the one configured, so be really careful with that!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In case it isn’t clear from the above table, Blowfish, CAST5
+and RC4 support variable length keys. That is, any number in the
+shown ranges is valid, although in bit terms that only happens
+in 8-bit increments.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Even though CAST5 supports key lengths lower than 128 bits
+(16 bytes), in fact they will just be zero-padded to the
+maximum length, as specified in <a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2144.txt">RFC 2144</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Blowfish supports key lengths as small as 32 bits (4 bytes), but
+our tests have shown that only lengths of 128 bits (16 bytes) or
+higher are properly supported by both MCrypt and OpenSSL. It is
+also a bad practice to use such low-length keys anyway.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="driver-specific-ciphers">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Driver-specific ciphers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#driver-specific-ciphers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>As noted above, MCrypt and OpenSSL support different sets of encryption
+ciphers. For portability reasons and because we haven’t tested them
+properly, we do not advise you to use the ones that are driver-specific,
+but regardless, here’s a list of most of them:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="15%" />
+<col width="10%" />
+<col width="32%" />
+<col width="44%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Cipher name</th>
+<th class="head">Driver</th>
+<th class="head">Key lengths (bits / bytes)</th>
+<th class="head">Supported modes</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>AES-128</td>
+<td>OpenSSL</td>
+<td>128 / 16</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB, XTS</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>AES-192</td>
+<td>OpenSSL</td>
+<td>192 / 24</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB, XTS</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>AES-256</td>
+<td>OpenSSL</td>
+<td>256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB, XTS</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>Rijndael-128</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>Rijndael-192</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>Rijndael-256</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>GOST</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>Twofish</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>CAST-128</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>40-128 / 5-16</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>CAST-256</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>Loki97</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>SaferPlus</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>Serpent</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>XTEA</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>128 / 16</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>RC2</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>8-1024 / 1-128</td>
+<td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>RC2</td>
+<td>OpenSSL</td>
+<td>8-1024 / 1-128</td>
+<td>CBC, CFB, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>Camellia-128</td>
+<td>OpenSSL</td>
+<td>128 / 16</td>
+<td>CBC, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>Camellia-192</td>
+<td>OpenSSL</td>
+<td>192 / 24</td>
+<td>CBC, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>Camellia-256</td>
+<td>OpenSSL</td>
+<td>256 / 32</td>
+<td>CBC, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>Seed</td>
+<td>OpenSSL</td>
+<td>128 / 16</td>
+<td>CBC, CFB, OFB, ECB</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you wish to use one of those ciphers, you’d have to pass
+its name in lower-case to the Encryption library.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You’ve probably noticed that all AES cipers (and Rijndael-128)
+are also listed in the portable ciphers list. This is because
+drivers support different modes for these ciphers. Also, it is
+important to note that AES-128 and Rijndael-128 are actually
+the same cipher, but <strong>only</strong> when used with a 128-bit key.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">CAST-128 / CAST-5 is also listed in both the portable and
+driver-specific ciphers list. This is because OpenSSL’s
+implementation doesn’t appear to be working correctly with
+key sizes of 80 bits and lower.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">RC2 is listed as supported by both MCrypt and OpenSSL.
+However, both drivers implement them differently and they
+are not portable. It is probably worth noting that we only
+found one obscure source confirming that it is MCrypt that
+is not properly implementing it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="encryption-modes">
+<span id="id1"></span><h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Encryption modes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#encryption-modes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Different modes of encryption have different characteristics and serve
+for different purposes. Some are stronger than others, some are faster
+and some offer extra features.
+We are not going in depth into that here, we’ll leave that to the
+cryptography experts. The table below is to provide brief informational
+reference to our more experienced users. If you are a beginner, just
+stick to the CBC mode - it is widely accepted as strong and secure for
+general purposes.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="6%" />
+<col width="9%" />
+<col width="9%" />
+<col width="76%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Mode name</th>
+<th class="head">CodeIgniter name</th>
+<th class="head">Driver support</th>
+<th class="head">Additional info</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>CBC</td>
+<td>cbc</td>
+<td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td>
+<td>A safe default choice</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>CTR</td>
+<td>ctr</td>
+<td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td>
+<td>Considered as theoretically better than CBC, but not as widely available</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>CFB</td>
+<td>cfb</td>
+<td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>CFB8</td>
+<td>cfb8</td>
+<td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td>
+<td>Same as CFB, but operates in 8-bit mode (not recommended).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>OFB</td>
+<td>ofb</td>
+<td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>OFB8</td>
+<td>ofb8</td>
+<td>MCrypt</td>
+<td>Same as OFB, but operates in 8-bit mode (not recommended).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>ECB</td>
+<td>ecb</td>
+<td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td>
+<td>Ignores IV (not recommended).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>XTS</td>
+<td>xts</td>
+<td>OpenSSL</td>
+<td>Usually used for encrypting random access data such as RAM or hard-disk storage.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>Stream</td>
+<td>stream</td>
+<td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td>
+<td>This is not actually a mode, it just says that a stream cipher is being used. Required because of the general cipher+mode initialization process.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="message-length">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Message Length</a><a class="headerlink" href="#message-length" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>It’s probably important for you to know that an encrypted string is usually
+longer than the original, plain-text string (depending on the cipher).</p>
+<p>This is influenced by the cipher algorithm itself, the IV prepended to the
+cipher-text and the HMAC authentication message that is also prepended.
+Furthermore, the encrypted message is also Base64-encoded so that it is safe
+for storage and transmission, regardless of a possible character set in use.</p>
+<p>Keep this information in mind when selecting your data storage mechanism.
+Cookies, for example, can only hold 4K of information.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="configuring-the-library">
+<span id="configuration"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Configuring the library</a><a class="headerlink" href="#configuring-the-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>For usability, performance, but also historical reasons tied to our old
+<a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html"><span class="doc">Encrypt Class</span></a>, the Encryption library is designed to
+use repeatedly the same driver, encryption cipher, mode and key.</p>
+<p>As noted in the “Default behavior” section above, this means using an
+auto-detected driver (OpenSSL has a higher priority), the AES-128 ciper
+in CBC mode, and your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['encryption_key']</span></code> value.</p>
+<p>If you wish to change that however, you need to use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize()</span></code>
+method. It accepts an associative array of parameters, all of which are
+optional:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="15%" />
+<col width="85%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Option</th>
+<th class="head">Possible values</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>driver</td>
+<td>‘mcrypt’, ‘openssl’</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>cipher</td>
+<td>Cipher name (see <a class="reference internal" href="#ciphers-and-modes"><span class="std std-ref">Supported encryption ciphers and modes</span></a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>mode</td>
+<td>Encryption mode (see <a class="reference internal" href="#encryption-modes"><span class="std std-ref">Encryption modes</span></a>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>key</td>
+<td>Encryption key</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>For example, if you were to change the encryption algorithm and
+mode to AES-256 in CTR mode, this is what you should do:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;cipher&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;aes-256&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;mode&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ctr&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;a 32-character random string&gt;&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that we only mentioned that you want to change the ciper and mode,
+but we also included a key in the example. As previously noted, it is
+important that you choose a key with a proper size for the used algorithm.</p>
+<p>There’s also the ability to change the driver, if for some reason you
+have both, but want to use MCrypt instead of OpenSSL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Switch to the MCrypt driver</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;driver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mcrypt&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Switch back to the OpenSSL driver</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;driver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;openssl&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="encrypting-and-decrypting-data">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Encrypting and decrypting data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#encrypting-and-decrypting-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Encrypting and decrypting data with the already configured library
+settings is simple. As simple as just passing the string to the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encrypt()</span></code> and/or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrypt()</span></code> methods:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$plain_text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;This is a plain-text message!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$ciphertext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$plain_text</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Outputs: This is a plain-text message!</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">decrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$ciphertext</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And that’s it! The Encryption library will do everything necessary
+for the whole process to be cryptographically secure out-of-the-box.
+You don’t need to worry about it.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Both methods will return FALSE in case of an error.
+While for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encrypt()</span></code> this can only mean incorrect
+configuration, you should always check the return value
+of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrypt()</span></code> in production code.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="how-it-works">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">How it works</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-it-works" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>If you must know how the process works, here’s what happens under
+the hood:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;encryption-&gt;encrypt($plain_text)</span></code><ol class="arabic">
+<li>Derive an encryption key and a HMAC key from your configured
+<em>encryption_key</em> via HKDF, using the SHA-512 digest algorithm.</li>
+<li>Generate a random initialization vector (IV).</li>
+<li>Encrypt the data via AES-128 in CBC mode (or another previously
+configured cipher and mode), using the above-mentioned derived
+encryption key and IV.</li>
+<li>Prepend said IV to the resulting cipher-text.</li>
+<li>Base64-encode the resulting string, so that it can be safely
+stored or transferred without worrying about character sets.</li>
+<li>Create a SHA-512 HMAC authentication message using the derived
+HMAC key to ensure data integrity and prepend it to the Base64
+string.</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;encryption-&gt;decrypt($ciphertext)</span></code><ol class="arabic">
+<li>Derive an encryption key and a HMAC key from your configured
+<em>encryption_key</em> via HKDF, using the SHA-512 digest algorithm.
+Because your configured <em>encryption_key</em> is the same, this
+will produce the same result as in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encrypt()</span></code> method
+above - otherwise you won’t be able to decrypt it.</li>
+<li>Check if the string is long enough, separate the HMAC out of
+it and validate if it is correct (this is done in a way that
+prevents timing attacks against it). Return FALSE if either of
+the checks fails.</li>
+<li>Base64-decode the string.</li>
+<li>Separate the IV out of the cipher-text and decrypt the said
+cipher-text using that IV and the derived encryption key.</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-custom-parameters">
+<span id="custom-parameters"></span><h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Using custom parameters</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-custom-parameters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Let’s say you have to interact with another system that is out
+of your control and uses another method to encrypt data. A
+method that will most certainly not match the above-described
+sequence and probably not use all of the steps either.</p>
+<p>The Encryption library allows you to change how its encryption
+and decryption processes work, so that you can easily tailor a
+custom solution for such situations.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">It is possible to use the library in this way, without
+setting an <em>encryption_key</em> in your configuration file.</p>
+</div>
+<p>All you have to do is to pass an associative array with a few
+parameters to either the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encrypt()</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrypt()</span></code> method.
+Here’s an example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Assume that we have $ciphertext, $key and $hmac_key</span>
+<span class="c1">// from on outside source</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$message</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">decrypt</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="nv">$ciphertext</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;cipher&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blowfish&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;mode&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;cbc&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$key</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;hmac_digest&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sha256&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;hmac_key&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$hmac_key</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, we are decrypting a message that was encrypted
+using the Blowfish cipher in CBC mode and authenticated via a SHA-256
+HMAC.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Note that both ‘key’ and ‘hmac_key’ are used in this
+example. When using custom parameters, encryption and HMAC keys
+are not derived like the default behavior of the library is.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Below is a list of the available options.</p>
+<p>However, unless you really need to and you know what you are doing,
+we advise you to not change the encryption process as this could
+impact security, so please do so with caution.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="12%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="26%" />
+<col width="49%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Option</th>
+<th class="head">Default value</th>
+<th class="head">Mandatory / Optional</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>cipher</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Encryption algorithm (see <a class="reference internal" href="#ciphers-and-modes"><span class="std std-ref">Supported encryption ciphers and modes</span></a>).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>mode</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Encryption mode (see <a class="reference internal" href="#encryption-modes"><span class="std std-ref">Encryption modes</span></a>).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>key</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Encryption key.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>hmac</td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Whether to use a HMAC.
+Boolean. If set to FALSE, then <em>hmac_digest</em> and
+<em>hmac_key</em> will be ignored.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>hmac_digest</td>
+<td>sha512</td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>HMAC message digest algorithm (see <a class="reference internal" href="#digests"><span class="std std-ref">Supported HMAC authentication algorithms</span></a>).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>hmac_key</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+<td>Yes, unless <em>hmac</em> is FALSE</td>
+<td>HMAC key.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>raw_data</td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Whether the cipher-text should be raw.
+Boolean. If set to TRUE, then Base64 encoding and
+decoding will not be performed and HMAC will not
+be a hexadecimal string.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encrypt()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrypt()</span></code> will return FALSE if
+a mandatory parameter is not provided or if a provided
+value is incorrect. This includes <em>hmac_key</em>, unless <em>hmac</em>
+is set to FALSE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="supported-hmac-authentication-algorithms">
+<span id="digests"></span><h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Supported HMAC authentication algorithms</a><a class="headerlink" href="#supported-hmac-authentication-algorithms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>For HMAC message authentication, the Encryption library supports
+usage of the SHA-2 family of algorithms:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="19%" />
+<col width="34%" />
+<col width="47%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Algorithm</th>
+<th class="head">Raw length (bytes)</th>
+<th class="head">Hex-encoded length (bytes)</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>sha512</td>
+<td>64</td>
+<td>128</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>sha384</td>
+<td>48</td>
+<td>96</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>sha256</td>
+<td>32</td>
+<td>64</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>sha224</td>
+<td>28</td>
+<td>56</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The reason for not including other popular algorithms, such as
+MD5 or SHA1 is that they are no longer considered secure enough
+and as such, we don’t want to encourage their usage.
+If you absolutely need to use them, it is easy to do so via PHP’s
+native <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/function.hash-hmac.php">hash_hmac()</a> function.</p>
+<p>Stronger algorithms of course will be added in the future as they
+appear and become widely available.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Encryption">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Encryption</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Encryption::initialize">
+<code class="descname">initialize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$params</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption::initialize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Configuration parameters</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Encryption instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Encryption</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Initializes (configures) the library to use a different
+driver, cipher, mode or key.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mode&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ctr&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="#configuration"><span class="std std-ref">Configuring the library</span></a> section for detailed info.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Encryption::encrypt">
+<code class="descname">encrypt</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$params = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption::encrypt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Data to encrypt</li>
+<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Optional parameters</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Encrypted data or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Encrypts the input data and returns its ciphertext.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$ciphertext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;My secret message&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="#custom-parameters"><span class="std std-ref">Using custom parameters</span></a> section for information
+on the optional parameters.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Encryption::decrypt">
+<code class="descname">decrypt</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$params = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption::decrypt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Data to decrypt</li>
+<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Optional parameters</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Decrypted data or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Decrypts the input data and returns it in plain-text.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">decrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$ciphertext</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="#custom-parameters"><span class="std std-ref">Using custom parameters</span></a> secrion for information
+on the optional parameters.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Encryption::create_key">
+<code class="descname">create_key</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$length</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption::create_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$length</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Output length</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A pseudo-random cryptographic key with the specified length, or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Creates a cryptographic key by fetching random data from
+the operating system’s sources (i.e. /dev/urandom).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Encryption::hkdf">
+<code class="descname">hkdf</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$digest = 'sha512'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$salt = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$length = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$info = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption::hkdf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input key material</li>
+<li><strong>$digest</strong> (<em>string</em>) – A SHA-2 family digest algorithm</li>
+<li><strong>$salt</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional salt</li>
+<li><strong>$length</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Optional output length</li>
+<li><strong>$info</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional context/application-specific info</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A pseudo-random key or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Derives a key from another, presumably weaker key.</p>
+<p>This method is used internally to derive an encryption and HMAC key
+from your configured <em>encryption_key</em>.</p>
+<p>It is publicly available due to its otherwise general purpose. It is
+described in <a class="reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5869.txt">RFC 5869</a>.</p>
+<p>However, as opposed to the description in RFC 5869, this implementation
+doesn’t support SHA1.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hmac_key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">hkdf</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="nv">$key</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;sha512&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;authentication&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// $hmac_key is a pseudo-random key with a length of 64 bytes</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>File Uploading Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="file-uploading-class">
+<h1>File Uploading Class<a class="headerlink" href="#file-uploading-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s File Uploading Class permits files to be uploaded. You can
+set various preferences, restricting the type and size of the files.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-process" id="id1">The Process</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-the-upload-form" id="id2">Creating the Upload Form</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-success-page" id="id3">The Success Page</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-controller" id="id4">The Controller</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-upload-directory" id="id5">The Upload Directory</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#try-it" id="id6">Try it!</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reference-guide" id="id7">Reference Guide</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-upload-class" id="id8">Initializing the Upload Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-preferences" id="id9">Setting Preferences</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preferences" id="id10">Preferences</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-preferences-in-a-config-file" id="id11">Setting preferences in a config file</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id12">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="the-process">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">The Process</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-process" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Uploading a file involves the following general process:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>An upload form is displayed, allowing a user to select a file and
+upload it.</li>
+<li>When the form is submitted, the file is uploaded to the destination
+you specify.</li>
+<li>Along the way, the file is validated to make sure it is allowed to be
+uploaded based on the preferences you set.</li>
+<li>Once uploaded, the user will be shown a success message.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>To demonstrate this process here is brief tutorial. Afterward you’ll
+find reference information.</p>
+<div class="section" id="creating-the-upload-form">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Creating the Upload Form</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-the-upload-form" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Using a text editor, create a form called upload_form.php. In it, place
+this code and save it to your <strong>application/views/</strong> directory:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Upload</span> <span class="nx">Form</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$error</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open_multipart</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload/do_upload&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;file&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;userfile&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;20&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">br</span> <span class="p">/&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">br</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;upload&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You’ll notice we are using a form helper to create the opening form tag.
+File uploads require a multipart form, so the helper creates the proper
+syntax for you. You’ll also notice we have an $error variable. This is
+so we can show error messages in the event the user does something
+wrong.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-success-page">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">The Success Page</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-success-page" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Using a text editor, create a form called upload_success.php. In it,
+place this code and save it to your <strong>application/views/</strong> directory:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Upload</span> <span class="nx">Form</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Your</span> <span class="nb">file</span> <span class="nx">was</span> <span class="nx">successfully</span> <span class="nx">uploaded</span><span class="o">!&lt;/</span><span class="nx">h3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">ul</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$upload_data</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$item</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$item</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>: <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">anchor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Upload Another File!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-controller">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">The Controller</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Using a text editor, create a controller called Upload.php. In it, place
+this code and save it to your <strong>application/controllers/</strong> directory:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Upload</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload_form&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;error&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span> <span class="p">));</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">do_upload</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>          <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;./uploads/&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;allowed_types&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>        <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;gif|jpg|png&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;max_size&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>             <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;max_width&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>            <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;max_height&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>           <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">768</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">upload</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">do_upload</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;userfile&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;error&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">upload</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_errors</span><span class="p">());</span>
+
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload_form&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$error</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+                <span class="k">else</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload_data&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">upload</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">data</span><span class="p">());</span>
+
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload_success&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-upload-directory">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">The Upload Directory</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-upload-directory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You’ll need a destination directory for your uploaded images. Create a
+directory at the root of your CodeIgniter installation called uploads
+and set its file permissions to 777.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="try-it">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Try it!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#try-it" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To try your form, visit your site using a URL similar to this one:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">upload</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You should see an upload form. Try uploading an image file (either a
+jpg, gif, or png). If the path in your controller is correct it should
+work.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reference-guide">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Reference Guide</a><a class="headerlink" href="#reference-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-upload-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Initializing the Upload Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-upload-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Upload class is initialized
+in your controller using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once the Upload class is loaded, the object will be available using:
+$this-&gt;upload</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-preferences">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Setting Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Similar to other libraries, you’ll control what is allowed to be upload
+based on your preferences. In the controller you built above you set the
+following preferences:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;./uploads/&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;allowed_types&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;gif|jpg|png&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;max_size&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>     <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;100&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;max_width&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;1024&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;max_height&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;768&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;upload&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Alternately you can set preferences by calling the ``initialize()`` method. Useful if you auto-load the class:</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">upload</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above preferences should be fairly self-explanatory. Below is a
+table describing all available preferences.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="preferences">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The following preferences are available. The default value indicates
+what will be used if you do not specify that preference.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="20%" />
+<col width="12%" />
+<col width="16%" />
+<col width="51%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default Value</th>
+<th class="head">Options</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>upload_path</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The path to the directory where the upload should be placed. The
+directory must be writable and the path can be absolute or relative.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>allowed_types</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The mime types corresponding to the types of files you allow to be
+uploaded. Usually the file extension can be used as the mime type.
+Can be either an array or a pipe-separated string.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>file_name</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Desired file name</td>
+<td>If set CodeIgniter will rename the uploaded file to this name. The
+extension provided in the file name must also be an allowed file type.
+If no extension is provided in the original file_name will be used.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>file_ext_tolower</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>If set to TRUE, the file extension will be forced to lower case</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>overwrite</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>If set to true, if a file with the same name as the one you are
+uploading exists, it will be overwritten. If set to false, a number will
+be appended to the filename if another with the same name exists.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>max_size</strong></td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The maximum size (in kilobytes) that the file can be. Set to zero for no
+limit. Note: Most PHP installations have their own limit, as specified
+in the php.ini file. Usually 2 MB (or 2048 KB) by default.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>max_width</strong></td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The maximum width (in pixels) that the image can be. Set to zero for no
+limit.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>max_height</strong></td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The maximum height (in pixels) that the image can be. Set to zero for no
+limit.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>min_width</strong></td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The minimum width (in pixels) that the image can be. Set to zero for no
+limit.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>min_height</strong></td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The minimum height (in pixels) that the image can be. Set to zero for no
+limit.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>max_filename</strong></td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The maximum length that a file name can be. Set to zero for no limit.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>max_filename_increment</strong></td>
+<td>100</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>When overwrite is set to FALSE, use this to set the maximum filename
+increment for CodeIgniter to append to the filename.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>encrypt_name</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>If set to TRUE the file name will be converted to a random encrypted
+string. This can be useful if you would like the file saved with a name
+that can not be discerned by the person uploading it.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>remove_spaces</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>If set to TRUE, any spaces in the file name will be converted to
+underscores. This is recommended.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>detect_mime</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>If set to TRUE, a server side detection of the file type will be
+performed to avoid code injection attacks. DO NOT disable this option
+unless you have no other option as that would cause a security risk.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>mod_mime_fix</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>If set to TRUE, multiple filename extensions will be suffixed with an
+underscore in order to avoid triggering <a class="reference external" href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/mod_mime.html#multipleext">Apache mod_mime</a>.
+DO NOT turn off this option if your upload directory is public, as this
+is a security risk.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-preferences-in-a-config-file">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Setting preferences in a config file</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-preferences-in-a-config-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you prefer not to set preferences using the above method, you can
+instead put them into a config file. Simply create a new file called the
+upload.php, add the $config array in that file. Then save the file in:
+<strong>config/upload.php</strong> and it will be used automatically. You will NOT
+need to use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;upload-&gt;initialize()</span></code> method if you save your
+preferences in a config file.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Upload">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Upload</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Upload" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Upload::initialize">
+<code class="descname">initialize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>array $config = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$reset = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Upload::initialize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$config</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Preferences</li>
+<li><strong>$reset</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to reset preferences (that are not provided in $config) to their defaults</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Upload instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Upload</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Upload::do_upload">
+<code class="descname">do_upload</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$field = 'userfile'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Upload::do_upload" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Name of the form field</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Performs the upload based on the preferences you’ve set.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">By default the upload routine expects the file to come from
+a form field called userfile, and the form must be of type
+“multipart”.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">form</span> <span class="nx">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;post&quot;</span> <span class="nx">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;some_action&quot;</span> <span class="nx">enctype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;multipart/form-data&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you would like to set your own field name simply pass its value to
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">do_upload()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$field_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;some_field_name&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">upload</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">do_upload</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$field_name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Upload::display_errors">
+<code class="descname">display_errors</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$open = '&lt;p&gt;'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$close = '&lt;/p&gt;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Upload::display_errors" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$open</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Opening markup</li>
+<li><strong>$close</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Closing markup</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Formatted error message(s)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Retrieves any error messages if the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">do_upload()</span></code> method returned
+false. The method does not echo automatically, it returns the data so
+you can assign it however you need.</p>
+<p><strong>Formatting Errors</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><p>By default the above method wraps any errors within &lt;p&gt; tags. You can
+set your own delimiters like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">upload</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_errors</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;p&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/p&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Upload::data">
+<code class="descname">data</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$index = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Upload::data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Element to return instead of the full array</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Information about the uploaded file</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This is a helper method that returns an array containing all of the
+data related to the file you uploaded. Here is the array prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">Array</span>
+<span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">file_name</span><span class="p">]</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">mypic</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">jpg</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">file_type</span><span class="p">]</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">image</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">jpeg</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">file_path</span><span class="p">]</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">your</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">upload</span><span class="o">/</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">full_path</span><span class="p">]</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">your</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">upload</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">jpg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">jpg</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">raw_name</span><span class="p">]</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">mypic</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">orig_name</span><span class="p">]</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">mypic</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">jpg</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">client_name</span><span class="p">]</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">mypic</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">jpg</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">file_ext</span><span class="p">]</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">jpg</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">file_size</span><span class="p">]</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mf">22.2</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">is_image</span><span class="p">]</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">image_width</span><span class="p">]</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">800</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">image_height</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">600</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">image_type</span><span class="p">]</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">jpeg</span>
+        <span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">image_size_str</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;800&quot;</span> <span class="nx">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;200&quot;</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To return one element from the array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">upload</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;file_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>       <span class="c1">// Returns: mypic.jpg</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here’s a table explaining the above-displayed array items:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="86%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Item</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>file_name</td>
+<td>Name of the file that was uploaded, including the filename extension</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>file_type</td>
+<td>File MIME type identifier</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>file_path</td>
+<td>Absolute server path to the file</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>full_path</td>
+<td>Absolute server path, including the file name</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>raw_name</td>
+<td>File name, without the extension</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>orig_name</td>
+<td>Original file name. This is only useful if you use the encrypted name option.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>client_name</td>
+<td>File name supplied by the client user agent, but possibly sanitized</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>file_ext</td>
+<td>Filename extension, period included</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>file_size</td>
+<td>File size in kilobytes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>is_image</td>
+<td>Whether the file is an image or not. 1 = image. 0 = not.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>image_width</td>
+<td>Image width</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>image_height</td>
+<td>Image height</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>image_type</td>
+<td>Image type (usually the file name extension without the period)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>image_size_str</td>
+<td>A string containing the width and height (useful to put into an image tag)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
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+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/form_validation.html b/user_guide/libraries/form_validation.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f65f75117
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/form_validation.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1932 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Form Validation &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
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+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+  
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
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+        <link rel="next" title="FTP Class" href="ftp.html"/>
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+
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+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Form Validation</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Form Validation</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="form-validation">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Form Validation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#form-validation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter provides a comprehensive form validation and data prepping
+class that helps minimize the amount of code you’ll write.</p>
+<div class="contents topic" id="page-contents">
+<p class="topic-title first">Page Contents</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#form-validation" id="id6">Form Validation</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overview" id="id7">Overview</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#form-validation-tutorial" id="id8">Form Validation Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-form" id="id9">The Form</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-success-page" id="id10">The Success Page</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-controller" id="id11">The Controller</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#try-it" id="id12">Try it!</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#explanation" id="id13">Explanation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-validation-rules" id="id14">Setting Validation Rules</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-rules-using-an-array" id="id15">Setting Rules Using an Array</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cascading-rules" id="id16">Cascading Rules</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#prepping-data" id="id17">Prepping Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#re-populating-the-form" id="id18">Re-populating the form</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#callbacks-your-own-validation-methods" id="id19">Callbacks: Your own Validation Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#callable-use-anything-as-a-rule" id="id20">Callable: Use anything as a rule</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-error-messages" id="id21">Setting Error Messages</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#translating-field-names" id="id22">Translating Field Names</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changing-the-error-delimiters" id="id23">Changing the Error Delimiters</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#showing-errors-individually" id="id24">Showing Errors Individually</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#validating-an-array-other-than-post" id="id25">Validating an Array (other than $_POST)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#saving-sets-of-validation-rules-to-a-config-file" id="id26">Saving Sets of Validation Rules to a Config File</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-save-your-rules" id="id27">How to save your rules</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-sets-of-rules" id="id28">Creating Sets of Rules</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calling-a-specific-rule-group" id="id29">Calling a Specific Rule Group</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#associating-a-controller-method-with-a-rule-group" id="id30">Associating a Controller Method with a Rule Group</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-arrays-as-field-names" id="id31">Using Arrays as Field Names</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rule-reference" id="id32">Rule Reference</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#prepping-reference" id="id33">Prepping Reference</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id34">Class Reference</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#helper-reference" id="id35">Helper Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="overview">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Overview</a><a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Before explaining CodeIgniter’s approach to data validation, let’s
+describe the ideal scenario:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>A form is displayed.</li>
+<li>You fill it in and submit it.</li>
+<li>If you submitted something invalid, or perhaps missed a required
+item, the form is redisplayed containing your data along with an
+error message describing the problem.</li>
+<li>This process continues until you have submitted a valid form.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>On the receiving end, the script must:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Check for required data.</li>
+<li>Verify that the data is of the correct type, and meets the correct
+criteria. For example, if a username is submitted it must be
+validated to contain only permitted characters. It must be of a
+minimum length, and not exceed a maximum length. The username can’t
+be someone else’s existing username, or perhaps even a reserved word.
+Etc.</li>
+<li>Sanitize the data for security.</li>
+<li>Pre-format the data if needed (Does the data need to be trimmed? HTML
+encoded? Etc.)</li>
+<li>Prep the data for insertion in the database.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Although there is nothing terribly complex about the above process, it
+usually requires a significant amount of code, and to display error
+messages, various control structures are usually placed within the form
+HTML. Form validation, while simple to create, is generally very messy
+and tedious to implement.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="form-validation-tutorial">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Form Validation Tutorial</a><a class="headerlink" href="#form-validation-tutorial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>What follows is a “hands on” tutorial for implementing CodeIgniters Form
+Validation.</p>
+<p>In order to implement form validation you’ll need three things:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>A <a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html"><span class="doc">View</span></a> file containing a form.</li>
+<li>A View file containing a “success” message to be displayed upon
+successful submission.</li>
+<li>A <a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> method to receive and
+process the submitted data.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Let’s create those three things, using a member sign-up form as the
+example.</p>
+<div class="section" id="the-form">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">The Form</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-form" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Using a text editor, create a form called myform.php. In it, place this
+code and save it to your application/views/ folder:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">My</span> <span class="nx">Form</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">validation_errors</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Username<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;username&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Password<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;password&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Password Confirm<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;passconf&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Email Address<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;email&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Submit&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-success-page">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">The Success Page</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-success-page" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Using a text editor, create a form called formsuccess.php. In it, place
+this code and save it to your application/views/ folder:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">My</span> <span class="nx">Form</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Your</span> <span class="nx">form</span> <span class="nx">was</span> <span class="nx">successfully</span> <span class="nx">submitted</span><span class="o">!&lt;/</span><span class="nx">h3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">anchor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Try it again!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-controller">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">The Controller</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Using a text editor, create a controller called Form.php. In it, place
+this code and save it to your application/controllers/ folder:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Form</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myform&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+                <span class="k">else</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;formsuccess&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="try-it">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Try it!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#try-it" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To try your form, visit your site using a URL similar to this one:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">form</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you submit the form you should simply see the form reload. That’s
+because you haven’t set up any validation rules yet.</p>
+<p><strong>Since you haven’t told the Form Validation class to validate anything
+yet, it returns FALSE (boolean false) by default. ``The run()`` method
+only returns TRUE if it has successfully applied your rules without any
+of them failing.</strong></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="explanation">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Explanation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#explanation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You’ll notice several things about the above pages:</p>
+<p>The form (myform.php) is a standard web form with a couple exceptions:</p>
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li><p class="first">It uses a form helper to create the form opening. Technically, this
+isn’t necessary. You could create the form using standard HTML.
+However, the benefit of using the helper is that it generates the
+action URL for you, based on the URL in your config file. This makes
+your application more portable in the event your URLs change.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">At the top of the form you’ll notice the following function call:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">validation_errors</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This function will return any error messages sent back by the
+validator. If there are no messages it returns an empty string.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The controller (Form.php) has one method: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index()</span></code>. This method
+initializes the validation class and loads the form helper and URL
+helper used by your view files. It also runs the validation routine.
+Based on whether the validation was successful it either presents the
+form or the success page.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-validation-rules">
+<span id="id1"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Setting Validation Rules</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-validation-rules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>CodeIgniter lets you set as many validation rules as you need for a
+given field, cascading them in order, and it even lets you prep and
+pre-process the field data at the same time. To set validation rules you
+will use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_rules()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above method takes <strong>three</strong> parameters as input:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>The field name - the exact name you’ve given the form field.</li>
+<li>A “human” name for this field, which will be inserted into the error
+message. For example, if your field is named “user” you might give it
+a human name of “Username”.</li>
+<li>The validation rules for this form field.</li>
+<li>(optional) Set custom error messages on any rules given for current field. If not provided will use the default one.</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you would like the field name to be stored in a language
+file, please see <a class="reference internal" href="#translating-field-names"><span class="std std-ref">Translating Field Names</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Here is an example. In your controller (Form.php), add this code just
+below the validation initialization method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password Confirmation&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Your controller should now look like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Form</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You must provide a %s.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password Confirmation&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myform&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+                <span class="k">else</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;formsuccess&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now submit the form with the fields blank and you should see the error
+messages. If you submit the form with all the fields populated you’ll
+see your success page.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The form fields are not yet being re-populated with the data
+when there is an error. We’ll get to that shortly.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-rules-using-an-array">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Setting Rules Using an Array</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-rules-using-an-array" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Before moving on it should be noted that the rule setting method can
+be passed an array if you prefer to set all your rules in one action. If
+you use this approach, you must name your array keys as indicated:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;errors&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You must provide a %s.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password Confirmation&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cascading-rules">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Cascading Rules</a><a class="headerlink" href="#cascading-rules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>CodeIgniter lets you pipe multiple rules together. Let’s try it. Change
+your rules in the third parameter of rule setting method, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;required|min_length[5]|max_length[12]|is_unique[users.username]&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You have not provided %s.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;is_unique&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;This %s already exists.&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password Confirmation&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required|matches[password]&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required|valid_email|is_unique[users.email]&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above code sets the following rules:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>The username field be no shorter than 5 characters and no longer than
+12.</li>
+<li>The password field must match the password confirmation field.</li>
+<li>The email field must contain a valid email address.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Give it a try! Submit your form without the proper data and you’ll see
+new error messages that correspond to your new rules. There are numerous
+rules available which you can read about in the validation reference.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>You can also pass an array of rules to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_rules()</span></code>,
+instead of a string. Example:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;min_length[5]&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="prepping-data">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">Prepping Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#prepping-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In addition to the validation method like the ones we used above, you
+can also prep your data in various ways. For example, you can set up
+rules like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;trim|required|min_length[5]|max_length[12]&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;trim|required|min_length[8]&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password Confirmation&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;trim|required|matches[password]&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;trim|required|valid_email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, we are “trimming” the fields, checking for length
+where necessary and making sure that both password fields match.</p>
+<p><strong>Any native PHP function that accepts one parameter can be used as a
+rule, like ``htmlspecialchars()``, ``trim()``, etc.</strong></p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You will generally want to use the prepping functions
+<strong>after</strong> the validation rules so if there is an error, the
+original data will be shown in the form.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="re-populating-the-form">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Re-populating the form</a><a class="headerlink" href="#re-populating-the-form" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Thus far we have only been dealing with errors. It’s time to repopulate
+the form field with the submitted data. CodeIgniter offers several
+helper functions that permit you to do this. The one you will use most
+commonly is:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">set_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field name&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Open your myform.php view file and update the <strong>value</strong> in each field
+using the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html#set_value" title="set_value"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_value()</span></code></a> function:</p>
+<p><strong>Don’t forget to include each field name in the :php:func:`set_value()`
+function calls!</strong></p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">My</span> <span class="nx">Form</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">validation_errors</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Username<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;username&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Password<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;password&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Password Confirm<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;passconf&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Email Address<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;email&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Submit&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now reload your page and submit the form so that it triggers an error.
+Your form fields should now be re-populated</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference"><span class="std std-ref">Class Reference</span></a> section below
+contains methods that permit you to re-populate &lt;select&gt; menus,
+radio buttons, and checkboxes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p>If you use an array as the name of a form field, you
+must supply it as an array to the function. Example:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;colors[]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;?php echo set_value(&#39;colors[]&#39;); ?&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>For more info please see the <a class="reference internal" href="#using-arrays-as-field-names"><span class="std std-ref">Using Arrays as Field Names</span></a> section below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="callbacks-your-own-validation-methods">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Callbacks: Your own Validation Methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#callbacks-your-own-validation-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The validation system supports callbacks to your own validation
+methods. This permits you to extend the validation class to meet your
+needs. For example, if you need to run a database query to see if the
+user is choosing a unique username, you can create a callback method
+that does that. Let’s create an example of this.</p>
+<p>In your controller, change the “username” rule to this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;callback_username_check&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then add a new method called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">username_check()</span></code> to your controller.
+Here’s how your controller should now look:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Form</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;callback_username_check&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password Confirmation&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required|is_unique[users.email]&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myform&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+                <span class="k">else</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;formsuccess&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">username_check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;test&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username_check&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;The {field} field can not be the word &quot;test&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+                <span class="k">else</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Reload your form and submit it with the word “test” as the username. You
+can see that the form field data was passed to your callback method
+for you to process.</p>
+<p>To invoke a callback just put the method name in a rule, with
+“callback_” as the rule <strong>prefix</strong>. If you need to receive an extra
+parameter in your callback method, just add it normally after the
+method name between square brackets, as in: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">callback_foo[bar]</span></code>,
+then it will be passed as the second argument of your callback method.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You can also process the form data that is passed to your
+callback and return it. If your callback returns anything other than a
+boolean TRUE/FALSE it is assumed that the data is your newly processed
+form data.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="callable-use-anything-as-a-rule">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">Callable: Use anything as a rule</a><a class="headerlink" href="#callable-use-anything-as-a-rule" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If callback rules aren’t good enough for you (for example, because they are
+limited to your controller), don’t get disappointed, there’s one more way
+to create custom rules: anything that <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_callable()</span></code> would return TRUE for.</p>
+<p>Consider the following example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">users_model</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;valid_username&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above code would use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">valid_username()</span></code> method from your
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Users_model</span></code> object.</p>
+<p>This is just an example of course, and callbacks aren’t limited to models.
+You can use any object/method that accepts the field value as its’ first
+parameter. You can also use an anonymous function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="k">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="c1">// Check $value</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Of course, since a Callable rule by itself is not a string, it isn’t
+a rule name either. That is a problem when you want to set error messages
+for them. In order to get around that problem, you can put such rules as
+the second element of an array, with the first one being the rule name:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username_callable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">users_model</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;valid_username&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Anonymous function version:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;username_callable&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="k">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                        <span class="p">{</span>
+                                <span class="c1">// Check validity of $str and return TRUE or FALSE</span>
+                        <span class="p">}</span>
+                <span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-error-messages">
+<span id="id2"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">Setting Error Messages</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-error-messages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>All of the native error messages are located in the following language
+file: <strong>system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php</strong></p>
+<p>To set your own global custom message for a rule, you can either
+extend/override the language file by creating your own in
+<strong>application/language/english/form_validation_lang.php</strong> (read more
+about this in the <a class="reference internal" href="language.html"><span class="doc">Language Class</span></a> documentation),
+or use the following method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;rule&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Error Message&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you need to set a custom error message for a particular field on
+some particular rule, use the set_rules() method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Field Label&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;rule1|rule2|rule3&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;rule2&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Error Message on rule2 for this field_name&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where rule corresponds to the name of a particular rule, and Error
+Message is the text you would like displayed.</p>
+<p>If you’d like to include a field’s “human” name, or the optional
+parameter some rules allow for (such as max_length), you can add the
+<strong>{field}</strong> and <strong>{param}</strong> tags to your message, respectively:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;min_length&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;{field} must have at least {param} characters.&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>On a field with the human name Username and a rule of min_length[5], an
+error would display: “Username must have at least 5 characters.”</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The old <cite>sprintf()</cite> method of using <strong>%s</strong> in your error messages
+will still work, however it will override the tags above. You should
+use one or the other.</p>
+</div>
+<p>In the callback rule example above, the error message was set by passing
+the name of the method (without the “callback_” prefix):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username_check&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="translating-field-names">
+<span id="id3"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22">Translating Field Names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#translating-field-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you would like to store the “human” name you passed to the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_rules()</span></code> method in a language file, and therefore make the name
+able to be translated, here’s how:</p>
+<p>First, prefix your “human” name with <strong>lang:</strong>, as in this example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;first_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;lang:first_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then, store the name in one of your language file arrays (without the
+prefix):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$lang</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;first_name&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;First Name&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>If you store your array item in a language file that is not
+loaded automatically by CI, you’ll need to remember to load it in your
+controller using:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;file_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="language.html"><span class="doc">Language Class</span></a> page for more info regarding
+language files.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="changing-the-error-delimiters">
+<span id="changing-delimiters"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23">Changing the Error Delimiters</a><a class="headerlink" href="#changing-the-error-delimiters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>By default, the Form Validation class adds a paragraph tag (&lt;p&gt;) around
+each error message shown. You can either change these delimiters
+globally, individually, or change the defaults in a config file.</p>
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li><p class="first"><strong>Changing delimiters Globally</strong>
+To globally change the error delimiters, in your controller method,
+just after loading the Form Validation class, add this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_error_delimiters</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/div&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In this example, we’ve switched to using div tags.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><strong>Changing delimiters Individually</strong>
+Each of the two error generating functions shown in this tutorial can
+be supplied their own delimiters as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/div&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">validation_errors</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/div&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><strong>Set delimiters in a config file</strong>
+You can add your error delimiters in application/config/form_validation.php as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;error_prefix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;div class=&quot;error_prefix&quot;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;error_suffix&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/div&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="showing-errors-individually">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24">Showing Errors Individually</a><a class="headerlink" href="#showing-errors-individually" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you prefer to show an error message next to each form field, rather
+than as a list, you can use the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html#form_error" title="form_error"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_error()</span></code></a> function.</p>
+<p>Try it! Change your form so that it looks like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h5</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Username</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">h5</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;username&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Password<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;password&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Password Confirm<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;passconf&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Email Address<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h5</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;email&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If there are no errors, nothing will be shown. If there is an error, the
+message will appear.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p>If you use an array as the name of a form field, you
+must supply it as an array to the function. Example:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;options[size]&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;options[size]&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">set_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;options[size]&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="na">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>For more info please see the <a class="reference internal" href="#using-arrays-as-field-names"><span class="std std-ref">Using Arrays as Field Names</span></a> section below.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="validating-an-array-other-than-post">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25">Validating an Array (other than $_POST)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#validating-an-array-other-than-post" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Sometimes you may want to validate an array that does not originate from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> data.</p>
+<p>In this case, you can specify the array to be validated:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;johndoe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mypassword&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mypassword&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Creating validation rules, running the validation, and retrieving error
+messages works the same whether you are validating <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> data or
+another array of your choice.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">You have to call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_data()</span></code> method <em>before</em> defining
+any validation rules.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">If you want to validate more than one array during a single
+execution, then you should call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reset_validation()</span></code> method
+before setting up rules and validating the new array.</p>
+</div>
+<p>For more info please see the <a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference"><span class="std std-ref">Class Reference</span></a> section below.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="saving-sets-of-validation-rules-to-a-config-file">
+<span id="saving-groups"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26">Saving Sets of Validation Rules to a Config File</a><a class="headerlink" href="#saving-sets-of-validation-rules-to-a-config-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A nice feature of the Form Validation class is that it permits you to
+store all your validation rules for your entire application in a config
+file. You can organize these rules into “groups”. These groups can
+either be loaded automatically when a matching controller/method is
+called, or you can manually call each set as needed.</p>
+<div class="section" id="how-to-save-your-rules">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">How to save your rules</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-save-your-rules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To store your validation rules, simply create a file named
+form_validation.php in your application/config/ folder. In that file
+you will place an array named $config with your rules. As shown earlier,
+the validation array will have this prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password Confirmation&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Your validation rule file will be loaded automatically and used when you
+call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run()</span></code> method.</p>
+<p>Please note that you MUST name your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config</span></code> array.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-sets-of-rules">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28">Creating Sets of Rules</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-sets-of-rules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In order to organize your rules into “sets” requires that you place them
+into “sub arrays”. Consider the following example, showing two sets of
+rules. We’ve arbitrarily called these two rules “signup” and “email”.
+You can name your rules anything you want:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;signup&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password Confirmation&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;emailaddress&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;EmailAddress&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required|valid_email&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required|alpha&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;message&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MessageBody&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="calling-a-specific-rule-group">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29">Calling a Specific Rule Group</a><a class="headerlink" href="#calling-a-specific-rule-group" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In order to call a specific group, you will pass its name to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run()</span></code>
+method. For example, to call the signup rule you will do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;signup&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myform&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;formsuccess&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="associating-a-controller-method-with-a-rule-group">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id30">Associating a Controller Method with a Rule Group</a><a class="headerlink" href="#associating-a-controller-method-with-a-rule-group" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>An alternate (and more automatic) method of calling a rule group is to
+name it according to the controller class/method you intend to use it
+with. For example, let’s say you have a controller named Member and a
+method named signup. Here’s what your class might look like:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Member</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">signup</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myform&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+                <span class="k">else</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;formsuccess&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In your validation config file, you will name your rule group
+member/signup:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;member/signup&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Password&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;passconf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;PasswordConfirmation&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;field&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;rules&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When a rule group is named identically to a controller class/method it
+will be used automatically when the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run()</span></code> method is invoked from that
+class/method.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-arrays-as-field-names">
+<span id="id4"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id31">Using Arrays as Field Names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-arrays-as-field-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The Form Validation class supports the use of arrays as field names.
+Consider this example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;options[]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you do use an array as a field name, you must use the EXACT array
+name in the <a class="reference internal" href="#helper-functions"><span class="std std-ref">Helper Functions</span></a> that require the
+field name, and as your Validation Rule field name.</p>
+<p>For example, to set a rule for the above field you would use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;options[]&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Options&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or, to show an error for the above field you would use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;options[]&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or to re-populate the field you would use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;options[]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;?php echo set_value(&#39;options[]&#39;); ?&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can use multidimensional arrays as field names as well. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;options[size]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or even:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;sports[nba][basketball]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;50&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As with our first example, you must use the exact array name in the
+helper functions:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;sports[nba][basketball]&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you are using checkboxes (or other fields) that have multiple
+options, don’t forget to leave an empty bracket after each option, so
+that all selections will be added to the POST array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;options[]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;red&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;options[]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;blue&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;options[]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;green&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or if you use a multidimensional array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;options[color][]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;red&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;options[color][]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;blue&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;options[color][]&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;green&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you use a helper function you’ll include the bracket as well:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;options[color][]&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rule-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id32">Rule Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#rule-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following is a list of all the native rules that are available to
+use:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="16%" />
+<col width="7%" />
+<col width="61%" />
+<col width="16%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Rule</th>
+<th class="head">Parameter</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+<th class="head">Example</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>required</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element is empty.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>matches</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element does not match the one in the parameter.</td>
+<td>matches[form_item]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>regex_match</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element does not match the regular expression.</td>
+<td>regex_match[/regex/]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>differs</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element does not differ from the one in the parameter.</td>
+<td>differs[form_item]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>is_unique</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element is not unique to the table and field name in the
+parameter. Note: This rule requires <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> to be
+enabled in order to work.</td>
+<td>is_unique[table.field]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>min_length</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element is shorter than the parameter value.</td>
+<td>min_length[3]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>max_length</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element is longer than the parameter value.</td>
+<td>max_length[12]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>exact_length</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element is not exactly the parameter value.</td>
+<td>exact_length[8]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>greater_than</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element is less than or equal to the parameter value or not
+numeric.</td>
+<td>greater_than[8]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>greater_than_equal_to</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element is less than the parameter value,
+or not numeric.</td>
+<td>greater_than_equal_to[8]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>less_than</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element is greater than or equal to the parameter value or
+not numeric.</td>
+<td>less_than[8]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>less_than_equal_to</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element is greater than the parameter value,
+or not numeric.</td>
+<td>less_than_equal_to[8]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>in_list</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element is not within a predetermined list.</td>
+<td>in_list[red,blue,green]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>alpha</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element contains anything other than alphabetical characters.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>alpha_numeric</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element contains anything other than alpha-numeric characters.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>alpha_numeric_spaces</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element contains anything other than alpha-numeric characters
+or spaces.  Should be used after trim to avoid spaces at the beginning or end.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>alpha_dash</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element contains anything other than alpha-numeric characters,
+underscores or dashes.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>numeric</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element contains anything other than numeric characters.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>integer</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element contains anything other than an integer.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>decimal</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element contains anything other than a decimal number.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>is_natural</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element contains anything other than a natural number:
+0, 1, 2, 3, etc.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>is_natural_no_zero</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element contains anything other than a natural
+number, but not zero: 1, 2, 3, etc.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>valid_url</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element does not contain a valid URL.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>valid_email</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the form element does not contain a valid email address.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>valid_emails</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if any value provided in a comma separated list is not a valid email.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>valid_ip</strong></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the supplied IP address is not valid.
+Accepts an optional parameter of ‘ipv4’ or ‘ipv6’ to specify an IP format.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>valid_base64</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Returns FALSE if the supplied string contains anything other than valid Base64 characters.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>These rules can also be called as discrete methods. For
+example:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">required</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You can also use any native PHP functions that permit up
+to two parameters, where at least one is required (to pass
+the field data).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="prepping-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id33">Prepping Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#prepping-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following is a list of all the prepping methods that are available
+to use:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="6%" />
+<col width="79%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Name</th>
+<th class="head">Parameter</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>prep_for_form</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>DEPRECATED: Converts special characters so that HTML data can be shown in a form field without breaking it.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>prep_url</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Adds “http://” to URLs if missing.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>strip_image_tags</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Strips the HTML from image tags leaving the raw URL.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>encode_php_tags</strong></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Converts PHP tags to entities.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You can also use any native PHP functions that permits one
+parameter, like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trim()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">htmlspecialchars()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urldecode()</span></code>,
+etc.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<span id="id5"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id34">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Form_validation</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation::set_rules">
+<code class="descname">set_rules</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$label = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$rules = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$errors = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation::set_rules" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$label</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field label</li>
+<li><strong>$rules</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Validation rules, as a string list separated by a pipe “|”, or as an array or rules</li>
+<li><strong>$errors</strong> (<em>array</em>) – A list of custom error messages</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Form_validation instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Form_validation</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to set validation rules, as described in the tutorial
+sections above:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-validation-rules"><span class="std std-ref">Setting Validation Rules</span></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#saving-groups"><span class="std std-ref">Saving Sets of Validation Rules to a Config File</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation::run">
+<code class="descname">run</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$group = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation::run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$group</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The name of the validation group to run</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE if validation failed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Runs the validation routines. Returns boolean TRUE on success and FALSE
+on failure. You can optionally pass the name of the validation group via
+the method, as described in: <a class="reference internal" href="#saving-groups"><span class="std std-ref">Saving Sets of Validation Rules to a Config File</span></a></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation::set_message">
+<code class="descname">set_message</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$lang</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$val = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation::set_message" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$lang</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The rule the message is for</li>
+<li><strong>$val</strong> (<em>string</em>) – The message</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Form_validation instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Form_validation</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to set custom error messages. See <a class="reference internal" href="#setting-error-messages"><span class="std std-ref">Setting Error Messages</span></a></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation::set_error_delimiters">
+<code class="descname">set_error_delimiters</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$prefix = '&lt;p&gt;'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$suffix = '&lt;/p&gt;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation::set_error_delimiters" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$prefix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error message prefix</li>
+<li><strong>$suffix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error message suffix</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Form_validation instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Form_validation</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the default prefix and suffix for error messages.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation::set_data">
+<code class="descname">set_data</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation::set_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Array of data validate</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Form_validation instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Form_validation</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to set an array for validation, instead of using the default
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> array.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation::reset_validation">
+<code class="descname">reset_validation</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation::reset_validation" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_Form_validation instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_Form_validation</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to reset the validation when you validate more than one array.
+This method should be called before validating each new array.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation::error_array">
+<code class="descname">error_array</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation::error_array" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array of error messages</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the error messages as an array.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation::error_string">
+<code class="descname">error_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$prefix = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$suffix = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation::error_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$prefix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error message prefix</li>
+<li><strong>$suffix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error message suffix</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Error messages as a string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns all error messages (as returned from error_array()) formatted as a
+string and separated by a newline character.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation::error">
+<code class="descname">error</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$prefix = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$suffix = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation::error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+<li><strong>$prefix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional prefix</li>
+<li><strong>$suffix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional suffix</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Error message string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the error message for a specific field, optionally adding a
+prefix and/or suffix to it (usually HTML tags).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Form_validation::has_rule">
+<code class="descname">has_rule</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$field</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Form_validation::has_rule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$field</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Field name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the field has rules set, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Checks to see if there is a rule set for the specified field.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="helper-reference">
+<span id="helper-functions"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id35">Helper Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#helper-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">Form Helper</span></a> manual for
+the following functions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html#form_error" title="form_error"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_error()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html#validation_errors" title="validation_errors"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">validation_errors()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html#set_value" title="set_value"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_value()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html#set_select" title="set_select"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_select()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html#set_checkbox" title="set_checkbox"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_checkbox()</span></code></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html#set_radio" title="set_radio"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_radio()</span></code></a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Note that these are procedural functions, so they <strong>do not</strong> require you
+to prepend them with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;form_validation</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="ftp.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="FTP Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="file_uploading.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="File Uploading Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
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+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/ftp.html b/user_guide/libraries/ftp.html
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/user_guide/libraries/ftp.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1016 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>FTP Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>FTP Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="ftp-class">
+<h1>FTP Class<a class="headerlink" href="#ftp-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s FTP Class permits files to be transferred to a remote
+server. Remote files can also be moved, renamed, and deleted. The FTP
+class also includes a “mirroring” function that permits an entire local
+directory to be recreated remotely via FTP.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">SFTP and SSL FTP protocols are not supported, only standard
+FTP.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#working-with-the-ftp-class" id="id1">Working with the FTP Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id2">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#usage-examples" id="id3">Usage Examples</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id4">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="working-with-the-ftp-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Working with the FTP Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-the-ftp-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the FTP class is initialized in
+your controller using the $this-&gt;load-&gt;library function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ftp&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the FTP object will be available using: $this-&gt;ftp</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="usage-examples">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Usage Examples</a><a class="headerlink" href="#usage-examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In this example a connection is opened to the FTP server, and a local
+file is read and uploaded in ASCII mode. The file permissions are set to
+755.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ftp&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ftp.example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;your-username&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;your-password&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;debug&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>        <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">upload</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/local/path/to/myfile.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/myfile.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ascii&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mo">0775</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">close</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In this example a list of files is retrieved from the server.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ftp&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ftp.example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;your-username&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;your-password&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;debug&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>        <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">list_files</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nb">print_r</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$list</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">close</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In this example a local directory is mirrored on the server.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ftp&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ftp.example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;your-username&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;your-password&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;debug&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>        <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mirror</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/myfolder/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/myfolder/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">close</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_FTP">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_FTP</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::connect">
+<code class="descname">connect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$config = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$config</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Connection values</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Connects and logs into to the FTP server. Connection preferences are set
+by passing an array to the function, or you can store them in a config
+file.</p>
+<p>Here is an example showing how you set preferences manually:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ftp&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;hostname&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ftp.example.com&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;your-username&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;your-password&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;port&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>     <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">21</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;passive&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;debug&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>    <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Setting FTP Preferences in a Config File</strong></p>
+<p>If you prefer you can store your FTP preferences in a config file.
+Simply create a new file called the ftp.php, add the $config array in
+that file. Then save the file at <em>application/config/ftp.php</em> and it
+will be used automatically.</p>
+<p><strong>Available connection options</strong></p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="13%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="73%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Option name</th>
+<th class="head">Default value</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>hostname</strong></td>
+<td>n/a</td>
+<td>FTP hostname (usually something like: ftp.example.com)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>username</strong></td>
+<td>n/a</td>
+<td>FTP username</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>password</strong></td>
+<td>n/a</td>
+<td>FTP password</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>port</strong></td>
+<td>21</td>
+<td>FTP server port number</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>debug</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean): Whether to enable debugging to display error messages</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>passive</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean): Whether to use passive mode</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::upload">
+<code class="descname">upload</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$locpath</em>, <em>$rempath</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$mode = 'auto'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$permissions = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::upload" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$locpath</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Local file path</li>
+<li><strong>$rempath</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Remote file path</li>
+<li><strong>$mode</strong> (<em>string</em>) – FTP mode, defaults to ‘auto’ (options are: ‘auto’, ‘binary’, ‘ascii’)</li>
+<li><strong>$permissions</strong> (<em>int</em>) – File permissions (octal)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Uploads a file to your server. You must supply the local path and the
+remote path, and you can optionally set the mode and permissions.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">upload</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/local/path/to/myfile.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/myfile.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ascii&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mo">0775</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If ‘auto’ mode is used it will base the mode on the file extension of the source file.</p>
+<p>If set, permissions have to be passed as an octal value.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::download">
+<code class="descname">download</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$rempath</em>, <em>$locpath</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$mode = 'auto'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::download" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$rempath</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Remote file path</li>
+<li><strong>$locpath</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Local file path</li>
+<li><strong>$mode</strong> (<em>string</em>) – FTP mode, defaults to ‘auto’ (options are: ‘auto’, ‘binary’, ‘ascii’)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Downloads a file from your server. You must supply the remote path and
+the local path, and you can optionally set the mode. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/myfile.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/local/path/to/myfile.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ascii&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If ‘auto’ mode is used it will base the mode on the file extension of the source file.</p>
+<p>Returns FALSE if the download does not execute successfully
+(including if PHP does not have permission to write the local file).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::rename">
+<code class="descname">rename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$old_file</em>, <em>$new_file</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$move = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::rename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$old_file</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Old file name</li>
+<li><strong>$new_file</strong> (<em>string</em>) – New file name</li>
+<li><strong>$move</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether a move is being performed</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to rename a file. Supply the source file name/path and the new file name/path.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Renames green.html to blue.html</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">rename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/foo/green.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/foo/blue.html&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::move">
+<code class="descname">move</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$old_file</em>, <em>$new_file</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::move" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$old_file</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Old file name</li>
+<li><strong>$new_file</strong> (<em>string</em>) – New file name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you move a file. Supply the source and destination paths:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Moves blog.html from &quot;joe&quot; to &quot;fred&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/joe/blog.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/fred/blog.html&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If the destination file name is different the file will be renamed.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::delete_file">
+<code class="descname">delete_file</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$filepath</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::delete_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$filepath</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to file to delete</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you delete a file. Supply the source path with the file name.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/joe/blog.html&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::delete_dir">
+<code class="descname">delete_dir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$filepath</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::delete_dir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$filepath</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to directory to delete</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you delete a directory and everything it contains. Supply the
+source path to the directory with a trailing slash.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Be VERY careful with this method!
+It will recursively delete <strong>everything</strong> within the supplied path,
+including sub-folders and all files. Make absolutely sure your path
+is correct. Try using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list_files()</span></code> first to verify that your path is correct.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">delete_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/path/to/folder/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::list_files">
+<code class="descname">list_files</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$path = '.'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::list_files" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Directory path</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array list of files or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to retrieve a list of files on your server returned as an
+array. You must supply the path to the desired directory.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">list_files</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nb">print_r</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$list</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::mirror">
+<code class="descname">mirror</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$locpath</em>, <em>$rempath</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::mirror" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$locpath</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Local path</li>
+<li><strong>$rempath</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Remote path</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Recursively reads a local folder and everything it contains (including
+sub-folders) and creates a mirror via FTP based on it. Whatever the
+directory structure of the original file path will be recreated on the
+server. You must supply a source path and a destination path:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mirror</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/myfolder/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/myfolder/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::mkdir">
+<code class="descname">mkdir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$permissions = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::mkdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to directory to create</li>
+<li><strong>$permissions</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Permissions (octal)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you create a directory on your server. Supply the path ending in
+the folder name you wish to create, with a trailing slash.</p>
+<p>Permissions can be set by passing an octal value in the second parameter.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Creates a folder named &quot;bar&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mkdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/foo/bar/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mo">0755</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::chmod">
+<code class="descname">chmod</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$path</em>, <em>$perm</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::chmod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to alter permissions for</li>
+<li><strong>$perm</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Permissions (octal)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to set file permissions. Supply the path to the file or
+directory you wish to alter permissions on:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Chmod &quot;bar&quot; to 755</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ftp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">chmod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/public_html/foo/bar/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mo">0755</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::changedir">
+<code class="descname">changedir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$suppress_debug = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::changedir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Directory path</li>
+<li><strong>$suppress_debug</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to turn off debug messages for this command</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Changes the current working directory to the specified path.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$suppress_debug</span></code> parameter is useful in case you want to use this method
+as an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_dir()</span></code> alternative for FTP.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_FTP::close">
+<code class="descname">close</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_FTP::close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Closes the connection to your server. It’s recommended that you use this
+when you are finished uploading.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="image_lib.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Image Manipulation Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="form_validation.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Form Validation"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
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+  
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+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
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+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/image_lib.html b/user_guide/libraries/image_lib.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e52c4b28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/image_lib.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1255 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Image Manipulation Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Input Class" href="input.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="FTP Class" href="ftp.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Image Manipulation Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="image-manipulation-class">
+<h1>Image Manipulation Class<a class="headerlink" href="#image-manipulation-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s Image Manipulation class lets you perform the following
+actions:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Image Resizing</li>
+<li>Thumbnail Creation</li>
+<li>Image Cropping</li>
+<li>Image Rotating</li>
+<li>Image Watermarking</li>
+</ul>
+<p>All three major image libraries are supported: GD/GD2, NetPBM, and
+ImageMagick</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Watermarking is only available using the GD/GD2 library. In
+addition, even though other libraries are supported, GD is required in
+order for the script to calculate the image properties. The image
+processing, however, will be performed with the library you specify.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id1">Initializing the Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#processing-an-image" id="id2">Processing an Image</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#processing-methods" id="id3">Processing Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preferences" id="id4">Preferences</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-preferences-in-a-config-file" id="id5">Setting preferences in a config file</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#image-watermarking" id="id6">Image Watermarking</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#two-types-of-watermarking" id="id7">Two Types of Watermarking</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#watermarking-an-image" id="id8">Watermarking an Image</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#watermarking-preferences" id="id9">Watermarking Preferences</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#text-preferences" id="id10">Text Preferences</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overlay-preferences" id="id11">Overlay Preferences</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id12">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the image class is initialized
+in your controller using the $this-&gt;load-&gt;library function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;image_lib&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once the library is loaded it will be ready for use. The image library
+object you will use to call all functions is: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;image_lib</span></code></p>
+<div class="section" id="processing-an-image">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Processing an Image</a><a class="headerlink" href="#processing-an-image" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Regardless of the type of processing you would like to perform
+(resizing, cropping, rotation, or watermarking), the general process is
+identical. You will set some preferences corresponding to the action you
+intend to perform, then call one of four available processing functions.
+For example, to create an image thumbnail you’ll do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;image_library&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;gd2&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;source_image&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/image/mypic.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;create_thumb&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;maintain_ratio&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;width&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>         <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">75</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;height&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>       <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;image_lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">resize</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above code tells the image_resize function to look for an image
+called <em>mypic.jpg</em> located in the source_image folder, then create a
+thumbnail that is 75 X 50 pixels using the GD2 image_library. Since the
+maintain_ratio option is enabled, the thumb will be as close to the
+target width and height as possible while preserving the original aspect
+ratio. The thumbnail will be called <em>mypic_thumb.jpg</em> and located at
+the same level as <em>source_image</em>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In order for the image class to be allowed to do any
+processing, the folder containing the image files must have write
+permissions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Image processing can require a considerable amount of server
+memory for some operations. If you are experiencing out of memory errors
+while processing images you may need to limit their maximum size, and/or
+adjust PHP memory limits.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="processing-methods">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Processing Methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#processing-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>There are four available processing methods:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>$this-&gt;image_lib-&gt;resize()</li>
+<li>$this-&gt;image_lib-&gt;crop()</li>
+<li>$this-&gt;image_lib-&gt;rotate()</li>
+<li>$this-&gt;image_lib-&gt;watermark()</li>
+</ul>
+<p>These methods return boolean TRUE upon success and FALSE for failure.
+If they fail you can retrieve the error message using this function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_errors</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A good practice is to use the processing function conditionally, showing an
+error upon failure, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">resize</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_errors</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>You can optionally specify the HTML formatting to be applied to
+the errors, by submitting the opening/closing tags in the function,
+like this:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_errors</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;p&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/p&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="preferences">
+<span id="processing-preferences"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The preferences described below allow you to tailor the image processing
+to suit your needs.</p>
+<p>Note that not all preferences are available for every function. For
+example, the x/y axis preferences are only available for image cropping.
+Likewise, the width and height preferences have no effect on cropping.
+The “availability” column indicates which functions support a given
+preference.</p>
+<p>Availability Legend:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>R - Image Resizing</li>
+<li>C - Image Cropping</li>
+<li>X - Image Rotation</li>
+<li>W - Image Watermarking</li>
+</ul>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="19%" />
+<col width="45%" />
+<col width="8%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default Value</th>
+<th class="head">Options</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+<th class="head">Availability</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>image_library</strong></td>
+<td>GD2</td>
+<td>GD, GD2, ImageMagick, NetPBM</td>
+<td>Sets the image library to be used.</td>
+<td>R, C, X, W</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>library_path</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Sets the server path to your ImageMagick or NetPBM library. If you use
+either of those libraries you must supply the path.</td>
+<td>R, C, X
+R, C, S, W</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>source_image</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Sets the source image name/path. The path must be a relative or absolute
+server path, not a URL.</td>
+<td>&#160;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>dynamic_output</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Determines whether the new image file should be written to disk or
+generated dynamically. Note: If you choose the dynamic setting, only one
+image can be shown at a time, and it can’t be positioned on the page. It
+simply outputs the raw image dynamically to your browser, along with
+image headers.</td>
+<td>R, C, X, W</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>file_permissions</strong></td>
+<td>0644</td>
+<td>(integer)</td>
+<td>File system permissions to apply on the resulting image file,
+writing it to the disk. WARNING: Use octal integer notation!</td>
+<td>R, C, X, W</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>quality</strong></td>
+<td>90%</td>
+<td>1 - 100%</td>
+<td>Sets the quality of the image. The higher the quality the larger the
+file size.</td>
+<td>R, C, X, W</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>new_image</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Sets the destination image name/path. You’ll use this preference when
+creating an image copy. The path must be a relative or absolute server
+path, not a URL.</td>
+<td>R, C, X, W</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>width</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Sets the width you would like the image set to.</td>
+<td>R, C</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>height</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Sets the height you would like the image set to.</td>
+<td>R, C</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>create_thumb</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Tells the image processing function to create a thumb.</td>
+<td>R</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>thumb_marker</strong></td>
+<td>_thumb</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Specifies the thumbnail indicator. It will be inserted just before the
+file extension, so mypic.jpg would become mypic_thumb.jpg</td>
+<td>R</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>maintain_ratio</strong></td>
+<td>TRUE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Specifies whether to maintain the original aspect ratio when resizing or
+use hard values.</td>
+<td>R, C</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>master_dim</strong></td>
+<td>auto</td>
+<td>auto, width, height</td>
+<td>Specifies what to use as the master axis when resizing or creating
+thumbs. For example, let’s say you want to resize an image to 100 X 75
+pixels. If the source image size does not allow perfect resizing to
+those dimensions, this setting determines which axis should be used as
+the hard value. “auto” sets the axis automatically based on whether the
+image is taller than wider, or vice versa.</td>
+<td>R</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>rotation_angle</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>90, 180, 270, vrt, hor</td>
+<td>Specifies the angle of rotation when rotating images. Note that PHP
+rotates counter-clockwise, so a 90 degree rotation to the right must be
+specified as 270.</td>
+<td>X</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>x_axis</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Sets the X coordinate in pixels for image cropping. For example, a
+setting of 30 will crop an image 30 pixels from the left.</td>
+<td>C</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>y_axis</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Sets the Y coordinate in pixels for image cropping. For example, a
+setting of 30 will crop an image 30 pixels from the top.</td>
+<td>C</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-preferences-in-a-config-file">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Setting preferences in a config file</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-preferences-in-a-config-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you prefer not to set preferences using the above method, you can
+instead put them into a config file. Simply create a new file called
+image_lib.php, add the $config array in that file. Then save the file
+in <em>config/image_lib.php</em> and it will be used automatically. You will
+NOT need to use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;image_lib-&gt;initialize()</span></code> method if you save
+your preferences in a config file.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="image-watermarking">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Image Watermarking</a><a class="headerlink" href="#image-watermarking" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The Watermarking feature requires the GD/GD2 library.</p>
+<div class="section" id="two-types-of-watermarking">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Two Types of Watermarking</a><a class="headerlink" href="#two-types-of-watermarking" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>There are two types of watermarking that you can use:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Text</strong>: The watermark message will be generated using text, either
+with a True Type font that you specify, or using the native text
+output that the GD library supports. If you use the True Type version
+your GD installation must be compiled with True Type support (most
+are, but not all).</li>
+<li><strong>Overlay</strong>: The watermark message will be generated by overlaying an
+image (usually a transparent PNG or GIF) containing your watermark
+over the source image.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="watermarking-an-image">
+<span id="watermarking"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Watermarking an Image</a><a class="headerlink" href="#watermarking-an-image" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Just as with the other methods (resizing, cropping, and rotating) the
+general process for watermarking involves setting the preferences
+corresponding to the action you intend to perform, then calling the
+watermark function. Here is an example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;source_image&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/image/mypic.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm_text&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Copyright 2006 - John Doe&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm_type&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm_font_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;./system/fonts/texb.ttf&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm_font_size&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;16&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm_font_color&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ffffff&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm_vrt_alignment&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bottom&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm_hor_alignment&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;center&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm_padding&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;20&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">watermark</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above example will use a 16 pixel True Type font to create the text
+“Copyright 2006 - John Doe”. The watermark will be positioned at the
+bottom/center of the image, 20 pixels from the bottom of the image.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In order for the image class to be allowed to do any
+processing, the image file must have “write” file permissions
+For example, 777.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="watermarking-preferences">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Watermarking Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#watermarking-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>This table shows the preferences that are available for both types of
+watermarking (text or overlay)</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="17%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="17%" />
+<col width="53%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default Value</th>
+<th class="head">Options</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>wm_type</strong></td>
+<td>text</td>
+<td>text, overlay</td>
+<td>Sets the type of watermarking that should be used.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>source_image</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Sets the source image name/path. The path must be a relative or absolute
+server path, not a URL.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>dynamic_output</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Determines whether the new image file should be written to disk or
+generated dynamically. Note: If you choose the dynamic setting, only one
+image can be shown at a time, and it can’t be positioned on the page. It
+simply outputs the raw image dynamically to your browser, along with
+image headers.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>quality</strong></td>
+<td>90%</td>
+<td>1 - 100%</td>
+<td>Sets the quality of the image. The higher the quality the larger the
+file size.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>wm_padding</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>A number</td>
+<td>The amount of padding, set in pixels, that will be applied to the
+watermark to set it away from the edge of your images.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>wm_vrt_alignment</strong></td>
+<td>bottom</td>
+<td>top, middle, bottom</td>
+<td>Sets the vertical alignment for the watermark image.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>wm_hor_alignment</strong></td>
+<td>center</td>
+<td>left, center, right</td>
+<td>Sets the horizontal alignment for the watermark image.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>wm_hor_offset</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>You may specify a horizontal offset (in pixels) to apply to the
+watermark position. The offset normally moves the watermark to the
+right, except if you have your alignment set to “right” then your offset
+value will move the watermark toward the left of the image.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>wm_vrt_offset</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>You may specify a vertical offset (in pixels) to apply to the watermark
+position. The offset normally moves the watermark down, except if you
+have your alignment set to “bottom” then your offset value will move the
+watermark toward the top of the image.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="section" id="text-preferences">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Text Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#text-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>This table shows the preferences that are available for the text type of
+watermarking.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="17%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="55%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default Value</th>
+<th class="head">Options</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>wm_text</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The text you would like shown as the watermark. Typically this will be a
+copyright notice.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>wm_font_path</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The server path to the True Type Font you would like to use. If you do
+not use this option, the native GD font will be used.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>wm_font_size</strong></td>
+<td>16</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The size of the text. Note: If you are not using the True Type option
+above, the number is set using a range of 1 - 5. Otherwise, you can use
+any valid pixel size for the font you’re using.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>wm_font_color</strong></td>
+<td>ffffff</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The font color, specified in hex. Both the full 6-length (ie, 993300) and
+the short three character abbreviated version (ie, fff) are supported.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>wm_shadow_color</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The color of the drop shadow, specified in hex. If you leave this blank
+a drop shadow will not be used. Both the full 6-length (ie, 993300) and
+the short three character abbreviated version (ie, fff) are supported.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>wm_shadow_distance</strong></td>
+<td>3</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The distance (in pixels) from the font that the drop shadow should
+appear.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="overlay-preferences">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Overlay Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#overlay-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>This table shows the preferences that are available for the overlay type
+of watermarking.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="17%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="55%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default Value</th>
+<th class="head">Options</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>wm_overlay_path</strong></td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The server path to the image you wish to use as your watermark. Required
+only if you are using the overlay method.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>wm_opacity</strong></td>
+<td>50</td>
+<td>1 - 100</td>
+<td>Image opacity. You may specify the opacity (i.e. transparency) of your
+watermark image. This allows the watermark to be faint and not
+completely obscure the details from the original image behind it. A 50%
+opacity is typical.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>wm_x_transp</strong></td>
+<td>4</td>
+<td>A number</td>
+<td>If your watermark image is a PNG or GIF image, you may specify a color
+on the image to be “transparent”. This setting (along with the next)
+will allow you to specify that color. This works by specifying the “X”
+and “Y” coordinate pixel (measured from the upper left) within the image
+that corresponds to a pixel representative of the color you want to be
+transparent.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>wm_y_transp</strong></td>
+<td>4</td>
+<td>A number</td>
+<td>Along with the previous setting, this allows you to specify the
+coordinate to a pixel representative of the color you want to be
+transparent.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Image_lib">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Image_lib</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Image_lib" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Image_lib::initialize">
+<code class="descname">initialize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$props = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Image_lib::initialize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$props</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Image processing preferences</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE in case of invalid settings</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Initializes the class for processing an image.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Image_lib::resize">
+<code class="descname">resize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Image_lib::resize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The image resizing method lets you resize the original image, create a
+copy (with or without resizing), or create a thumbnail image.</p>
+<p>For practical purposes there is no difference between creating a copy
+and creating a thumbnail except a thumb will have the thumbnail marker
+as part of the name (i.e. mypic_thumb.jpg).</p>
+<p>All preferences listed in the <a class="reference internal" href="#processing-preferences"><span class="std std-ref">Preferences</span></a> table are available for this
+method except these three: <em>rotation_angle</em>, <em>x_axis</em> and <em>y_axis</em>.</p>
+<p><strong>Creating a Thumbnail</strong></p>
+<p>The resizing method will create a thumbnail file (and preserve the
+original) if you set this preference to TRUE:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;create_thumb&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This single preference determines whether a thumbnail is created or not.</p>
+<p><strong>Creating a Copy</strong></p>
+<p>The resizing method will create a copy of the image file (and preserve
+the original) if you set a path and/or a new filename using this
+preference:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;new_image&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/new_image.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notes regarding this preference:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>If only the new image name is specified it will be placed in the same
+folder as the original</li>
+<li>If only the path is specified, the new image will be placed in the
+destination with the same name as the original.</li>
+<li>If both the path and image name are specified it will placed in its
+own destination and given the new name.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Resizing the Original Image</strong></p>
+<p>If neither of the two preferences listed above (create_thumb, and
+new_image) are used, the resizing method will instead target the
+original image for processing.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Image_lib::crop">
+<code class="descname">crop</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Image_lib::crop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The cropping method works nearly identically to the resizing function
+except it requires that you set preferences for the X and Y axis (in
+pixels) specifying where to crop, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;x_axis&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;y_axis&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>All preferences listed in the <a class="reference internal" href="#processing-preferences"><span class="std std-ref">Preferences</span></a> table are available for this
+method except these: <em>rotation_angle</em>, <em>create_thumb</em> and <em>new_image</em>.</p>
+<p>Here’s an example showing how you might crop an image:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;image_library&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;imagemagick&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;library_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/X11R6/bin/&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;source_image&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/image/mypic.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;x_axis&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;y_axis&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">crop</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_errors</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Without a visual interface it is difficult to crop images, so this
+method is not very useful unless you intend to build such an
+interface. That’s exactly what we did using for the photo gallery module
+in ExpressionEngine, the CMS we develop. We added a JavaScript UI that
+lets the cropping area be selected.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Image_lib::rotate">
+<code class="descname">rotate</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Image_lib::rotate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The image rotation method requires that the angle of rotation be set
+via its preference:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;rotation_angle&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;90&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>There are 5 rotation options:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>90 - rotates counter-clockwise by 90 degrees.</li>
+<li>180 - rotates counter-clockwise by 180 degrees.</li>
+<li>270 - rotates counter-clockwise by 270 degrees.</li>
+<li>hor - flips the image horizontally.</li>
+<li>vrt - flips the image vertically.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Here’s an example showing how you might rotate an image:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;image_library&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;netpbm&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;library_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/bin/&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;source_image&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/image/mypic.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;rotation_angle&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hor&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">rotate</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_errors</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Image_lib::watermark">
+<code class="descname">watermark</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Image_lib::watermark" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Creates a watermark over an image, please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="#watermarking"><span class="std std-ref">Watermarking an Image</span></a>
+section for more info.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Image_lib::clear">
+<code class="descname">clear</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Image_lib::clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">void</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The clear method resets all of the values used when processing an
+image. You will want to call this if you are processing images in a
+loop.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">clear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Image_lib::display_errors">
+<code class="descname">display_errors</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$open = '&lt;p&gt;</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$close = '&lt;/p&gt;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Image_lib::display_errors" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$open</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error message opening tag</li>
+<li><strong>$close</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error message closing tag</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Error messages</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns all detected errors formatted as a string.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">image_lib</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_errors</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
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+
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Libraries</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="libraries">
+<h1>Libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#libraries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="benchmark.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Benchmarking Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="../general/styleguide.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="PHP Style Guide"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/input.html b/user_guide/libraries/input.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d5dcaccf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/input.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1191 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Input Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Javascript Class" href="javascript.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Image Manipulation Class" href="image_lib.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Input Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="input-class">
+<h1>Input Class<a class="headerlink" href="#input-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Input Class serves two purposes:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>It pre-processes global input data for security.</li>
+<li>It provides some helper methods for fetching input data and pre-processing it.</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This class is initialized automatically by the system so there
+is no need to do it manually.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-filtering" id="id1">Input Filtering</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#security-filtering" id="id2">Security Filtering</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#xss-filtering" id="id3">XSS Filtering</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#accessing-form-data" id="id4">Accessing form data</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-post-get-cookie-or-server-data" id="id5">Using POST, GET, COOKIE, or SERVER Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-php-input-stream" id="id6">Using the php://input stream</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id7">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="input-filtering">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Input Filtering</a><a class="headerlink" href="#input-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="security-filtering">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Security Filtering</a><a class="headerlink" href="#security-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The security filtering method is called automatically when a new
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> is invoked. It does the
+following:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['allow_get_array']</span></code> is FALSE (default is TRUE), destroys
+the global GET array.</li>
+<li>Destroys all global variables in the event register_globals is
+turned on.</li>
+<li>Filters the GET/POST/COOKIE array keys, permitting only alpha-numeric
+(and a few other) characters.</li>
+<li>Provides XSS (Cross-site Scripting Hacks) filtering. This can be
+enabled globally, or upon request.</li>
+<li>Standardizes newline characters to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PHP_EOL</span></code> (\n in UNIX-based OSes,
+\r\n under Windows). This is configurable.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="xss-filtering">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">XSS Filtering</a><a class="headerlink" href="#xss-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The Input class has the ability to filter input automatically to prevent
+cross-site scripting attacks. If you want the filter to run
+automatically every time it encounters POST or COOKIE data you can
+enable it by opening your <em>application/config/config.php</em> file and setting
+this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;global_xss_filtering&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="security.html"><span class="doc">Security class</span></a> documentation for
+information on using XSS Filtering in your application.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The ‘global_xss_filtering’ setting is DEPRECATED and kept
+solely for backwards-compatibility purposes. XSS escaping should
+be performed on <em>output</em>, not <em>input</em>!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="accessing-form-data">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Accessing form data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-form-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="using-post-get-cookie-or-server-data">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Using POST, GET, COOKIE, or SERVER Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-post-get-cookie-or-server-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>CodeIgniter comes with helper methods that let you fetch POST, GET,
+COOKIE or SERVER items. The main advantage of using the provided
+methods rather than fetching an item directly (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST['something']</span></code>)
+is that the methods will check to see if the item is set and return
+NULL if not. This lets you conveniently use data without
+having to test whether an item exists first. In other words, normally
+you might do something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">isset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;something&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="nv">$_POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;something&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With CodeIgniter’s built in methods you can simply do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;something&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The main methods are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;input-&gt;post()</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;input-&gt;get()</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;input-&gt;cookie()</span></code></li>
+<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;input-&gt;server()</span></code></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-the-php-input-stream">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Using the php://input stream</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-php-input-stream" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you want to utilize the PUT, DELETE, PATCH or other exotic request
+methods, they can only be accessed via a special input stream, that
+can only be read once. This isn’t as easy as just reading from e.g.
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> array, because it will always exist and you can try
+and access multiple variables without caring that you might only have
+one shot at all of the POST data.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter will take care of that for you, and you can read the data
+from the <strong>php://input</strong> stream at any time, just by using the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$raw_input_stream</span></code> property:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">raw_input_stream</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Additionally if the input stream is form-encoded like $_POST you can
+access its values by calling the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">input_stream()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input_stream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Similar to other methods such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post()</span></code>, if the
+requested data is not found, it will return NULL and you can also
+decide whether to run the data through <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code> by passing
+a boolean value as the second parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input_stream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// XSS Clean</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input_stream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// No XSS filter</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You can utilize <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">method()</span></code> in order to know if you’re reading
+PUT, DELETE or PATCH data.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Input">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Input</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$raw_input_stream</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read only property that will return php://input data as is.</p>
+<p>The property can be read multiple times.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::post">
+<code class="descname">post</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$index = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$xss_clean = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::post" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$index</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – POST parameter name</li>
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">$_POST if no parameters supplied, otherwise the POST value if found or NULL if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The first parameter will contain the name of the POST item you are
+looking for:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_data&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The method returns NULL if the item you are attempting to retrieve
+does not exist.</p>
+<p>The second optional parameter lets you run the data through the XSS
+filter. It’s enabled by setting the second parameter to boolean TRUE
+or by setting your <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['global_xss_filtering']</span></code> to TRUE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_data&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To return an array of all POST items call without any parameters.</p>
+<p>To return all POST items and pass them through the XSS filter set the
+first parameter NULL while setting the second parameter to boolean TRUE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// returns all POST items with XSS filter</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// returns all POST items without XSS filter</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To return an array of multiple POST parameters, pass all the required keys
+as an array.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;field2&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Same rule applied here, to retrieve the parameters with XSS filtering enabled, set the
+second parameter to boolean TRUE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;field2&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::get">
+<code class="descname">get</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$index = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$xss_clean = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$index</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – GET parameter name</li>
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">$_GET if no parameters supplied, otherwise the GET value if found or NULL if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post()</span></code>, only it fetches GET data.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_data&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To return an array of all GET items call without any parameters.</p>
+<p>To return all GET items and pass them through the XSS filter set the
+first parameter NULL while setting the second parameter to boolean TRUE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// returns all GET items with XSS filter</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// returns all GET items without XSS filtering</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To return an array of multiple GET parameters, pass all the required keys
+as an array.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;field2&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Same rule applied here, to retrieve the parameters with XSS filtering enabled, set the
+second parameter to boolean TRUE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;field1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;field2&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::post_get">
+<code class="descname">post_get</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$index</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$xss_clean = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::post_get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$index</strong> (<em>string</em>) – POST/GET parameter name</li>
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">POST/GET value if found, NULL if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method works pretty much the same way as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></code>,
+only combined. It will search through both POST and GET streams for data,
+looking in POST first, and then in GET:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post_get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_data&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::get_post">
+<code class="descname">get_post</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$index</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$xss_clean = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::get_post" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$index</strong> (<em>string</em>) – GET/POST parameter name</li>
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">GET/POST value if found, NULL if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method works the same way as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post_get()</span></code> only it looks for GET
+data first.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>$this-&gt;input-&gt;get_post(‘some_data’, TRUE);</div></blockquote>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method used to act EXACTLY like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post_get()</span></code>, but it’s
+behavior has changed in CodeIgniter 3.0.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::cookie">
+<code class="descname">cookie</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$index = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$xss_clean = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$index</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – COOKIE name</li>
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">$_COOKIE if no parameters supplied, otherwise the COOKIE value if found or NULL if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></code>, only it fetches cookie
+data:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_cookie&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_cookie&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// with XSS filter</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To return an array of multiple cookie values, pass all the required keys
+as an array.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_cookie&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;some_cookie2&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Unlike the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html"><span class="doc">Cookie Helper</span></a>
+function <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html#get_cookie" title="get_cookie"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_cookie()</span></code></a>, this method does NOT prepend
+your configured <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['cookie_prefix']</span></code> value.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::server">
+<code class="descname">server</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$index</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$xss_clean = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::server" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$index</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Value name</li>
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">$_SERVER item value if found, NULL if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookie()</span></code>
+methods, only it fetches server data (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER</span></code>):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">server</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_data&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To return an array of multiple <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER</span></code> values, pass all the required keys
+as an array.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">server</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SERVER_PROTOCOL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;REQUEST_URI&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::input_stream">
+<code class="descname">input_stream</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$index = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$xss_clean = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::input_stream" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$index</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Key name</li>
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Input stream array if no parameters supplied, otherwise the specified value if found or NULL if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cookie()</span></code>,
+only it fetches the <em>php://input</em> stream data.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::set_cookie">
+<code class="descname">set_cookie</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$name = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$expire = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$domain = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$path = '/'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$prefix = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$secure = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$httponly = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::set_cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Cookie name or an array of parameters</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie value</li>
+<li><strong>$expire</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Cookie expiration time in seconds</li>
+<li><strong>$domain</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie domain</li>
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie path</li>
+<li><strong>$prefix</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Cookie name prefix</li>
+<li><strong>$secure</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to only transfer the cookie through HTTPS</li>
+<li><strong>$httponly</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to only make the cookie accessible for HTTP requests (no JavaScript)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets a cookie containing the values you specify. There are two ways to
+pass information to this method so that a cookie can be set: Array
+Method, and Discrete Parameters:</p>
+<p><strong>Array Method</strong></p>
+<p>Using this method, an associative array is passed to the first
+parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$cookie</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;The Cookie Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;The Value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;expire&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;86500&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;domain&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;.some-domain.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;path&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;prefix&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myprefix_&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;secure&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$cookie</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>
+<p>Only the name and value are required. To delete a cookie set it with the
+expiration blank.</p>
+<p>The expiration is set in <strong>seconds</strong>, which will be added to the current
+time. Do not include the time, but rather only the number of seconds
+from <em>now</em> that you wish the cookie to be valid. If the expiration is
+set to zero the cookie will only last as long as the browser is open.</p>
+<p>For site-wide cookies regardless of how your site is requested, add your
+URL to the <strong>domain</strong> starting with a period, like this:
+.your-domain.com</p>
+<p>The path is usually not needed since the method sets a root path.</p>
+<p>The prefix is only needed if you need to avoid name collisions with
+other identically named cookies for your server.</p>
+<p>The <em>httponly</em> and <em>secure</em> flags, when omitted, will default to your
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['cookie_httponly']</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['cookie_secure']</span></code> settings.</p>
+<p><strong>Discrete Parameters</strong></p>
+<p>If you prefer, you can set the cookie by passing data using individual
+parameters:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$expire</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$domain</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$prefix</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$secure</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::ip_address">
+<code class="descname">ip_address</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::ip_address" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Visitor’s IP address or ‘0.0.0.0’ if not valid</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the IP address for the current user. If the IP address is not
+valid, the method will return ‘0.0.0.0’:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ip_address</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">This method takes into account the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['proxy_ips']</span></code>
+setting and will return the reported HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR,
+HTTP_CLIENT_IP, HTTP_X_CLIENT_IP or HTTP_X_CLUSTER_CLIENT_IP
+address for the allowed IP addresses.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::valid_ip">
+<code class="descname">valid_ip</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$ip</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$which = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::valid_ip" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$ip</strong> (<em>string</em>) – IP address</li>
+<li><strong>$which</strong> (<em>string</em>) – IP protocol (‘ipv4’ or ‘ipv6’)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the address is valid, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes an IP address as input and returns TRUE or FALSE (boolean) depending
+on whether it is valid or not.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The $this-&gt;input-&gt;ip_address() method above automatically
+validates the IP address.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">valid_ip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$ip</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Not Valid&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Valid&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Accepts an optional second string parameter of ‘ipv4’ or ‘ipv6’ to specify
+an IP format. The default checks for both formats.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::user_agent">
+<code class="descname">user_agent</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$xss_clean = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::user_agent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">User agent string or NULL if not set</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the user agent string (web browser) being used by the current user,
+or NULL if it’s not available.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">user_agent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html"><span class="doc">User Agent Class</span></a> for methods which extract
+information from the user agent string.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::request_headers">
+<code class="descname">request_headers</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$xss_clean = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::request_headers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array of HTTP request headers</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array of HTTP request headers.
+Useful if running in a non-Apache environment where
+<a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/apache_request_headers">apache_request_headers()</a>
+will not be supported.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">request_headers</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::get_request_header">
+<code class="descname">get_request_header</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$index</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$xss_clean = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::get_request_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$index</strong> (<em>string</em>) – HTTP request header name</li>
+<li><strong>$xss_clean</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to apply XSS filtering</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An HTTP request header or NULL if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a single member of the request headers array or NULL
+if the searched header is not found.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_request_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some-header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::is_ajax_request">
+<code class="descname">is_ajax_request</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::is_ajax_request" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if it is an Ajax request, FALSE if not</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Checks to see if the HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH server header has been
+set, and returns boolean TRUE if it is or FALSE if not.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::is_cli_request">
+<code class="descname">is_cli_request</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::is_cli_request" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if it is a CLI request, FALSE if not</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Checks to see if the application was run from the command-line
+interface.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method checks both the PHP SAPI name currently in use
+and if the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">STDIN</span></code> constant is defined, which is usually a
+failsafe way to see if PHP is being run via the command line.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_cli_request</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is DEPRECATED and is now just an alias for the
+<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_cli()</span></code> function.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Input::method">
+<code class="descname">method</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$upper = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Input::method" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$upper</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to return the request method name in upper or lower case</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTTP request method</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']</span></code>, with the option to set it
+in uppercase or lowercase.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Outputs: POST</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Outputs: post</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Outputs: post</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="javascript.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Javascript Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="image_lib.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Image Manipulation Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/javascript.html b/user_guide/libraries/javascript.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e316496b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/javascript.html
@@ -0,0 +1,802 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Javascript Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Language Class" href="language.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Input Class" href="input.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+  <div id="nav">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
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+  </a>
+</div>
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+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
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+        
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+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Javascript Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="javascript-class">
+<h1>Javascript Class<a class="headerlink" href="#javascript-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter provides a library to help you with certain common functions
+that you may want to use with Javascript. Please note that CodeIgniter
+does not require the jQuery library to run, and that any scripting
+library will work equally well. The jQuery library is simply presented
+as a convenience if you choose to use it.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">This library is DEPRECATED and should not be used. It has always
+been with an ‘experimental’ status and is now no longer supported.
+Currently only kept for backwards compatibility.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-javascript-class" id="id3">Using the Javascript Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id4">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setup-and-configuration" id="id5">Setup and Configuration</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#set-these-variables-in-your-view" id="id6">Set these variables in your view</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#set-the-path-to-the-librarys-with-config-items" id="id7">Set the path to the librarys with config items</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-jquery-class" id="id8">The jQuery Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#jquery-events" id="id9">jQuery Events</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#effects" id="id10">Effects</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#hide-show" id="id11">hide() / show()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#toggle" id="id12">toggle()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#animate" id="id13">animate()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fadein-fadeout" id="id14">fadeIn() / fadeOut()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#toggleclass" id="id15">toggleClass()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2" id="id16">fadeIn() / fadeOut()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#slideup-slidedown-slidetoggle" id="id17">slideUp() / slideDown() / slideToggle()</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plugins" id="id18">Plugins</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#corner" id="id19">corner()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tablesorter" id="id20">tablesorter()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#modal" id="id21">modal()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calendar" id="id22">calendar()</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-javascript-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Using the Javascript Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-javascript-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To initialize the Javascript class manually in your controller
+constructor, use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code> method. Currently,
+the only available library is jQuery, which will automatically be
+loaded like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;javascript&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The Javascript class also accepts parameters:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>js_library_driver (string) <em>default: ‘jquery’</em></li>
+<li>autoload (bool) <em>default: TRUE</em></li>
+</ul>
+<p>You may override the defaults by sending an associative array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;javascript&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;js_library_driver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;scripto&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;autoload&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Again, presently only ‘jquery’ is available. You may wish to set
+autoload to FALSE, though, if you do not want the jQuery library to
+automatically include a script tag for the main jQuery script file. This
+is useful if you are loading it from a location outside of CodeIgniter,
+or already have the script tag in your markup.</p>
+<p>Once loaded, the jQuery library object will be available using:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>$this-&gt;javascript</div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setup-and-configuration">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Setup and Configuration</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setup-and-configuration" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="section" id="set-these-variables-in-your-view">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Set these variables in your view</a><a class="headerlink" href="#set-these-variables-in-your-view" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>As a Javascript library, your files must be available to your
+application.</p>
+<p>As Javascript is a client side language, the library must be able to
+write content into your final output. This generally means a view.
+You’ll need to include the following variables in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;head&gt;</span></code>
+sections of your output.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$library_src</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$script_head</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$library_src</span></code>, is where the actual library file will be loaded, as
+well as any subsequent plugin script calls; $script_head is where
+specific events, functions and other commands will be rendered.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="set-the-path-to-the-librarys-with-config-items">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Set the path to the librarys with config items</a><a class="headerlink" href="#set-the-path-to-the-librarys-with-config-items" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>There are some configuration items in Javascript library. These can
+either be set in <em>application/config.php</em>, within its own
+<em>config/javascript.php</em> file, or within any controller usings the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_item()</span></code> function.</p>
+<p>An image to be used as an “ajax loader”, or progress indicator. Without
+one, the simple text message of “loading” will appear when Ajax calls
+need to be made.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;javascript_location&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://localhost/codeigniter/themes/js/jquery/&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;javascript_ajax_img&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;images/ajax-loader.gif&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you keep your files in the same directories they were downloaded
+from, then you need not set this configuration items.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-jquery-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">The jQuery Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-jquery-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To initialize the jQuery class manually in your controller constructor,
+use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;javascript/jquery&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You may send an optional parameter to determine whether or not a script
+tag for the main jQuery file will be automatically included when loading
+the library. It will be created by default. To prevent this, load the
+library as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;javascript/jquery&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the jQuery library object will be available using:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>$this-&gt;jquery</div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="jquery-events">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">jQuery Events</a><a class="headerlink" href="#jquery-events" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Events are set using the following syntax.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;element_path&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">code_to_run</span><span class="p">());</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>“event” is any of blur, change, click, dblclick, error, focus, hover,
+keydown, keyup, load, mousedown, mouseup, mouseover, mouseup, resize,
+scroll, or unload.</li>
+<li>“element_path” is any valid <a class="reference external" href="http://api.jquery.com/category/selectors/">jQuery selector</a>. Due to jQuery’s unique
+selector syntax, this is usually an element id, or CSS selector. For
+example “#notice_area” would effect <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;div</span> <span class="pre">id=&quot;notice_area&quot;&gt;</span></code>, and
+“#content a.notice” would effect all anchors with a class of “notice”
+in the div with id “content”.</li>
+<li>“<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">code_to_run()</span></code>” is script your write yourself, or an action such as
+an effect from the jQuery library below.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="effects">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Effects</a><a class="headerlink" href="#effects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The query library supports a powerful
+<a class="reference external" href="http://api.jquery.com/category/effects/">Effects</a> repertoire. Before an effect
+can be used, it must be loaded:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">effect</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">path</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="nx">plugin</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// for example $this-&gt;jquery-&gt;effect(&#39;bounce&#39;);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hide-show">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">hide() / show()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#hide-show" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Each of this functions will affect the visibility of an item on your
+page. hide() will set an item invisible, show() will reveal it.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">hide</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">speed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">extra</span> <span class="nx">information</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">show</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">speed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">extra</span> <span class="nx">information</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>“target” will be any valid jQuery selector or selectors.</li>
+<li>“speed” is optional, and is set to either slow, normal, fast, or
+alternatively a number of milliseconds.</li>
+<li>“extra information” is optional, and could include a callback, or
+other additional information.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="toggle">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">toggle()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#toggle" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>toggle() will change the visibility of an item to the opposite of its
+current state, hiding visible elements, and revealing hidden ones.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">toggle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>“target” will be any valid jQuery selector or selectors.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="animate">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">animate()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#animate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">animate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">parameters</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">speed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">extra</span> <span class="nx">information</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>“target” will be any valid jQuery selector or selectors.</li>
+<li>“parameters” in jQuery would generally include a series of CSS
+properties that you wish to change.</li>
+<li>“speed” is optional, and is set to either slow, normal, fast, or
+alternatively a number of milliseconds.</li>
+<li>“extra information” is optional, and could include a callback, or
+other additional information.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For a full summary, see
+<a class="reference external" href="http://api.jquery.com/animate/">http://api.jquery.com/animate/</a></p>
+<p>Here is an example of an animate() called on a div with an id of “note”,
+and triggered by a click using the jQuery library’s click() event.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<span class="s1">&#39;height&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="s1">&#39;width&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;50%&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="s1">&#39;marginLeft&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">125</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">click</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;#trigger&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">animate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;#note&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;normal&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="fadein-fadeout">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">fadeIn() / fadeOut()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#fadein-fadeout" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">fadeIn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">speed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">extra</span> <span class="nx">information</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">fadeOut</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">speed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">extra</span> <span class="nx">information</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>“target” will be any valid jQuery selector or selectors.</li>
+<li>“speed” is optional, and is set to either slow, normal, fast, or
+alternatively a number of milliseconds.</li>
+<li>“extra information” is optional, and could include a callback, or
+other additional information.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="toggleclass">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">toggleClass()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#toggleclass" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>This function will add or remove a CSS class to its target.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">toggleClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">class</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>“target” will be any valid jQuery selector or selectors.</li>
+<li>“class” is any CSS classname. Note that this class must be defined
+and available in a CSS that is already loaded.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id2">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">fadeIn() / fadeOut()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>These effects cause an element(s) to disappear or reappear over time.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">fadeIn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">speed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">extra</span> <span class="nx">information</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">fadeOut</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">speed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">extra</span> <span class="nx">information</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>“target” will be any valid jQuery selector or selectors.</li>
+<li>“speed” is optional, and is set to either slow, normal, fast, or
+alternatively a number of milliseconds.</li>
+<li>“extra information” is optional, and could include a callback, or
+other additional information.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="slideup-slidedown-slidetoggle">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">slideUp() / slideDown() / slideToggle()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#slideup-slidedown-slidetoggle" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>These effects cause an element(s) to slide.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">slideUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">speed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">extra</span> <span class="nx">information</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">slideDown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">speed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">extra</span> <span class="nx">information</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">slideToggle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span>  <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">speed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">optional</span> <span class="nx">extra</span> <span class="nx">information</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>“target” will be any valid jQuery selector or selectors.</li>
+<li>“speed” is optional, and is set to either slow, normal, fast, or
+alternatively a number of milliseconds.</li>
+<li>“extra information” is optional, and could include a callback, or
+other additional information.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="plugins">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Plugins</a><a class="headerlink" href="#plugins" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Some select jQuery plugins are made available using this library.</p>
+<div class="section" id="corner">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">corner()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#corner" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Used to add distinct corners to page elements. For full details see
+<a class="reference external" href="http://malsup.com/jquery/corner/">http://malsup.com/jquery/corner/</a></p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">corner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">corner_style</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>“target” will be any valid jQuery selector or selectors.</li>
+<li>“corner_style” is optional, and can be set to any valid style such
+as round, sharp, bevel, bite, dog, etc. Individual corners can be set
+by following the style with a space and using “tl” (top left), “tr”
+(top right), “bl” (bottom left), or “br” (bottom right).</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">jquery</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">corner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;#note&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;cool tl br&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tablesorter">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">tablesorter()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#tablesorter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>description to come</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="modal">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">modal()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#modal" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>description to come</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="calendar">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22">calendar()</a><a class="headerlink" href="#calendar" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>description to come</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="language.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Language Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="input.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Input Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
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+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/language.html b/user_guide/libraries/language.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05bcb8b2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/language.html
@@ -0,0 +1,733 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Language Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Loader Class" href="loader.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Javascript Class" href="javascript.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
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+    
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+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Language Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="language-class">
+<h1>Language Class<a class="headerlink" href="#language-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Language Class provides functions to retrieve language files and
+lines of text for purposes of internationalization.</p>
+<p>In your CodeIgniter <strong>system</strong> folder, you will find a <strong>language</strong> sub-directory
+containing a set of language files for the <strong>english</strong> idiom.
+The files in this directory (<strong>system/language/english/</strong>) define the regular messages,
+error messages, and other generally output terms or expressions, for the different parts
+of the CodeIgniter framework.</p>
+<p>You can create or incorporate your own language files, as needed, in order to provide
+application-specific error and other messages, or to provide translations of the core
+messages into other languages. These translations or additional messages would go inside
+your <strong>application/language/</strong> directory, with separate sub-directories for each idiom
+(for instance, ‘french’ or ‘german’).</p>
+<p>The CodeIgniter framework comes with a set of language files for the “english” idiom.
+Additional approved translations for different idioms may be found in the
+<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/bcit-ci/codeigniter3-translations">CodeIgniter 3 Translations repositories</a>.
+Each repository deals with a single idiom.</p>
+<p>When CodeIgniter loads language files, it will load the one in <strong>system/language/</strong>
+first and will then look for an override in your <strong>application/language/</strong> directory.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Each language should be stored in its own folder. For example,
+the English files are located at: system/language/english</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#handling-multiple-languages" id="id1">Handling Multiple Languages</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sample-language-files" id="id2">Sample Language Files</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-of-switching-languages" id="id3">Example of switching languages</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#internationalization" id="id4">Internationalization</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-language-class" id="id5">Using the Language Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-language-files" id="id6">Creating Language Files</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-a-language-file" id="id7">Loading A Language File</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fetching-a-line-of-text" id="id8">Fetching a Line of Text</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-language-lines-as-form-labels" id="id9">Using language lines as form labels</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#auto-loading-languages" id="id10">Auto-loading Languages</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id11">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="handling-multiple-languages">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Handling Multiple Languages</a><a class="headerlink" href="#handling-multiple-languages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you want to support multiple languages in your application, you would provide folders inside
+your <strong>application/language/</strong> directory for each of them, and you would specify the default
+language in your <strong>application/config/config.php</strong>.</p>
+<p>The <strong>application/language/english/</strong> directory would contain any additional language files
+needed by your application, for instance for error messages.</p>
+<p>Each of the other idiom-specific directories would contain the core language files that you
+obtained from the translations repositories, or that you translated yourself, as well as
+any additional ones needed by your application.</p>
+<p>You would store the language you are currently using, for instance in a session variable.</p>
+<div class="section" id="sample-language-files">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Sample Language Files</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sample-language-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">system</span><span class="o">/</span>
+        <span class="nx">language</span><span class="o">/</span>
+                <span class="nx">english</span><span class="o">/</span>
+                        <span class="o">...</span>
+                        <span class="nx">email_lang</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+                        <span class="nx">form_validation_lang</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+                        <span class="o">...</span>
+
+<span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span>
+        <span class="nx">language</span><span class="o">/</span>
+                <span class="nx">english</span><span class="o">/</span>
+                        <span class="nx">error_messages_lang</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+                <span class="nx">french</span><span class="o">/</span>
+                        <span class="o">...</span>
+                        <span class="nx">email_lang</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+                        <span class="nx">error_messages_lang</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+                        <span class="nx">form_validation_lang</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+                        <span class="o">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="example-of-switching-languages">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Example of switching languages</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-of-switching-languages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$idiom</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;language&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;error_messages&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$idiom</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$oops</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;message_key&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="internationalization">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Internationalization</a><a class="headerlink" href="#internationalization" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The Language class in CodeIgniter is meant to provide an easy and lightweight
+way to support multiplelanguages in your application. It is not meant to be a
+full implementation of what is commonly called <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization">internationalization and localization</a>.</p>
+<p>We use the term “idiom” to refer to a language using its common name,
+rather than using any of the international standards, such as “en”, “en-US”,
+or “en-CA-x-ca” for English and some of its variants.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">There is nothing to prevent you from using those abbreviations in your application!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-the-language-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Using the Language Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-language-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="creating-language-files">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Creating Language Files</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-language-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Language files must be named with <strong>_lang.php</strong> as the filename extension.
+For example, let’s say you want to create a file containing error messages.
+You might name it: error_lang.php</p>
+<p>Within the file you will assign each line of text to an array called
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$lang</span></code> with this prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$lang</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;language_key&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;The actual message to be shown&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">It’s a good practice to use a common prefix for all messages
+in a given file to avoid collisions with similarly named items in other
+files. For example, if you are creating error messages you might prefix
+them with error_</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$lang</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;error_email_missing&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You must submit an email address&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$lang</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;error_url_missing&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You must submit a URL&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$lang</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;error_username_missing&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You must submit a username&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="loading-a-language-file">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Loading A Language File</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-a-language-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In order to fetch a line from a particular file you must load the file
+first. Loading a language file is done with the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;language&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where filename is the name of the file you wish to load (without the
+file extension), and language is the language set containing it (ie,
+english). If the second parameter is missing, the default language set
+in your <strong>application/config/config.php</strong> file will be used.</p>
+<p>You can also load multiple language files at the same time by passing an array of language files as first parameter.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;filename2&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The <em>language</em> parameter can only consist of letters.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="fetching-a-line-of-text">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Fetching a Line of Text</a><a class="headerlink" href="#fetching-a-line-of-text" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Once your desired language file is loaded you can access any line of
+text using this function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;language_key&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where <em>language_key</em> is the array key corresponding to the line you wish
+to show.</p>
+<p>You can optionally pass FALSE as the second argument of that method to
+disable error logging, in case you’re not sure if the line exists:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;misc_key&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method simply returns the line. It does not echo it.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-language-lines-as-form-labels">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Using language lines as form labels</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-language-lines-as-form-labels" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>This feature has been deprecated from the language library and moved to
+the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html#lang" title="lang"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">lang()</span></code></a> function of the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html"><span class="doc">Language Helper</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="auto-loading-languages">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Auto-loading Languages</a><a class="headerlink" href="#auto-loading-languages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you find that you need a particular language globally throughout your
+application, you can tell CodeIgniter to <a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html"><span class="doc">auto-load</span></a> it during system initialization. This is done
+by opening the <strong>application/config/autoload.php</strong> file and adding the
+language(s) to the autoload array.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Lang">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Lang</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Lang" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Lang::load">
+<code class="descname">load</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$langfile</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$idiom = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$return = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$add_suffix = TRUE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$alt_path = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Lang::load" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$langfile</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Language file to load or array with multiple files</li>
+<li><strong>$idiom</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Language name (i.e. ‘english’)</li>
+<li><strong>$return</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to return the loaded array of translations</li>
+<li><strong>$add_suffix</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to add the ‘_lang’ suffix to the language file name</li>
+<li><strong>$alt_path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – An alternative path to look in for the language file</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of language lines if $return is set to TRUE, otherwise void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Loads a language file.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Lang::line">
+<code class="descname">line</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$line</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$log_errors = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Lang::line" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$line</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Language line key name</li>
+<li><strong>$log_errors</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to log an error if the line isn’t found</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Language line string or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Fetches a single translation line from the already loaded language files,
+based on the line’s name.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="loader.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Loader Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="javascript.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Javascript Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/loader.html b/user_guide/libraries/loader.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35baf6d25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/loader.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1213 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Loader Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Migrations Class" href="migration.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Language Class" href="language.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
+<div id="nav2">
+  <a href="#" id="openToc">
+    <img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" title="Toggle Table of Contents" alt="Toggle Table of Contents" />
+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
+        
+          <a href="../index.html" class="fa fa-home"> CodeIgniter</a>
+        
+        
+<div role="search">
+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+    <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+  </form>
+</div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        
+          
+          
+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Loader Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="loader-class">
+<h1>Loader Class<a class="headerlink" href="#loader-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Loader, as the name suggests, is used to load elements. These elements
+can be libraries (classes) <a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html"><span class="doc">View files</span></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html"><span class="doc">Drivers</span></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html"><span class="doc">Helpers</span></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html"><span class="doc">Models</span></a>, or your own files.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This class is initialized automatically by the system so there
+is no need to do it manually.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#application-packages" id="id2">Application “Packages”</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#package-view-files" id="id3">Package view files</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id4">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="application-packages">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Application “Packages”</a><a class="headerlink" href="#application-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>An application package allows for the easy distribution of complete sets
+of resources in a single directory, complete with its own libraries,
+models, helpers, config, and language files. It is recommended that
+these packages be placed in the application/third_party directory. Below
+is a sample map of an package directory.</p>
+<p>The following is an example of a directory for an application package
+named “Foo Bar”.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">third_party</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">foo_bar</span>
+
+<span class="nx">config</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">helpers</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">language</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">libraries</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">models</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Whatever the purpose of the “Foo Bar” application package, it has its
+own config files, helpers, language files, libraries, and models. To use
+these resources in your controllers, you first need to tell the Loader
+that you are going to be loading resources from a package, by adding the
+package path via the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_package_path()</span></code> method.</p>
+<div class="section" id="package-view-files">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Package view files</a><a class="headerlink" href="#package-view-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>By Default, package view files paths are set when <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_package_path()</span></code>
+is called. View paths are looped through, and once a match is
+encountered that view is loaded.</p>
+<p>In this instance, it is possible for view naming collisions within
+packages to occur, and possibly the incorrect package being loaded. To
+ensure against this, set an optional second parameter of FALSE when
+calling <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_package_path()</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_package_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_app&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_app_index&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Loads</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;welcome_message&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Will not load the default welcome_message b/c the second param to add_package_path is FALSE</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Reset things</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">remove_package_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_app&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Again without the second parameter:</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_package_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_app&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_app_index&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Loads</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;welcome_message&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Loads</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Loader">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Loader</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::library">
+<code class="descname">library</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$library</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$params = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$object_name = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::library" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$library</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Library name as a string or an array with multiple libraries</li>
+<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Optional array of parameters to pass to the loaded library’s constructor</li>
+<li><strong>$object_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional object name to assign the library to</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Loader</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is used to load core classes.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">We use the terms “class” and “library” interchangeably.</p>
+</div>
+<p>For example, if you would like to send email with CodeIgniter, the first
+step is to load the email class within your controller:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the library will be ready for use, using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;email</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Library files can be stored in subdirectories within the main
+“libraries” directory, or within your personal <em>application/libraries</em>
+directory. To load a file located in a subdirectory, simply include the
+path, relative to the “libraries” directory. For example, if you have
+file located at:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">libraries</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">flavors</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">Chocolate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You will load it using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;flavors/chocolate&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You may nest the file in as many subdirectories as you want.</p>
+<p>Additionally, multiple libraries can be loaded at the same time by
+passing an array of libraries to the load method.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Setting options</strong></p>
+<p>The second (optional) parameter allows you to optionally pass
+configuration setting. You will typically pass these as an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;mailtype&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;charset&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;priority&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;1&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Config options can usually also be set via a config file. Each library
+is explained in detail in its own page, so please read the information
+regarding each one you would like to use.</p>
+<p>Please take note, when multiple libraries are supplied in an array for
+the first parameter, each will receive the same parameter information.</p>
+<p><strong>Assigning a Library to a different object name</strong></p>
+<p>If the third (optional) parameter is blank, the library will usually be
+assigned to an object with the same name as the library. For example, if
+the library is named Calendar, it will be assigned to a variable named
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;calendar</span></code>.</p>
+<p>If you prefer to set your own class names you can pass its value to the
+third parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;calendar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;my_calendar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Calendar class is now accessed using:</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">my_calendar</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Please take note, when multiple libraries are supplied in an array for
+the first parameter, this parameter is discarded.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::driver">
+<code class="descname">driver</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$library</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$params = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$object_name</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::driver" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$library</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Library name as a string or an array with multiple libraries</li>
+<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Optional array of parameters to pass to the loaded library’s constructor</li>
+<li><strong>$object_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional object name to assign the library to</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Loader</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is used to load driver libraries, acts very much like the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">library()</span></code> method.</p>
+<p>As an example, if you would like to use sessions with CodeIgniter, the first
+step is to load the session driver within your controller:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the library will be ready for use, using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;session</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Driver files must be stored in a subdirectory within the main
+“libraries” directory, or within your personal <em>application/libraries</em>
+directory. The subdirectory must match the parent class name. Read the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html"><span class="doc">Drivers</span></a> description for details.</p>
+<p>Additionally, multiple driver libraries can be loaded at the same time by
+passing an array of drivers to the load method.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;cache&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Setting options</strong></p>
+<p>The second (optional) parameter allows you to optionally pass
+configuration settings. You will typically pass these as an array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;sess_driver&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;cookie&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;sess_encrypt_cookie&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;encryption_key&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mysecretkey&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">driver</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Config options can usually also be set via a config file. Each library
+is explained in detail in its own page, so please read the information
+regarding each one you would like to use.</p>
+<p><strong>Assigning a Driver to a different object name</strong></p>
+<p>If the third (optional) parameter is blank, the library will be assigned
+to an object with the same name as the parent class. For example, if
+the library is named Session, it will be assigned to a variable named
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;session</span></code>.</p>
+<p>If you prefer to set your own class names you can pass its value to the
+third parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;my_session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Session class is now accessed using:</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">my_session</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::view">
+<code class="descname">view</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$view</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$vars = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>return = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::view" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$view</strong> (<em>string</em>) – View name</li>
+<li><strong>$vars</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array of variables</li>
+<li><strong>$return</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to return the loaded view</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">View content string if $return is set to TRUE, otherwise CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is used to load your View files. If you haven’t read the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html"><span class="doc">Views</span></a> section of the user guide it is
+recommended that you do since it shows you how this method is
+typically used.</p>
+<p>The first parameter is required. It is the name of the view file you
+would like to load.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The .php file extension does not need to be specified unless
+you use something other than .php.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The second <strong>optional</strong> parameter can take an associative array or an
+object as input, which it runs through the PHP
+<a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/extract">extract()</a> function to convert to variables
+that can be used in your view files. Again, read the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html"><span class="doc">Views</span></a> page to learn how this might be useful.</p>
+<p>The third <strong>optional</strong> parameter lets you change the behavior of the
+method so that it returns data as a string rather than sending it to
+your browser. This can be useful if you want to process the data in some
+way. If you set the parameter to TRUE (boolean) it will return data. The
+default behavior is FALSE, which sends it to your browser. Remember to
+assign it to a variable if you want the data returned:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myfile&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::vars">
+<code class="descname">vars</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$vars</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$val = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::vars" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$vars</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – An array of variables or a single variable name</li>
+<li><strong>$val</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Optional variable value</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Loader</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method takes an associative array as input and generates
+variables using the PHP <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/extract">extract()</a>
+function. This method produces the same result as using the second
+parameter of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;view()</span></code> method above. The reason you
+might want to use this method independently is if you would like to
+set some global variables in the constructor of your controller and have
+them become available in any view file loaded from any method. You can
+have multiple calls to this method. The data get cached and merged
+into one array for conversion to variables.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::get_var">
+<code class="descname">get_var</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::get_var" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Variable name key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Value if key is found, NULL if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method checks the associative array of variables available to
+your views. This is useful if for any reason a var is set in a library
+or another controller method using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;vars()</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::get_vars">
+<code class="descname">get_vars</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::get_vars" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An array of all assigned view variables</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method retrieves all variables available to your views.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::clear_vars">
+<code class="descname">clear_vars</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::clear_vars" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_Loader</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Clears cached view variables.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::model">
+<code class="descname">model</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$model</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$name = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$db_conn = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::model" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$model</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Model name or an array containing multiple models</li>
+<li><strong>$name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional object name to assign the model to</li>
+<li><strong>$db_conn</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional database configuration group to load</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Loader</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If your model is located in a subdirectory, include the relative path
+from your models directory. For example, if you have a model located at
+<em>application/models/blog/Queries.php</em> you’ll load it using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog/queries&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you would like your model assigned to a different object name you can
+specify it via the second parameter of the loading method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;model_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;fubar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">fubar</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::database">
+<code class="descname">database</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$params = ''</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$return = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$query_builder = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::database" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Database group name or configuration options</li>
+<li><strong>$return</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to return the loaded database object</li>
+<li><strong>$query_builder</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to load the Query Builder</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Loaded CI_DB instance or FALSE on failure if $return is set to TRUE, otherwise CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method lets you load the database class. The two parameters are
+<strong>optional</strong>. Please see the <a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html"><span class="doc">database</span></a>
+section for more info.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::dbforge">
+<code class="descname">dbforge</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$db = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$return = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::dbforge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$db</strong> (<em>object</em>) – Database object</li>
+<li><strong>$return</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to return the Database Forge instance</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Loaded CI_DB_forge instance if $return is set to TRUE, otherwise CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Loads the <a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html"><span class="doc">Database Forge</span></a> class, please refer
+to that manual for more info.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::dbutil">
+<code class="descname">dbutil</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$db = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$return = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::dbutil" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$db</strong> (<em>object</em>) – Database object</li>
+<li><strong>$return</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to return the Database Utilities instance</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Loaded CI_DB_utility instance if $return is set to TRUE, otherwise CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Loads the <a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html"><span class="doc">Database Utilities</span></a> class, please
+refer to that manual for more info.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::helper">
+<code class="descname">helper</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$helpers</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::helper" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$helpers</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Helper name as a string or an array containing multiple helpers</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Loader</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method loads helper files, where file_name is the name of the
+file, without the _helper.php extension.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::file">
+<code class="descname">file</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$return = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – File path</li>
+<li><strong>$return</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to return the loaded file</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">File contents if $return is set to TRUE, otherwise CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This is a generic file loading method. Supply the filepath and name in
+the first parameter and it will open and read the file. By default the
+data is sent to your browser, just like a View file, but if you set the
+second parameter to boolean TRUE it will instead return the data as a
+string.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::language">
+<code class="descname">language</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$files</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$lang = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::language" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$files</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Language file name or an array of multiple language files</li>
+<li><strong>$lang</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Language name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Loader</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is an alias of the <a class="reference internal" href="language.html"><span class="doc">language loading
+method</span></a>: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;lang-&gt;load()</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::config">
+<code class="descname">config</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$file</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$use_sections = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$fail_gracefully = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::config" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$file</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Configuration file name</li>
+<li><strong>$use_sections</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether configuration values should be loaded into their own section</li>
+<li><strong>$fail_gracefully</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to just return FALSE in case of failure</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is an alias of the <a class="reference internal" href="config.html"><span class="doc">config file loading
+method</span></a>: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;config-&gt;load()</span></code></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::is_loaded">
+<code class="descname">is_loaded</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$class</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::is_loaded" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$class</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Class name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Singleton property name if found, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Allows you to check if a class has already been loaded or not.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The word “class” here refers to libraries and drivers.</p>
+</div>
+<p>If the requested class has been loaded, the method returns its assigned
+name in the CI Super-object and FALSE if it’s not:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_loaded</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>      <span class="c1">// returns &#39;form_validation&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_loaded</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Nonexistent_library&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>  <span class="c1">// returns FALSE</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">If you have more than one instance of a class (assigned to
+different properties), then the first one will be returned.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;fv&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_loaded</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>      <span class="c1">// returns &#39;fv&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::add_package_path">
+<code class="descname">add_package_path</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$view_cascade = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::add_package_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to add</li>
+<li><strong>$view_cascade</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to use cascading views</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Loader</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adding a package path instructs the Loader class to prepend a given path
+for subsequent requests for resources. As an example, the “Foo Bar”
+application package above has a library named Foo_bar.php. In our
+controller, we’d do the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_package_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;third_party/foo_bar/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo_bar&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::remove_package_path">
+<code class="descname">remove_package_path</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$path = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::remove_package_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to remove</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Loader instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Loader</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>When your controller is finished using resources from an application
+package, and particularly if you have other application packages you
+want to work with, you may wish to remove the package path so the Loader
+no longer looks in that directory for resources. To remove the last path
+added, simply call the method with no parameters.</p>
+<p>Or to remove a specific package path, specify the same path previously
+given to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_package_path()</span></code> for a package.:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">remove_package_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;third_party/foo_bar/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Loader::get_package_paths">
+<code class="descname">get_package_paths</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$include_base = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Loader::get_package_paths" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$include_base</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to include BASEPATH</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array of package paths</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns all currently available package paths.</p>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Migrations Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
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+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
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+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
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+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Migrations Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="migrations-class">
+<h1>Migrations Class<a class="headerlink" href="#migrations-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Migrations are a convenient way for you to alter your database in a
+structured and organized manner. You could edit fragments of SQL by hand
+but you would then be responsible for telling other developers that they
+need to go and run them. You would also have to keep track of which changes
+need to be run against the production machines next time you deploy.</p>
+<p>The database table <strong>migration</strong> tracks which migrations have already been
+run so all you have to do is update your application files and
+call <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;migration-&gt;current()</span></code> to work out which migrations should be run.
+The current version is found in <strong>application/config/migration.php</strong>.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#migration-file-names" id="id1">Migration file names</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#create-a-migration" id="id2">Create a Migration</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#usage-example" id="id3">Usage Example</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#migration-preferences" id="id4">Migration Preferences</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id5">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="migration-file-names">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Migration file names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#migration-file-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Each Migration is run in numeric order forward or backwards depending on the
+method taken. Two numbering styles are available:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Sequential:</strong> each migration is numbered in sequence, starting with <strong>001</strong>.
+Each number must be three digits, and there must not be any gaps in the
+sequence. (This was the numbering scheme prior to CodeIgniter 3.0.)</li>
+<li><strong>Timestamp:</strong> each migration is numbered using the timestamp when the migration
+was created, in <strong>YYYYMMDDHHIISS</strong> format (e.g. <strong>20121031100537</strong>). This
+helps prevent numbering conflicts when working in a team environment, and is
+the preferred scheme in CodeIgniter 3.0 and later.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The desired style may be selected using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['migration_type']</span></code>
+setting in your <em>application/config/migration.php</em> file.</p>
+<p>Regardless of which numbering style you choose to use, prefix your migration
+files with the migration number followed by an underscore and a descriptive
+name for the migration. For example:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>001_add_blog.php (sequential numbering)</li>
+<li>20121031100537_add_blog.php (timestamp numbering)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="create-a-migration">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Create a Migration</a><a class="headerlink" href="#create-a-migration" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This will be the first migration for a new site which has a blog. All
+migrations go in the <strong>application/migrations/</strong> directory and have names such
+as <em>20121031100537_add_blog.php</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="nb">defined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;BASEPATH&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;No direct script access allowed&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Migration_Add_blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Migration</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">up</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;INT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;constraint&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;unsigned&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;auto_increment&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span>
+                        <span class="p">),</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;VARCHAR&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;constraint&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;100&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="p">),</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_description&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;TEXT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;null&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="p">));</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_id&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">create_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">down</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbforge</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">drop_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Then in <strong>application/config/migration.php</strong> set <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['migration_version']</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">20121031100537;</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="usage-example">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Usage Example</a><a class="headerlink" href="#usage-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In this example some simple code is placed in <strong>application/controllers/Migrate.php</strong>
+to update the schema.:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Migrate</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;migration&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">migration</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">current</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="nx">show_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">migration</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">error_string</span><span class="p">());</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="migration-preferences">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Migration Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#migration-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following is a table of all the config options for migrations.</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="22%" />
+<col width="18%" />
+<col width="22%" />
+<col width="38%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default</th>
+<th class="head">Options</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>migration_enabled</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE / FALSE</td>
+<td>Enable or disable migrations.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>migration_path</strong></td>
+<td>APPPATH.’migrations/’</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The path to your migrations folder.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>migration_version</strong></td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The current version your database should use.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>migration_table</strong></td>
+<td>migrations</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>The table name for storing the schema
+version number.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>migration_auto_latest</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE / FALSE</td>
+<td>Enable or disable automatically
+running migrations.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>migration_type</strong></td>
+<td>‘timestamp’</td>
+<td>‘timestamp’ / ‘sequential’</td>
+<td>The type of numeric identifier used to name
+migration files.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Migration">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Migration</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Migration" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Migration::current">
+<code class="descname">current</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Migration::current" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if no migrations are found, current version string on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">mixed</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Migrates up to the current version (whatever is set for
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['migration_version']</span></code> in <em>application/config/migration.php</em>).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Migration::error_string">
+<code class="descname">error_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Migration::error_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Error messages</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This returns a string of errors that were detected while performing a migration.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Migration::find_migrations">
+<code class="descname">find_migrations</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Migration::find_migrations" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An array of migration files</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>An array of migration filenames are returned that are found in the <strong>migration_path</strong> property.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Migration::latest">
+<code class="descname">latest</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Migration::latest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Current version string on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">mixed</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This works much the same way as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">current()</span></code> but instead of looking for
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['migration_version']</span></code> the Migration class will use the very
+newest migration found in the filesystem.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Migration::version">
+<code class="descname">version</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$target_version</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Migration::version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$target_version</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Migration version to process</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if no migrations are found, current version string on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Version can be used to roll back changes or step forwards programmatically to
+specific versions. It works just like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">current()</span></code> but ignores <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['migration_version']</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">migration</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">version</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="output.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Output Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/output.html b/user_guide/libraries/output.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47d5fd8af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/output.html
@@ -0,0 +1,912 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Output Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Pagination Class" href="pagination.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Migrations Class" href="migration.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
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+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Output Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="output-class">
+<h1>Output Class<a class="headerlink" href="#output-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Output class is a core class with one main function: To send the
+finalized web page to the requesting browser. It is also responsible for
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html"><span class="doc">caching</span></a> your web pages, if you use that
+feature.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This class is initialized automatically by the system so there
+is no need to do it manually.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Under normal circumstances you won’t even notice the Output class since
+it works transparently without your intervention. For example, when you
+use the <a class="reference internal" href="loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader</span></a> class to load a view file,
+it’s automatically passed to the Output class, which will be called
+automatically by CodeIgniter at the end of system execution. It is
+possible, however, for you to manually intervene with the output if you
+need to.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id1">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Output">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Output</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$parse_exec_vars = TRUE;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enables/disables parsing of the {elapsed_time} and {memory_usage} pseudo-variables.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter will parse those tokens in your output by default. To disable this, set
+this property to FALSE in your controller.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse_exec_vars</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::set_output">
+<code class="descname">set_output</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$output</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::set_output" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$output</strong> (<em>string</em>) – String to set the output to</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Output instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Output</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to manually set the final output string. Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">If you do set your output manually, it must be the last thing done
+in the function you call it from. For example, if you build a page in one
+of your controller methods, don’t set the output until the end.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::set_content_type">
+<code class="descname">set_content_type</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$mime_type</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$charset = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::set_content_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$mime_type</strong> (<em>string</em>) – MIME Type idenitifer string</li>
+<li><strong>$charset</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Character set</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Output instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Output</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to set the mime-type of your page so you can serve JSON data, JPEG’s, XML, etc easily.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_content_type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;application/json&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">json_encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)));</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_content_type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;jpeg&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// You could also use &quot;.jpeg&quot; which will have the full stop removed before looking in config/mimes.php</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">file_get_contents</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;files/something.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Make sure any non-mime string you pass to this method
+exists in <em>application/config/mimes.php</em> or it will have no effect.</p>
+</div>
+<p>You can also set the character set of the document, by passing a second argument:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_content_type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;css&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::get_content_type">
+<code class="descname">get_content_type</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::get_content_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Content-Type string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the Content-Type HTTP header that’s currently in use, excluding the character set value.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$mime</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_content_type</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If not set, the default return value is ‘text/html’.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::get_header">
+<code class="descname">get_header</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$header</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::get_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$header</strong> (<em>string</em>) – HTTP header name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTTP response header or NULL if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the requested HTTP header value, or NULL if the requested header is not set.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_content_type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;text/plain&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;UTF-8&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;content-type&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Outputs: text/plain; charset=utf-8</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The header name is compared in a case-insensitive manner.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Raw headers sent via PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header()</span></code> function are also detected.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::get_output">
+<code class="descname">get_output</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::get_output" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Output string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to manually retrieve any output that has been sent for
+storage in the output class. Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_output</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that data will only be retrievable from this function if it has
+been previously sent to the output class by one of the CodeIgniter
+functions like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;view()</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::append_output">
+<code class="descname">append_output</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$output</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::append_output" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$output</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Additional output data to append</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Output instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Output</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Appends data onto the output string.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">append_output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::set_header">
+<code class="descname">set_header</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$header</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$replace = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::set_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$header</strong> (<em>string</em>) – HTTP response header</li>
+<li><strong>$replace</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to replace the old header value, if it is already set</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Output instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Output</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to manually set server headers, which the output class will
+send for you when outputting the final rendered display. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;HTTP/1.0 200 OK&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;HTTP/1.1 200 OK&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Last-Modified: &#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nb">gmdate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;D, d M Y H:i:s&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$last_update</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39; GMT&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Cache-Control: post-check=0, pre-check=0&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Pragma: no-cache&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::set_status_header">
+<code class="descname">set_status_header</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$code = 200</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$text = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::set_status_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$code</strong> (<em>int</em>) – HTTP status code</li>
+<li><strong>$text</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional message</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Output instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Output</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to manually set a server status header. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_status_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">401</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Sets the header as:  Unauthorized</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html">See here</a> for a full list of headers.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html"><span class="doc">Common function</span></a>
+<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_status_header()</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::enable_profiler">
+<code class="descname">enable_profiler</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$val = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::enable_profiler" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$val</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to enable or disable the Profiler</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Output instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Output</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to enable/disable the <a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler</span></a>, which will display benchmark
+and other data at the bottom of your pages for debugging and optimization purposes.</p>
+<p>To enable the profiler place the following line anywhere within your
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">Controller</span></a> methods:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">enable_profiler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When enabled a report will be generated and inserted at the bottom of your pages.</p>
+<p>To disable the profiler you would use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">enable_profiler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::set_profiler_sections">
+<code class="descname">set_profiler_sections</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$sections</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::set_profiler_sections" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$sections</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Profiler sections</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Output instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Output</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to enable/disable specific sections of the Profiler when it is enabled.
+Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html"><span class="doc">Profiler</span></a> documentation for further information.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::cache">
+<code class="descname">cache</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$time</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::cache" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$time</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Cache expiration time in minutes</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Output instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Output</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Caches the current page for the specified amount of minutes.</p>
+<p>For more information, please see the <a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html"><span class="doc">caching documentation</span></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Output::_display">
+<code class="descname">_display</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$output = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Output::_display" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$output</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Output data override</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sends finalized output data to the browser along with any server headers. It also stops benchmark
+timers.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is called automatically at the end of script execution, you won’t need to
+call it manually unless you are aborting script execution using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exit()</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">die()</span></code> in your code.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;status&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;OK&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_status_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_content_type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;application/json&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">json_encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$response</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">JSON_PRETTY_PRINT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nx">JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nx">JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES</span><span class="p">))</span>
+        <span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">_display</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">exit</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Calling this method manually without aborting script execution will result in duplicated output.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="pagination.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Pagination Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="migration.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Migrations Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+    </section>
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+  
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+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/pagination.html b/user_guide/libraries/pagination.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..552a807c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/pagination.html
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Pagination Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Template Parser Class" href="parser.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Output Class" href="output.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
+      
+  </div>
+</div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Pagination Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="pagination-class">
+<h1>Pagination Class<a class="headerlink" href="#pagination-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s Pagination class is very easy to use, and it is 100%
+customizable, either dynamically or via stored preferences.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example" id="id1">Example</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#notes" id="id2">Notes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-preferences-in-a-config-file" id="id3">Setting preferences in a config file</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customizing-the-pagination" id="id4">Customizing the Pagination</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-enclosing-markup" id="id5">Adding Enclosing Markup</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customizing-the-first-link" id="id6">Customizing the First Link</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customizing-the-last-link" id="id7">Customizing the Last Link</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customizing-the-next-link" id="id8">Customizing the “Next” Link</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customizing-the-previous-link" id="id9">Customizing the “Previous” Link</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customizing-the-current-page-link" id="id10">Customizing the “Current Page” Link</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customizing-the-digit-link" id="id11">Customizing the “Digit” Link</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#hiding-the-pages" id="id12">Hiding the Pages</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-attributes-to-anchors" id="id13">Adding attributes to anchors</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#disabling-the-rel-attribute" id="id14">Disabling the “rel” attribute</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id15">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><p>If you are not familiar with the term “pagination”, it refers to links
+that allows you to navigate from page to page, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">«</span> <span class="nx">First  </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx"> 1 2 3 4 5 </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">  Last</span> <span class="nx">»</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="example">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Example</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here is a simple example showing how to create pagination in one of your
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> methods:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;pagination&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;base_url&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/index.php/test/page/&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;total_rows&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;per_page&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">pagination</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">pagination</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">create_links</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="notes">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Notes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config</span></code> array contains your configuration variables. It is passed to
+the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;pagination-&gt;initialize()</span></code> method as shown above. Although
+there are some twenty items you can configure, at minimum you need the
+three shown. Here is a description of what those items represent:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>base_url</strong> This is the full URL to the controller class/function
+containing your pagination. In the example above, it is pointing to a
+controller called “Test” and a function called “page”. Keep in mind
+that you can <a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html"><span class="doc">re-route your URI</span></a> if you
+need a different structure.</li>
+<li><strong>total_rows</strong> This number represents the total rows in the result
+set you are creating pagination for. Typically this number will be
+the total rows that your database query returned.</li>
+<li><strong>per_page</strong> The number of items you intend to show per page. In the
+above example, you would be showing 20 items per page.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_links()</span></code> method returns an empty string when there is no
+pagination to show.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-preferences-in-a-config-file">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Setting preferences in a config file</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-preferences-in-a-config-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you prefer not to set preferences using the above method, you can
+instead put them into a config file. Simply create a new file called
+pagination.php, add the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config</span></code> array in that file. Then save the file
+in <em>application/config/pagination.php</em> and it will be used automatically.
+You will NOT need to use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;pagination-&gt;initialize()</span></code> if you save
+your preferences in a config file.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="customizing-the-pagination">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Customizing the Pagination</a><a class="headerlink" href="#customizing-the-pagination" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The following is a list of all the preferences you can pass to the
+initialization function to tailor the display.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘uri_segment’] = 3;</strong></p>
+<p>The pagination function automatically determines which segment of your
+URI contains the page number. If you need something different you can
+specify it.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘num_links’] = 2;</strong></p>
+<p>The number of “digit” links you would like before and after the selected
+page number. For example, the number 2 will place two digits on either
+side, as in the example links at the very top of this page.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘use_page_numbers’] = TRUE;</strong></p>
+<p>By default, the URI segment will use the starting index for the items
+you are paginating. If you prefer to show the the actual page number,
+set this to TRUE.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘page_query_string’] = TRUE;</strong></p>
+<p>By default, the pagination library assume you are using <a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html"><span class="doc">URI
+Segments</span></a>, and constructs your links something
+like:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">test</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">page</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">20</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you have <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['enable_query_strings']</span></code> set to TRUE your links
+will automatically be re-written using Query Strings. This option can
+also be explicitly set. Using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['page_query_string']</span></code> set to TRUE,
+the pagination link will become:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">test</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">page</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">per_page</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">20</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that “per_page” is the default query string passed, however can be
+configured using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['query_string_segment']</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">'your_string'</span></code></p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘reuse_query_string’] = FALSE;</strong></p>
+<p>By default your Query String arguments (nothing to do with other
+query string options) will be ignored. Setting this config to
+TRUE will add existing query string arguments back into the
+URL after the URI segment and before the suffix.:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">test</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">page</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">query</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">search</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="nx">term</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This helps you mix together normal <a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html"><span class="doc">URI Segments</span></a>
+as well as query string arguments, which until 3.0 was not possible.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘prefix’] = ‘’;</strong></p>
+<p>A custom prefix added to the path. The prefix value will be right before
+the offset segment.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘suffix’] = ‘’;</strong></p>
+<p>A custom suffix added to the path. The suffix value will be right after
+the offset segment.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘use_global_url_suffix’] = FALSE;</strong></p>
+<p>When set to TRUE, it will <strong>override</strong> the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['suffix']</span></code> value and
+instead set it to the one that you have in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['url_suffix']</span></code> in
+your <strong>application/config/config.php</strong> file.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-enclosing-markup">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Adding Enclosing Markup</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-enclosing-markup" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you would like to surround the entire pagination with some markup you
+can do it with these two preferences:</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘full_tag_open’] = ‘&lt;p&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The opening tag placed on the left side of the entire result.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘full_tag_close’] = ‘&lt;/p&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The closing tag placed on the right side of the entire result.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="customizing-the-first-link">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Customizing the First Link</a><a class="headerlink" href="#customizing-the-first-link" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$config[‘first_link’] = ‘First’;</strong></p>
+<p>The text you would like shown in the “first” link on the left. If you do
+not want this link rendered, you can set its value to FALSE.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This value can also be translated via a language file.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$config[‘first_tag_open’] = ‘&lt;div&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The opening tag for the “first” link.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘first_tag_close’] = ‘&lt;/div&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The closing tag for the “first” link.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘first_url’] = ‘’;</strong></p>
+<p>An alternative URL to use for the “first page” link.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="customizing-the-last-link">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Customizing the Last Link</a><a class="headerlink" href="#customizing-the-last-link" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$config[‘last_link’] = ‘Last’;</strong></p>
+<p>The text you would like shown in the “last” link on the right. If you do
+not want this link rendered, you can set its value to FALSE.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This value can also be translated via a language file.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$config[‘last_tag_open’] = ‘&lt;div&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The opening tag for the “last” link.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘last_tag_close’] = ‘&lt;/div&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The closing tag for the “last” link.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="customizing-the-next-link">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Customizing the “Next” Link</a><a class="headerlink" href="#customizing-the-next-link" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$config[‘next_link’] = ‘&amp;gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The text you would like shown in the “next” page link. If you do not
+want this link rendered, you can set its value to FALSE.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This value can also be translated via a language file.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$config[‘next_tag_open’] = ‘&lt;div&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The opening tag for the “next” link.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘next_tag_close’] = ‘&lt;/div&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The closing tag for the “next” link.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="customizing-the-previous-link">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Customizing the “Previous” Link</a><a class="headerlink" href="#customizing-the-previous-link" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$config[‘prev_link’] = ‘&amp;lt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The text you would like shown in the “previous” page link. If you do not
+want this link rendered, you can set its value to FALSE.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This value can also be translated via a language file.</p>
+</div>
+<p><strong>$config[‘prev_tag_open’] = ‘&lt;div&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The opening tag for the “previous” link.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘prev_tag_close’] = ‘&lt;/div&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The closing tag for the “previous” link.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="customizing-the-current-page-link">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Customizing the “Current Page” Link</a><a class="headerlink" href="#customizing-the-current-page-link" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$config[‘cur_tag_open’] = ‘&lt;b&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The opening tag for the “current” link.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘cur_tag_close’] = ‘&lt;/b&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The closing tag for the “current” link.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="customizing-the-digit-link">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Customizing the “Digit” Link</a><a class="headerlink" href="#customizing-the-digit-link" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><strong>$config[‘num_tag_open’] = ‘&lt;div&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The opening tag for the “digit” link.</p>
+<p><strong>$config[‘num_tag_close’] = ‘&lt;/div&gt;’;</strong></p>
+<p>The closing tag for the “digit” link.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hiding-the-pages">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Hiding the Pages</a><a class="headerlink" href="#hiding-the-pages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you wanted to not list the specific pages (for example, you only want
+“next” and “previous” links), you can suppress their rendering by
+adding:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;display_pages&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-attributes-to-anchors">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Adding attributes to anchors</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-attributes-to-anchors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you want to add an extra attribute to be added to every link rendered
+by the pagination class, you can set them as key/value pairs in the
+“attributes” config:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Produces: class=&quot;myclass&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;attributes&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;myclass&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Usage of the old method of setting classes via “anchor_class”
+is deprecated.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="disabling-the-rel-attribute">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Disabling the “rel” attribute</a><a class="headerlink" href="#disabling-the-rel-attribute" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>By default the rel attribute is dynamically generated and appended to
+the appropriate anchors. If for some reason you want to turn it off,
+you can pass boolean FALSE as a regular attribute</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;attributes&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;rel&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Pagination">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Pagination</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Pagination" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Pagination::initialize">
+<code class="descname">initialize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$params = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Pagination::initialize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Configuration parameters</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Pagination instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Pagination</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Initializes the Pagination class with your preferred options.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Pagination::create_links">
+<code class="descname">create_links</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Pagination::create_links" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">HTML-formatted pagination</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a “pagination” bar, containing the generated links or an empty string if there’s just a single page.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
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+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Template Parser Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="template-parser-class">
+<h1>Template Parser Class<a class="headerlink" href="#template-parser-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Template Parser Class can perform simple text substitution for
+pseudo-variables contained within your view files.
+It can parse simple variables or variable tag pairs.</p>
+<p>If you’ve never used a template engine,
+pseudo-variable names are enclosed in braces, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">blog_title</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">blog_heading</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">h3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">blog_entries</span><span class="p">}</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h5</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">h5</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog_entries</span><span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>These variables are not actual PHP variables, but rather plain text
+representations that allow you to eliminate PHP from your templates
+(view files).</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">CodeIgniter does <strong>not</strong> require you to use this class since
+using pure PHP in your view pages lets them run a little faster.
+However, some developers prefer to use a template engine if
+they work with designers who they feel would find some
+confusion working with PHP.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The Template Parser Class is <strong>not</strong> a full-blown
+template parsing solution. We’ve kept it very lean on purpose in order
+to maintain maximum performance.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-template-parser-class" id="id1">Using the Template Parser Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id2">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-templates" id="id3">Parsing templates</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#variable-pairs" id="id4">Variable Pairs</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#usage-notes" id="id5">Usage Notes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#view-fragments" id="id6">View Fragments</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id7">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-template-parser-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Template Parser Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-template-parser-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Parser class is initialized
+in your controller using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;parser&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Parser library object will be available using:
+$this-&gt;parser</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="parsing-templates">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Parsing templates</a><a class="headerlink" href="#parsing-templates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You can use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse()</span></code> method to parse (or render) simple templates,
+like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Blog Title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_heading&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Blog Heading&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_template&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter contains the name of the <a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html"><span class="doc">view
+file</span></a> (in this example the file would be called
+blog_template.php), and the second parameter contains an associative
+array of data to be replaced in the template. In the above example, the
+template would contain two variables: {blog_title} and {blog_heading}</p>
+<p>There is no need to “echo” or do something with the data returned by
+$this-&gt;parser-&gt;parse(). It is automatically passed to the output class
+to be sent to the browser. However, if you do want the data returned
+instead of sent to the output class you can pass TRUE (boolean) as the
+third parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_template&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="variable-pairs">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Variable Pairs</a><a class="headerlink" href="#variable-pairs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The above example code allows simple variables to be replaced. What if
+you would like an entire block of variables to be repeated, with each
+iteration containing new values? Consider the template example we showed
+at the top of the page:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">blog_title</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">blog_heading</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">h3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">blog_entries</span><span class="p">}</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h5</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">h5</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog_entries</span><span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above code you’ll notice a pair of variables: {blog_entries}
+data… {/blog_entries}. In a case like this, the entire chunk of data
+between these pairs would be repeated multiple times, corresponding to
+the number of rows in the “blog_entries” element of the parameters array.</p>
+<p>Parsing variable pairs is done using the identical code shown above to
+parse single variables, except, you will add a multi-dimensional array
+corresponding to your variable pair data. Consider this example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;parser&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_title&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Blog Title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_heading&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Blog Heading&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_entries&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Title 1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Body 1&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Title 2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Body 2&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Title 3&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Body 3&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Title 4&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Body 4&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Title 5&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;body&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Body 5&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_template&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If your “pair” data is coming from a database result, which is already a
+multi-dimensional array, you can simply use the database <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">result_array()</span></code>
+method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM blog&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;parser&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_title&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Blog Title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_heading&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Blog Heading&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_entries&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_template&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="usage-notes">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Usage Notes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#usage-notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you include substitution parameters that are not referenced in your
+template, they are ignored:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello, {firstname} {lastname}&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Mr&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;firstname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;lastname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Doe&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$template</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Result: Hello, John Doe</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you do not include a substitution parameter that is referenced in your
+template, the original pseudo-variable is shown in the result:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello, {firstname} {initials} {lastname}&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Mr&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;firstname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;lastname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Doe&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$template</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Result: Hello, John {initials} Doe</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you provide a string substitution parameter when an array is expected,
+i.e. for a variable pair, the substitution is done for the opening variable
+pair tag, but the closing variable pair tag is not rendered properly:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello, {firstname} {lastname} ({degrees}{degree} {/degrees})&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;degrees&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Mr&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;firstname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;lastname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Doe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;titles&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;degree&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;BSc&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;degree&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;PhD&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$template</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Result: Hello, John Doe (Mr{degree} {/degrees})</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you name one of your individual substitution parameters the same as one
+used inside a variable pair, the results may not be as expected:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello, {firstname} {lastname} ({degrees}{degree} {/degrees})&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;degree&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Mr&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;firstname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;lastname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Doe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;degrees&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;degree&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;BSc&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;degree&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;PhD&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$template</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Result: Hello, John Doe (Mr Mr )</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="view-fragments">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">View Fragments</a><a class="headerlink" href="#view-fragments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You do not have to use variable pairs to get the effect of iteration in
+your views. It is possible to use a view fragment for what would be inside
+a variable pair, and to control the iteration in your controller instead
+of in the view.</p>
+<p>An example with the iteration controlled in the view:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;ul&gt;{menuitems}</span>
+<span class="s1">        &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;{link}&quot;&gt;{title}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span>
+<span class="s1">{/menuitems}&lt;/ul&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;menuitems&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;First Link&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;link&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/first&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Second Link&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;link&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/second&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$template</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Result:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">ul</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">li</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">a</span> <span class="nx">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/first&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">First</span> <span class="nx">Link</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">a</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nx">li</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">li</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">a</span> <span class="nx">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/second&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Second</span> <span class="nx">Link</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">a</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nx">li</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">ul</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>An example with the iteration controlled in the controller,
+using a view fragment:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$temp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$template1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;{link}&quot;&gt;{title}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;First Link&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;link&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/first&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Second Link&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;link&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/second&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data1</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$menuitem</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$temp</span> <span class="o">.=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$template1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$menuitem</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;ul&gt;{menuitems}&lt;/ul&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;menuitems&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$temp</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parser</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">parse_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$template</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Result:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">ul</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">li</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">a</span> <span class="nx">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/first&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">First</span> <span class="nx">Link</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">a</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nx">li</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">li</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">a</span> <span class="nx">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/second&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Second</span> <span class="nx">Link</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">a</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nx">li</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">ul</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Parser">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Parser</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Parser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Parser::parse">
+<code class="descname">parse</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$template</em>, <em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$return = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Parser::parse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$template</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to view file</li>
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Variable data</li>
+<li><strong>$return</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to only return the parsed template</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Parsed template string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Parses a template from the provided path and variables.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Parser::parse_string">
+<code class="descname">parse_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$template</em>, <em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$return = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Parser::parse_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$template</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to view file</li>
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Variable data</li>
+<li><strong>$return</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to only return the parsed template</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Parsed template string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method works exactly like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse()</span></code>, only it accepts
+the template as a string instead of loading a view file.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Parser::set_delimiters">
+<code class="descname">set_delimiters</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$l = '{'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$r = '}'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Parser::set_delimiters" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$l</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Left delimiter</li>
+<li><strong>$r</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Right delimiter</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the delimiters (opening and closing) for a
+pseudo-variable “tag” in a template.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
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diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/security.html b/user_guide/libraries/security.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0b631ea8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/security.html
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Security Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Session Library" href="sessions.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Template Parser Class" href="parser.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Security Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="security-class">
+<h1>Security Class<a class="headerlink" href="#security-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Security Class contains methods that help you create a secure
+application, processing input data for security.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#xss-filtering" id="id1">XSS Filtering</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf" id="id2">Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id3">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="xss-filtering">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">XSS Filtering</a><a class="headerlink" href="#xss-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter comes with a Cross Site Scripting prevention filter, which
+looks for commonly used techniques to trigger JavaScript or other types
+of code that attempt to hijack cookies or do other malicious things.
+If anything disallowed is encountered it is rendered safe by converting
+the data to character entities.</p>
+<p>To filter data through the XSS filter use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">security</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xss_clean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>An optional second parameter, <em>is_image</em>, allows this function to be used
+to test images for potential XSS attacks, useful for file upload
+security. When this second parameter is set to TRUE, instead of
+returning an altered string, the function returns TRUE if the image is
+safe, and FALSE if it contained potentially malicious information that a
+browser may attempt to execute.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">security</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xss_clean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="c1">// file failed the XSS test</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">If you want to filter HTML attribute values, use
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html#html_escape" title="html_escape"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code></a> instead!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="cross-site-request-forgery-csrf">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You can enable CSRF protection by altering your <strong>application/config/config.php</strong>
+file in the following way:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;csrf_protection&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you use the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">form helper</span></a>, then
+<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_open()</span></code> will automatically insert a hidden csrf field in
+your forms. If not, then you can use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_csrf_token_name()</span></code>
+and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_csrf_hash()</span></code></p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$csrf</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">security</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_csrf_token_name</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;hash&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">security</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_csrf_hash</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="o">...</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span> <span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;hidden&quot;</span> <span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;?=</span><span class="si">$csrf[&#39;name&#39;]</span><span class="s2">;?&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;?=</span><span class="si">$csrf[&#39;hash&#39;]</span><span class="s2">;?&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Tokens may be either regenerated on every submission (default) or
+kept the same throughout the life of the CSRF cookie. The default
+regeneration of tokens provides stricter security, but may result
+in usability concerns as other tokens become invalid (back/forward
+navigation, multiple tabs/windows, asynchronous actions, etc). You
+may alter this behavior by editing the following config parameter</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;csrf_regenerate&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Select URIs can be whitelisted from csrf protection (for example API
+endpoints expecting externally POSTed content). You can add these URIs
+by editing the ‘csrf_exclude_uris’ config parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;csrf_exclude_uris&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;api/person/add&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Regular expressions are also supported (case-insensitive):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;csrf_exclude_uris&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;api/record/[0-9]+&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;api/title/[a-z]+&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Security">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Security</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Security" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Security::xss_clean">
+<code class="descname">xss_clean</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$is_image = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Security::xss_clean" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Input string or an array of strings</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">XSS-clean data</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Tries to remove XSS exploits from the input data and returns the cleaned string.
+If the optional second parameter is set to true, it will return boolean TRUE if
+the image is safe to use and FALSE if malicious data was detected in it.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">This method is not suitable for filtering HTML attribute values!
+Use <a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html#html_escape" title="html_escape"><code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_escape()</span></code></a> for that instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Security::sanitize_filename">
+<code class="descname">sanitize_filename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$relative_path = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Security::sanitize_filename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – File name/path</li>
+<li><strong>$relative_path</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to preserve any directories in the file path</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Sanitized file name/path</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Tries to sanitize filenames in order to prevent directory traversal attempts
+and other security threats, which is particularly useful for files that were supplied via user input.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">security</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">sanitize_filename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If it is acceptable for the user input to include relative paths, e.g.
+<em>file/in/some/approved/folder.txt</em>, you can set the second optional parameter, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$relative_path</span></code> to TRUE.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">security</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">sanitize_filename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Security::get_csrf_token_name">
+<code class="descname">get_csrf_token_name</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Security::get_csrf_token_name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CSRF token name</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the CSRF token name (the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['csrf_token_name']</span></code> value).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Security::get_csrf_hash">
+<code class="descname">get_csrf_hash</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Security::get_csrf_hash" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CSRF hash</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the CSRF hash value. Useful in combination with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_csrf_token_name()</span></code>
+for manually building forms or sending valid AJAX POST requests.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Security::entity_decode">
+<code class="descname">entity_decode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$charset = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Security::entity_decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$charset</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Character set of the input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Entity-decoded string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method acts a lot like PHP’s own native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html_entity_decode()</span></code> function in ENT_COMPAT mode, only
+it tries to detect HTML entities that don’t end in a semicolon because some browsers allow that.</p>
+<p>If the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$charset</span></code> parameter is left empty, then your configured <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['charset']</span></code> value will be used.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Security::get_random_bytes">
+<code class="descname">get_random_bytes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$length</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Security::get_random_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$length</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Output length</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A binary stream of random bytes or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>A convenience method for getting proper random bytes via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mcrypt_create_iv()</span></code>,
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/dev/urandom</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">openssl_random_pseudo_bytes()</span></code> (in that order), if one
+of them is available.</p>
+<p>Used for generating CSRF and XSS tokens.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The output is NOT guaranteed to be cryptographically secure,
+just the best attempt at that.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="sessions.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Session Library">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="parser.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Template Parser Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
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+  
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+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
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+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+   
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html b/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..267857a7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1922 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Session Library &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="HTML Table Class" href="table.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Security Class" href="security.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Session Library</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="session-library">
+<h1>Session Library<a class="headerlink" href="#session-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Session class permits you maintain a user’s “state” and track their
+activity while they browse your site.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter comes with a few session storage drivers:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>files (default; file-system based)</li>
+<li>database</li>
+<li>redis</li>
+<li>memcached</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>In addition, you may create your own, custom session drivers based on other
+kinds of storage, while still taking advantage of the features of the
+Session class.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-session-class" id="id3">Using the Session Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-a-session" id="id4">Initializing a Session</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-sessions-work" id="id5">How do Sessions work?</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-note-about-concurrency" id="id6">A note about concurrency</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-session-data" id="id7">What is Session Data?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#retrieving-session-data" id="id8">Retrieving Session Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-session-data" id="id9">Adding Session Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#removing-session-data" id="id10">Removing Session Data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#flashdata" id="id11">Flashdata</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tempdata" id="id12">Tempdata</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#destroying-a-session" id="id13">Destroying a Session</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#accessing-session-metadata" id="id14">Accessing session metadata</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-preferences" id="id15">Session Preferences</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-drivers" id="id16">Session Drivers</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#files-driver" id="id17">Files Driver</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bonus-tip" id="id18">Bonus Tip</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#database-driver" id="id19">Database Driver</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#redis-driver" id="id20">Redis Driver</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#memcached-driver" id="id21">Memcached Driver</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1" id="id22">Bonus Tip</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#custom-drivers" id="id23">Custom Drivers</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id24">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-session-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Using the Session Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-session-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-a-session">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Initializing a Session</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-a-session" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Sessions will typically run globally with each page load, so the Session
+class should either be initialized in your <a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html"><span class="doc">controller</span></a> constructors, or it can be <a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html"><span class="doc">auto-loaded</span></a> by the system.
+For the most part the session class will run unattended in the background,
+so simply initializing the class will cause it to read, create, and update
+sessions when necessary.</p>
+<p>To initialize the Session class manually in your controller constructor,
+use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;session&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Sessions library object will be available using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Because the <a class="reference internal" href="loader.html"><span class="doc">Loader Class</span></a> is instantiated
+by CodeIgniter’s base controller, make sure to call
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parent::__construct()</span></code> before trying to load a library from
+inside a controller constructor.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="how-do-sessions-work">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">How do Sessions work?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-sessions-work" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When a page is loaded, the session class will check to see if valid
+session cookie is sent by the user’s browser. If a sessions cookie does
+<strong>not</strong> exist (or if it doesn’t match one stored on the server or has
+expired) a new session will be created and saved.</p>
+<p>If a valid session does exist, its information will be updated. With each
+update, the session ID may be regenerated if configured to do so.</p>
+<p>It’s important for you to understand that once initialized, the Session
+class runs automatically. There is nothing you need to do to cause the
+above behavior to happen. You can, as you’ll see below, work with session
+data, but the process of reading, writing, and updating a session is
+automatic.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Under CLI, the Session library will automatically halt itself,
+as this is a concept based entirely on the HTTP protocol.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="a-note-about-concurrency">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">A note about concurrency</a><a class="headerlink" href="#a-note-about-concurrency" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Unless you’re developing a website with heavy AJAX usage, you can skip this
+section. If you are, however, and if you’re experiencing performance
+issues, then this note is exactly what you’re looking for.</p>
+<p>Sessions in previous versions of CodeIgniter didn’t implement locking,
+which meant that two HTTP requests using the same session could run exactly
+at the same time. To use a more appropriate technical term - requests were
+non-blocking.</p>
+<p>However, non-blocking requests in the context of sessions also means
+unsafe, because modifications to session data (or session ID regeneration)
+in one request can interfere with the execution of a second, concurrent
+request. This detail was at the root of many issues and the main reason why
+CodeIgniter 3.0 has a completely re-written Session library.</p>
+<p>Why are we telling you this? Because it is likely that after trying to
+find the reason for your performance issues, you may conclude that locking
+is the issue and therefore look into how to remove the locks …</p>
+<p>DO NOT DO THAT! Removing locks would be <strong>wrong</strong> and it will cause you
+more problems!</p>
+<p>Locking is not the issue, it is a solution. Your issue is that you still
+have the session open, while you’ve already processed it and therefore no
+longer need it. So, what you need is to close the session for the
+current request after you no longer need it.</p>
+<p>Long story short - call <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session_write_close()</span></code> once you no longer need
+anything to do with session variables.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-is-session-data">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">What is Session Data?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-session-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Session data is simply an array associated with a particular session ID
+(cookie).</p>
+<p>If you’ve used sessions in PHP before, you should be familiar with PHP’s
+<a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/reserved.variables.session.php">$_SESSION superglobal</a>
+(if not, please read the content on that link).</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter gives access to its session data through the same means, as it
+uses the session handlers’ mechanism provided by PHP. Using session data is
+as simple as manipulating (read, set and unset values) the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code>
+array.</p>
+<p>In addition, CodeIgniter also provides 2 special types of session data
+that are further explained below: flashdata and tempdata.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In previous versions, regular session data in CodeIgniter was
+referred to as ‘userdata’. Have this in mind if that term is used
+elsewhere in the manual. Most of it is written to explain how
+the custom ‘userdata’ methods work.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="retrieving-session-data">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Retrieving Session Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#retrieving-session-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Any piece of information from the session array is available through the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> superglobal:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or through the magic getter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">item</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And for backwards compatibility, through the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">userdata()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where item is the array key corresponding to the item you wish to fetch.
+For example, to assign a previously stored ‘name’ item to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$name</span></code>
+variable, you will do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// or:</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">name</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// or:</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">userdata()</span></code> method returns NULL if the item you are trying
+to access does not exist.</p>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to retrieve all of the existing userdata, you can simply
+omit the item key (magic getter only works for properties):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$_SESSION</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// or:</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">userdata</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-session-data">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Adding Session Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-session-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Let’s say a particular user logs into your site. Once authenticated, you
+could add their username and e-mail address to the session, making that
+data globally available to you without having to run a database query when
+you need it.</p>
+<p>You can simply assign data to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> array, as with any other
+variable. Or as a property of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;session</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Alternatively, the old method of assigning it as “userdata” is also
+available. That however passing an array containing your new data to the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_userdata()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$array</span></code> is an associative array containing your new data. Here’s
+an example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$newdata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;johndoe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;johndoe@some-site.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;logged_in&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$newdata</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to add userdata one value at a time, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_userdata()</span></code> also
+supports this syntax:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;some_value&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to verify that a session value exists, simply check with
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isset()</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// returns FALSE if the &#39;some_name&#39; item doesn&#39;t exist or is NULL,</span>
+<span class="c1">// TRUE otherwise:</span>
+<span class="nb">isset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_name&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or you can call <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">has_userdata()</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">has_userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="removing-session-data">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Removing Session Data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#removing-session-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Just as with any other variable, unsetting a value in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> can be
+done through <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unset()</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">unset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_name&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// or multiple values:</span>
+
+<span class="nb">unset</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_name&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span>
+        <span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;another_name&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Also, just as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_userdata()</span></code> can be used to add information to a
+session, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unset_userdata()</span></code> can be used to remove it, by passing the
+session key. For example, if you wanted to remove ‘some_name’ from your
+session data array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unset_userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;some_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This method also accepts an array of item keys to unset:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$array_items</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unset_userdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array_items</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In previous versions, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unset_userdata()</span></code> method used
+to accept an associative array of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">key</span> <span class="pre">=&gt;</span> <span class="pre">'dummy</span> <span class="pre">value'</span></code>
+pairs. This is no longer supported.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="flashdata">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Flashdata</a><a class="headerlink" href="#flashdata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>CodeIgniter supports “flashdata”, or session data that will only be
+available for the next request, and is then automatically cleared.</p>
+<p>This can be very useful, especially for one-time informational, error or
+status messages (for example: “Record 2 deleted”).</p>
+<p>It should be noted that flashdata variables are regular session vars,
+only marked in a specific way under the ‘__ci_vars’ key (please don’t touch
+that one, you’ve been warned).</p>
+<p>To mark an existing item as “flashdata”:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark_as_flash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to mark multiple items as flashdata, simply pass the keys as an
+array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark_as_flash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;item2&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To add flashdata:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark_as_flash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or alternatively, using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_flashdata()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_flashdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also pass an array to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_flashdata()</span></code>, in the same manner as
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_userdata()</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Reading flashdata variables is the same as reading regular session data
+through <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">userdata()</span></code> method will NOT return flashdata items.</p>
+</div>
+<p>However, if you want to be sure that you’re reading “flashdata” (and not
+any other kind), you can also use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flashdata()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">flashdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or to get an array with all flashdata, simply omit the key parameter:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">flashdata</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flashdata()</span></code> method returns NULL if the item cannot be
+found.</p>
+</div>
+<p>If you find that you need to preserve a flashdata variable through an
+additional request, you can do so using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">keep_flashdata()</span></code> method.
+You can either pass a single item or an array of flashdata items to keep.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">keep_flashdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">keep_flashdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;item2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;item3&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tempdata">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Tempdata</a><a class="headerlink" href="#tempdata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>CodeIgniter also supports “tempdata”, or session data with a specific
+expiration time. After the value expires, or the session expires or is
+deleted, the value is automatically removed.</p>
+<p>Similarly to flashdata, tempdata variables are regular session vars that
+are marked in a specific way under the ‘__ci_vars’ key (again, don’t touch
+that one).</p>
+<p>To mark an existing item as “tempdata”, simply pass its key and expiry time
+(in seconds!) to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mark_as_temp()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// &#39;item&#39; will be erased after 300 seconds</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark_as_temp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can mark multiple items as tempdata in two ways, depending on whether
+you want them all to have the same expiry time or not:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Both &#39;item&#39; and &#39;item2&#39; will expire after 300 seconds</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark_as_temp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;item2&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// &#39;item&#39; will be erased after 300 seconds, while &#39;item2&#39;</span>
+<span class="c1">// will do so after only 240 seconds</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark_as_temp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;item2&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">240</span>
+<span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To add tempdata:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mark_as_temp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Expire in 5 minutes</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Or alternatively, using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_tempdata()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_tempdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also pass an array to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_tempdata()</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$tempdata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;newuser&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;message&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Thanks for joining!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_tempdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$tempdata</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$expire</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If the expiration is omitted or set to 0, the default
+time-to-live value of 300 seconds (or 5 minutes) will be used.</p>
+</div>
+<p>To read a tempdata variable, again you can just access it through the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> superglobal array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">userdata()</span></code> method will NOT return tempdata items.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Or if you want to be sure that you’re reading “tempdata” (and not any
+other kind), you can also use the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tempdata()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">tempdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And of course, if you want to retrieve all existing tempdata:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">tempdata</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tempdata()</span></code> method returns NULL if the item cannot be
+found.</p>
+</div>
+<p>If you need to remove a tempdata value before it expires, you can directly
+unset it from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> array:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">unset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_SESSION</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>However, this won’t remove the marker that makes this specific item to be
+tempdata (it will be invalidated on the next HTTP request), so if you
+intend to reuse that same key in the same request, you’d want to use
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unset_tempdata()</span></code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unset_tempdata</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="destroying-a-session">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Destroying a Session</a><a class="headerlink" href="#destroying-a-session" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To clear the current session (for example, during a logout), you may
+simply use either PHP’s <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/session_destroy">session_destroy()</a>
+function, or the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sess_destroy()</span></code> method. Both will work in exactly the
+same way:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">session_destroy</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// or</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">sess_destroy</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This must be the last session-related operation that you do
+during the same request. All session data (including flashdata and
+tempdata) will be destroyed permanently and functions will be
+unusable during the same request after you destroy the session.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="accessing-session-metadata">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Accessing session metadata</a><a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-session-metadata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In previous CodeIgniter versions, the session data array included 4 items
+by default: ‘session_id’, ‘ip_address’, ‘user_agent’, ‘last_activity’.</p>
+<p>This was due to the specifics of how sessions worked, but is now no longer
+necessary with our new implementation. However, it may happen that your
+application relied on these values, so here are alternative methods of
+accessing them:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>session_id: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session_id()</span></code></li>
+<li>ip_address: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']</span></code></li>
+<li>user_agent: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;input-&gt;user_agent()</span></code> (unused by sessions)</li>
+<li>last_activity: Depends on the storage, no straightforward way. Sorry!</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-preferences">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Session Preferences</a><a class="headerlink" href="#session-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>CodeIgniter will usually make everything work out of the box. However,
+Sessions are a very sensitive component of any application, so some
+careful configuration must be done. Please take your time to consider
+all of the options and their effects.</p>
+<p>You’ll find the following Session related preferences in your
+<strong>application/config/config.php</strong> file:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="16%" />
+<col width="9%" />
+<col width="23%" />
+<col width="53%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default</th>
+<th class="head">Options</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>sess_driver</strong></td>
+<td>files</td>
+<td>files/database/redis/memcached/<em>custom</em></td>
+<td>The session storage driver to use.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>sess_cookie_name</strong></td>
+<td>ci_session</td>
+<td>[A-Za-z_-] characters only</td>
+<td>The name used for the session cookie.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>sess_expiration</strong></td>
+<td>7200 (2 hours)</td>
+<td>Time in seconds (integer)</td>
+<td>The number of seconds you would like the session to last.
+If you would like a non-expiring session (until browser is closed) set the value to zero: 0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>sess_save_path</strong></td>
+<td>NULL</td>
+<td>None</td>
+<td>Specifies the storage location, depends on the driver being used.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>sess_match_ip</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Whether to validate the user’s IP address when reading the session cookie.
+Note that some ISPs dynamically changes the IP, so if you want a non-expiring session you
+will likely set this to FALSE.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>sess_time_to_update</strong></td>
+<td>300</td>
+<td>Time in seconds (integer)</td>
+<td>This option controls how often the session class will regenerate itself and create a new
+session ID. Setting it to 0 will disable session ID regeneration.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>sess_regenerate_destroy</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>TRUE/FALSE (boolean)</td>
+<td>Whether to destroy session data associated with the old session ID when auto-regenerating
+the session ID. When set to FALSE, the data will be later deleted by the garbage collector.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">As a last resort, the Session library will try to fetch PHP’s
+session related INI settings, as well as legacy CI settings such as
+‘sess_expire_on_close’ when any of the above is not configured.
+However, you should never rely on this behavior as it can cause
+unexpected results or be changed in the future. Please configure
+everything properly.</p>
+</div>
+<p>In addition to the values above, the cookie and native drivers apply the
+following configuration values shared by the <a class="reference internal" href="input.html"><span class="doc">Input</span></a> and
+<a class="reference internal" href="security.html"><span class="doc">Security</span></a> classes:</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="17%" />
+<col width="14%" />
+<col width="69%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Preference</th>
+<th class="head">Default</th>
+<th class="head">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>cookie_domain</strong></td>
+<td>‘’</td>
+<td>The domain for which the session is applicable</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td><strong>cookie_path</strong></td>
+<td>/</td>
+<td>The path to which the session is applicable</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td><strong>cookie_secure</strong></td>
+<td>FALSE</td>
+<td>Whether to create the session cookie only on encrypted (HTTPS) connections</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The ‘cookie_httponly’ setting doesn’t have an effect on sessions.
+Instead the HttpOnly parameter is always enabled, for security
+reasons. Additionally, the ‘cookie_prefix’ setting is completely
+ignored.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="session-drivers">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Session Drivers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#session-drivers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>As already mentioned, the Session library comes with 4 drivers, or storage
+engines, that you can use:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>files</li>
+<li>database</li>
+<li>redis</li>
+<li>memcached</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>By default, the <a class="reference internal" href="#files-driver">Files Driver</a> will be used when a session is initialized,
+because it is the most safe choice and is expected to work everywhere
+(virtually every environment has a file system).</p>
+<p>However, any other driver may be selected via the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_driver']</span></code>
+line in your <strong>application/config/config.php</strong> file, if you chose to do so.
+Have it in mind though, every driver has different caveats, so be sure to
+get yourself familiar with them (below) before you make that choice.</p>
+<p>In addition, you may also create and use <a class="reference internal" href="#custom-drivers">Custom Drivers</a>, if the ones
+provided by default don’t satisfy your use case.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In previous CodeIgniter versions, a different, “cookie driver”
+was the only option and we have received negative feedback on not
+providing that option. While we do listen to feedback from the
+community, we want to warn you that it was dropped because it is
+<strong>unsafe</strong> and we advise you NOT to try to replicate it via a
+custom driver.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="files-driver">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">Files Driver</a><a class="headerlink" href="#files-driver" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The ‘files’ driver uses your file system for storing session data.</p>
+<p>It can safely be said that it works exactly like PHP’s own default session
+implementation, but in case this is an important detail for you, have it
+mind that it is in fact not the same code and it has some limitations
+(and advantages).</p>
+<p>To be more specific, it doesn’t support PHP’s <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/session.configuration.php#ini.session.save-path">directory level and mode
+formats used in session.save_path</a>,
+and it has most of the options hard-coded for safety. Instead, only
+absolute paths are supported for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_save_path']</span></code>.</p>
+<p>Another important thing that you should know, is to make sure that you
+don’t use a publicly-readable or shared directory for storing your session
+files. Make sure that <em>only you</em> have access to see the contents of your
+chosen <em>sess_save_path</em> directory. Otherwise, anybody who can do that, can
+also steal any of the current sessions (also known as “session fixation”
+attack).</p>
+<p>On UNIX-like operating systems, this is usually achieved by setting the
+0700 mode permissions on that directory via the <cite>chmod</cite> command, which
+allows only the directory’s owner to perform read and write operations on
+it. But be careful because the system user <em>running</em> the script is usually
+not your own, but something like ‘www-data’ instead, so only setting those
+permissions will probable break your application.</p>
+<p>Instead, you should do something like this, depending on your environment</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">mkdir</span> <span class="o">/&lt;</span><span class="nx">path</span> <span class="nx">to</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">application</span> <span class="nx">directory</span><span class="o">&gt;/</span><span class="nx">sessions</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nb">chmod</span> <span class="mo">0700</span> <span class="o">/&lt;</span><span class="nx">path</span> <span class="nx">to</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">application</span> <span class="nx">directory</span><span class="o">&gt;/</span><span class="nx">sessions</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nb">chown</span> <span class="nx">www</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">data</span> <span class="o">/&lt;</span><span class="nx">path</span> <span class="nx">to</span> <span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">application</span> <span class="nx">directory</span><span class="o">&gt;/</span><span class="nx">sessions</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="bonus-tip">
+<h5><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Bonus Tip</a><a class="headerlink" href="#bonus-tip" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
+<p>Some of you will probably opt to choose another session driver because
+file storage is usually slower. This is only half true.</p>
+<p>A very basic test will probably trick you into believing that an SQL
+database is faster, but in 99% of the cases, this is only true while you
+only have a few current sessions. As the sessions count and server loads
+increase - which is the time when it matters - the file system will
+consistently outperform almost all relational database setups.</p>
+<p>In addition, if performance is your only concern, you may want to look
+into using <a class="reference external" href="http://eddmann.com/posts/storing-php-sessions-file-caches-in-memory-using-tmpfs/">tmpfs</a>,
+(warning: external resource), which can make your sessions blazing fast.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="database-driver">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Database Driver</a><a class="headerlink" href="#database-driver" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The ‘database’ driver uses a relational database such as MySQL or
+PostgreSQL to store sessions. This is a popular choice among many users,
+because it allows the developer easy access to the session data within
+an application - it is just another table in your database.</p>
+<p>However, there are some conditions that must be met:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>Only your <strong>default</strong> database connection (or the one that you access
+as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db</span></code> from your controllers) can be used.</li>
+<li>You must have the <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a>
+enabled.</li>
+<li>You can NOT use a persistent connection.</li>
+<li>You can NOT use a connection with the <em>cache_on</em> setting enabled.</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>In order to use the ‘database’ session driver, you must also create this
+table that we already mentioned and then set it as your
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_save_path']</span></code> value.
+For example, if you would like to use ‘ci_sessions’ as your table name,
+you would do this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;sess_driver&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;database&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;sess_save_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ci_sessions&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you’ve upgraded from a previous version of CodeIgniter and
+you don’t have ‘sess_save_path’ configured, then the Session
+library will look for the old ‘sess_table_name’ setting and use
+it instead. Please don’t rely on this behavior as it will get
+removed in the future.</p>
+</div>
+<p>And then of course, create the database table …</p>
+<p>For MySQL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="k">IF</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="nx">EXISTS</span> <span class="sb">`ci_sessions`</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="sb">`id`</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="sb">`ip_address`</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="sb">`timestamp`</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">unsigned</span> <span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="sb">`data`</span> <span class="nx">blob</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="sb">`ci_sessions_timestamp`</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="sb">`timestamp`</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For PostgreSQL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ci_sessions&quot;</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;id&quot;</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;ip_address&quot;</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;timestamp&quot;</span> <span class="nx">bigint</span> <span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s2">&quot;data&quot;</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">INDEX</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ci_sessions_timestamp&quot;</span> <span class="nx">ON</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ci_sessions&quot;</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;timestamp&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You will also need to add a PRIMARY KEY <strong>depending on your ‘sess_match_ip’
+setting</strong>. The examples below work both on MySQL and PostgreSQL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// When sess_match_ip = TRUE</span>
+<span class="nx">ALTER</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">ci_sessions</span> <span class="nx">ADD</span> <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">ip_address</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// When sess_match_ip = FALSE</span>
+<span class="nx">ALTER</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">ci_sessions</span> <span class="nx">ADD</span> <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// To drop a previously created primary key (use when changing the setting)</span>
+<span class="nx">ALTER</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">ci_sessions</span> <span class="nx">DROP</span> <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Only MySQL and PostgreSQL databases are officially
+supported, due to lack of advisory locking mechanisms on other
+platforms. Using sessions without locks can cause all sorts of
+problems, especially with heavy usage of AJAX, and we will not
+support such cases. Use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session_write_close()</span></code> after you’ve
+done processing session data if you’re having performance
+issues.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="redis-driver">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">Redis Driver</a><a class="headerlink" href="#redis-driver" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Since Redis doesn’t have a locking mechanism exposed, locks for
+this driver are emulated by a separate value that is kept for up
+to 300 seconds.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Redis is a storage engine typically used for caching and popular because
+of its high performance, which is also probably your reason to use the
+‘redis’ session driver.</p>
+<p>The downside is that it is not as ubiquitous as relational databases and
+requires the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/phpredis/phpredis">phpredis</a> PHP
+extension to be installed on your system, and that one doesn’t come
+bundled with PHP.
+Chances are, you’re only be using the ‘redis’ driver only if you’re already
+both familiar with Redis and using it for other purposes.</p>
+<p>Just as with the ‘files’ and ‘database’ drivers, you must also configure
+the storage location for your sessions via the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_save_path']</span></code> setting.
+The format here is a bit different and complicated at the same time. It is
+best explained by the <em>phpredis</em> extension’s README file, so we’ll simply
+link you to it:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/phpredis/phpredis#php-session-handler">https://github.com/phpredis/phpredis#php-session-handler</a></div></blockquote>
+<div class="admonition warning">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
+<p class="last">CodeIgniter’s Session library does NOT use the actual ‘redis’
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session.save_handler</span></code>. Take note <strong>only</strong> of the path format in
+the link above.</p>
+</div>
+<p>For the most common case however, a simple <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">host:port</span></code> pair should be
+sufficient:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;sess_driver&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;redis&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;sess_save_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;tcp://localhost:6379&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="memcached-driver">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">Memcached Driver</a><a class="headerlink" href="#memcached-driver" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Since Memcache doesn’t have a locking mechanism exposed, locks
+for this driver are emulated by a separate value that is kept for
+up to 300 seconds.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The ‘memcached’ driver is very similar to the ‘redis’ one in all of its
+properties, except perhaps for availability, because PHP’s <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/memcached">Memcached</a> extension is distributed via PECL and some
+Linux distrubutions make it available as an easy to install package.</p>
+<p>Other than that, and without any intentional bias towards Redis, there’s
+not much different to be said about Memcached - it is also a popular
+product that is usually used for caching and famed for its speed.</p>
+<p>However, it is worth noting that the only guarantee given by Memcached
+is that setting value X to expire after Y seconds will result in it being
+deleted after Y seconds have passed (but not necessarily that it won’t
+expire earlier than that time). This happens very rarely, but should be
+considered as it may result in loss of sessions.</p>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['sess_save_path']</span></code> format is fairly straightforward here,
+being just a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">host:port</span></code> pair:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;sess_driver&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;memcached&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;sess_save_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost:11211&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h5><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22">Bonus Tip</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
+<p>Multi-server configuration with an optional <em>weight</em> parameter as the
+third colon-separated (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">:weight</span></code>) value is also supported, but we have
+to note that we haven’t tested if that is reliable.</p>
+<p>If you want to experiment with this feature (on your own risk), simply
+separate the multiple server paths with commas:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// localhost will be given higher priority (5) here,</span>
+<span class="c1">// compared to 192.0.2.1 with a weight of 1.</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;sess_save_path&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;localhost:11211:5,192.0.2.1:11211:1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="custom-drivers">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23">Custom Drivers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#custom-drivers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>You may also create your own, custom session drivers. However, have it in
+mind that this is typically not an easy task, as it takes a lot of
+knowledge to do it properly.</p>
+<p>You need to know not only how sessions work in general, but also how they
+work specifically in PHP, how the underlying storage mechanism works, how
+to handle concurrency, avoid deadlocks (but NOT through lack of locks) and
+last but not least - how to handle the potential security issues, which
+is far from trivial.</p>
+<p>Long story short - if you don’t know how to do that already in raw PHP,
+you shouldn’t be trying to do it within CodeIgniter either. You’ve been
+warned.</p>
+<p>If you only want to add some extra functionality to your sessions, just
+extend the base Session class, which is a lot more easier. Read the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html"><span class="doc">Creating Libraries</span></a> article to
+learn how to do that.</p>
+<p>Now, to the point - there are three general rules that you must follow
+when creating a session driver for CodeIgniter:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul>
+<li><p class="first">Put your driver’s file under <strong>application/libraries/Session/drivers/</strong>
+and follow the naming conventions used by the Session class.</p>
+<p>For example, if you were to create a ‘dummy’ driver, you would have
+a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Session_dummy_driver</span></code> class name, that is declared in
+<em>application/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_dummy_driver.php</em>.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Extend the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Session_driver</span></code> class.</p>
+<p>This is just a basic class with a few internal helper methods. It is
+also extendable like any other library, if you really need to do that,
+but we are not going to explain how … if you’re familiar with how
+class extensions/overrides work in CI, then you already know how to do
+it. If not, well, you shouldn’t be doing it in the first place.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Implement the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/sessionhandlerinterface">SessionHandlerInterface</a> interface.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You may notice that <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SessionHandlerInterface</span></code> is provided
+by PHP since version 5.4.0. CodeIgniter will automatically declare
+the same interface if you’re running an older PHP version.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The link will explain why and how.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>So, based on our ‘dummy’ driver example above, you’d end up with something
+like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// application/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_dummy_driver.php:</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CI_Session_dummy_driver</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Session_driver</span> <span class="k">implements</span> <span class="nx">SessionHandlerInterface</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// DO NOT forget this</span>
+                <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="c1">// Configuration &amp; other initializations</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$save_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Initialize storage mechanism (connection)</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$session_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Read session data (if exists), acquire locks</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$session_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$session_data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Create / update session data (it might not exist!)</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Free locks, close connections / streams / etc.</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">destroy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$session_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Call close() method &amp; destroy data for current session (order may differ)</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">gc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$maxlifetime</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Erase data for expired sessions</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you’ve done everything properly, you can now set your <em>sess_driver</em>
+configuration value to ‘dummy’ and use your own driver. Congratulations!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Session">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Session</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::userdata">
+<code class="descname">userdata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$key = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::userdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Session item key or NULL</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Value of the specified item key, or an array of all userdata</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Gets the value for a specific <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> item, or an
+array of all “userdata” items if not key was specified.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is a legacy method kept only for backwards
+compatibility with older applications. You should
+directly access <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::all_userdata">
+<code class="descname">all_userdata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::all_userdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An array of all userdata</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array containing all “userdata” items.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is DEPRECATED. Use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">userdata()</span></code>
+with no parameters instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">&amp;get_userdata()</code></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">A reference to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a reference to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> array.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is a legacy method kept only for backwards
+compatibility with older applications.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::has_userdata">
+<code class="descname">has_userdata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::has_userdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Session item key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the specified key exists, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Checks if an item exists in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is a legacy method kept only for backwards
+compatibility with older applications. It is just
+an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isset($_SESSION[$key])</span></code> - please
+use that instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::set_userdata">
+<code class="descname">set_userdata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::set_userdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – An array of key/value pairs to set as session data, or the key for a single item</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – The value to set for a specific session item, if $data is a key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Assigns data to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> superglobal.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is a legacy method kept only for backwards
+compatibility with older applications.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::unset_userdata">
+<code class="descname">unset_userdata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::unset_userdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Key for the session data item to unset, or an array of multiple keys</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Unsets the specified key(s) from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code>
+superglobal.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is a legacy method kept only for backwards
+compatibility with older applications. It is just
+an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unset($_SESSION[$key])</span></code> - please
+use that instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::mark_as_flash">
+<code class="descname">mark_as_flash</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::mark_as_flash" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Key to mark as flashdata, or an array of multiple keys</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Marks a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> item key (or multiple ones) as
+“flashdata”.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::get_flash_keys">
+<code class="descname">get_flash_keys</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::get_flash_keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array containing the keys of all “flashdata” items.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Gets a list of all <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> that have been marked as
+“flashdata”.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::unmark_flash">
+<code class="descname">unmark_flash</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::unmark_flash" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Key to be un-marked as flashdata, or an array of multiple keys</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Unmarks a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> item key (or multiple ones) as
+“flashdata”.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::flashdata">
+<code class="descname">flashdata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$key = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::flashdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Flashdata item key or NULL</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Value of the specified item key, or an array of all flashdata</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Gets the value for a specific <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> item that has
+been marked as “flashdata”, or an array of all “flashdata”
+items if no key was specified.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is a legacy method kept only for backwards
+compatibility with older applications. You should
+directly access <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::keep_flashdata">
+<code class="descname">keep_flashdata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::keep_flashdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Flashdata key to keep, or an array of multiple keys</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Retains the specified session data key(s) as “flashdata”
+through the next request.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is a legacy method kept only for backwards
+compatibility with older applications. It is just
+an alias for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mark_as_flash()</span></code> method.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::set_flashdata">
+<code class="descname">set_flashdata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::set_flashdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – An array of key/value pairs to set as flashdata, or the key for a single item</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – The value to set for a specific session item, if $data is a key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Assigns data to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> superglobal and marks it
+as “flashdata”.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is a legacy method kept only for backwards
+compatibility with older applications.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::mark_as_temp">
+<code class="descname">mark_as_temp</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$ttl = 300</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::mark_as_temp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Key to mark as tempdata, or an array of multiple keys</li>
+<li><strong>$ttl</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Time-to-live value for the tempdata, in seconds</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Marks a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> item key (or multiple ones) as
+“tempdata”.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::get_temp_keys">
+<code class="descname">get_temp_keys</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::get_temp_keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Array containing the keys of all “tempdata” items.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Gets a list of all <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> that have been marked as
+“tempdata”.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::unmark_temp">
+<code class="descname">unmark_temp</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::unmark_temp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Key to be un-marked as tempdata, or an array of multiple keys</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Unmarks a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> item key (or multiple ones) as
+“tempdata”.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::tempdata">
+<code class="descname">tempdata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$key = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::tempdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Tempdata item key or NULL</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Value of the specified item key, or an array of all tempdata</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Gets the value for a specific <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> item that has
+been marked as “tempdata”, or an array of all “tempdata”
+items if no key was specified.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is a legacy method kept only for backwards
+compatibility with older applications. You should
+directly access <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> instead.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::set_tempdata">
+<code class="descname">set_tempdata</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$value = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::set_tempdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – An array of key/value pairs to set as tempdata, or the key for a single item</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – The value to set for a specific session item, if $data is a key</li>
+<li><strong>$ttl</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Time-to-live value for the tempdata item(s), in seconds</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Assigns data to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> superglobal and marks it
+as “tempdata”.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This is a legacy method kept only for backwards
+compatibility with older applications.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::sess_regenerate">
+<code class="descname">sess_regenerate</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$destroy = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::sess_regenerate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$destroy</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to destroy session data</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Regenerate session ID, optionally destroying the current
+session’s data.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is just an alias for PHP’s native
+<a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/session_regenerate_id">session_regenerate_id()</a> function.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::sess_destroy">
+<code class="descname">sess_destroy</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::sess_destroy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">void</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Destroys the current session.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This must be the <em>last</em> session-related function
+that you call. All session data will be lost after
+you do that.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is just an alias for PHP’s native
+<a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/session_destroy">session_destroy()</a> function.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::__get">
+<code class="descname">__get</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::__get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Session item key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">The requested session data item, or NULL if it doesn’t exist</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>A magic method that allows you to use
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;session-&gt;item</span></code> instead of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION['item']</span></code>,
+if that’s what you prefer.</p>
+<p>It will also return the session ID by calling
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session_id()</span></code> if you try to access
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;session-&gt;session_id</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Session::__set">
+<code class="descname">__set</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$key</em>, <em>$value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Session::__set" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Session item key</li>
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Value to assign to the session item key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>A magic method that allows you to assign items to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_SESSION</span></code> by accessing them as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;session</span></code>
+properties:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">session</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Results in:</span>
+<span class="c1">// $_SESSION[&#39;foo&#39;] = &#39;bar&#39;;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="table.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="HTML Table Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="security.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Security Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
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+    </section>
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+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+        };
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/table.html b/user_guide/libraries/table.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fff3c8ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/table.html
@@ -0,0 +1,911 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>HTML Table Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
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+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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+        <link rel="next" title="Trackback Class" href="trackback.html"/>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
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+</ul>
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+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
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+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>HTML Table Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="html-table-class">
+<h1>HTML Table Class<a class="headerlink" href="#html-table-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Table Class provides functions that enable you to auto-generate HTML
+tables from arrays or database result sets.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-table-class" id="id1">Using the Table Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id2">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples" id="id3">Examples</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changing-the-look-of-your-table" id="id4">Changing the Look of Your Table</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id5">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-table-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Table Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-table-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Table class is initialized
+in your controller using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Table library object will be available using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="examples">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Examples</a><a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Here is an example showing how you can create a table from a
+multi-dimensional array. Note that the first array index will become the
+table heading (or you can set your own headings using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_heading()</span></code>
+method described in the function reference below).</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Size&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Fred&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Blue&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Small&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Mary&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Large&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Green&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Medium&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is an example of a table created from a database query result. The
+table class will automatically generate the headings based on the table
+names (or you can set your own headings using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_heading()</span></code>
+method described in the class reference below).</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT * FROM my_table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is an example showing how you might create a table using discrete
+parameters:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Size&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Fred&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Blue&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Small&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Mary&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Large&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Green&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Medium&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is the same example, except instead of individual parameters,
+arrays are used:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Size&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Fred&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Blue&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Small&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Mary&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Large&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Green&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Medium&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="changing-the-look-of-your-table">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Changing the Look of Your Table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#changing-the-look-of-your-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The Table Class permits you to set a table template with which you can
+specify the design of your layout. Here is the template prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;table_open&#39;</span>            <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+        <span class="s1">&#39;thead_open&#39;</span>            <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;thead&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;thead_close&#39;</span>           <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/thead&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+        <span class="s1">&#39;heading_row_start&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;tr&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;heading_row_end&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/tr&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;heading_cell_start&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;th&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;heading_cell_end&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/th&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+        <span class="s1">&#39;tbody_open&#39;</span>            <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;tbody&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;tbody_close&#39;</span>           <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/tbody&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+        <span class="s1">&#39;row_start&#39;</span>             <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;tr&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;row_end&#39;</span>               <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/tr&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;cell_start&#39;</span>            <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;td&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;cell_end&#39;</span>              <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/td&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+        <span class="s1">&#39;row_alt_start&#39;</span>         <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;tr&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;row_alt_end&#39;</span>           <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/tr&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;cell_alt_start&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;td&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;cell_alt_end&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/td&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+        <span class="s1">&#39;table_close&#39;</span>           <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/table&gt;&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$template</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You’ll notice there are two sets of “row” blocks in the
+template. These permit you to create alternating row colors or design
+elements that alternate with each iteration of the row data.</p>
+</div>
+<p>You are NOT required to submit a complete template. If you only need to
+change parts of the layout you can simply submit those elements. In this
+example, only the table opening tag is being changed:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;table_open&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;mytable&quot;&gt;&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$template</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can also set defaults for these in a config file.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Table">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Table</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Table" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$function = NULL</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Allows you to specify a native PHP function or a valid function array object to be applied to all cell data.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Size&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Fred&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;strong&gt;Blue&lt;/strong&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Small&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;htmlspecialchars&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, all cell data would be ran through PHP’s <code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">htmlspecialchars()</span></code> function, resulting in:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Fred</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&amp;</span><span class="nx">lt</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="nx">strong</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">gt</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="nx">Blue</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">lt</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">strong</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nx">gt</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Small</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Table::generate">
+<code class="descname">generate</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$table_data = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Table::generate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$table_data</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Data to populate the table rows with</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML table</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a string containing the generated table. Accepts an optional parameter which can be an array or a database result object.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Table::set_caption">
+<code class="descname">set_caption</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$caption</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Table::set_caption" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$caption</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Table caption</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Table instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Table</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to add a caption to the table.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_caption</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Colors&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Table::set_heading">
+<code class="descname">set_heading</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$args = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Table::set_heading" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$args</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – An array or multiple strings containing the table column titles</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Table instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Table</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to set the table heading. You can submit an array or discrete params:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Size&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Size&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Table::add_row">
+<code class="descname">add_row</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$args = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Table::add_row" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$args</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – An array or multiple strings containing the row values</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Table instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Table</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to add a row to your table. You can submit an array or discrete params:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Blue&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Green&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Blue&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Green&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you would like to set an individual cell’s tag attributes, you can use an associative array for that cell.
+The associative key <strong>data</strong> defines the cell’s data. Any other key =&gt; val pairs are added as key=’val’ attributes to the tag:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$cell</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;data&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Blue&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;highlight&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;colspan&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$cell</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Green&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// generates</span>
+<span class="c1">// &lt;td class=&#39;highlight&#39; colspan=&#39;2&#39;&gt;Blue&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Red&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Green&lt;/td&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Table::make_columns">
+<code class="descname">make_columns</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$array = array()</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$col_limit = 0</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Table::make_columns" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$array</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An array containing multiple rows’ data</li>
+<li><strong>$col_limit</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Count of columns in the table</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">An array of HTML table columns</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method takes a one-dimensional array as input and creates a multi-dimensional array with a depth equal to the number of columns desired.
+This allows a single array with many elements to be displayed in a table that has a fixed column count. Consider this example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;three&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;four&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;five&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;six&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;seven&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;eight&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;nine&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ten&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;eleven&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;twelve&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$new_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">make_columns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$list</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$new_list</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Generates a table with this prototype</span>
+
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">table</span> <span class="nx">border</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;0&quot;</span> <span class="nx">cellpadding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;4&quot;</span> <span class="nx">cellspacing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;0&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">tr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">one</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">two</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">three</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">tr</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">tr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">four</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">five</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">six</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">tr</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">tr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">seven</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">eight</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">nine</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">tr</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">tr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">ten</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">eleven</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">twelve</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">td</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nx">tr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Table::set_template">
+<code class="descname">set_template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$template</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Table::set_template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$template</strong> (<em>array</em>) – An associative array containing template values</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to set your template. You can submit a full or partial template.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;table_open&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;mytable&quot;&gt;&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$template</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Table::set_empty">
+<code class="descname">set_empty</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Table::set_empty" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$value</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Value to put in empty cells</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Table instance (method chaining)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Table</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you set a default value for use in any table cells that are empty.
+You might, for example, set a non-breaking space:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&amp;nbsp;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Table::clear">
+<code class="descname">clear</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Table::clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">CI_Table instance (method chaining)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">CI_Table</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you clear the table heading and row data. If you need to show multiple tables with different data you should to call this method
+after each table has been generated to clear the previous table information. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Size&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Fred&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Blue&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Small&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Mary&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Red&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Large&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Green&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Medium&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">clear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Day&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Delivery&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Fred&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Wednesday&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Express&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Mary&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Monday&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Air&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Saturday&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Overnight&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">table</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">generate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="trackback.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Trackback Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/trackback.html b/user_guide/libraries/trackback.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9ad911f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/trackback.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Trackback Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+  
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+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
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+        <link rel="next" title="Typography Class" href="typography.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="HTML Table Class" href="table.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Trackback Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="trackback-class">
+<h1>Trackback Class<a class="headerlink" href="#trackback-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Trackback Class provides functions that enable you to send and
+receive Trackback data.</p>
+<p>If you are not familiar with Trackbacks you’ll find more information
+<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackback">here</a>.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-trackback-class" id="id1">Using the Trackback Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id2">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sending-trackbacks" id="id3">Sending Trackbacks</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#receiving-trackbacks" id="id4">Receiving Trackbacks</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#your-ping-url" id="id5">Your Ping URL</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-trackback-table" id="id6">Creating a Trackback Table</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#processing-a-trackback" id="id7">Processing a Trackback</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#notes" id="id8">Notes:</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id9">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-trackback-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Trackback Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-trackback-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Trackback class is
+initialized in your controller using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;trackback&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Trackback library object will be available using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sending-trackbacks">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Sending Trackbacks</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sending-trackbacks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A Trackback can be sent from any of your controller functions using code
+similar to this example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;trackback&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$tb_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;ping_url&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://example.com/trackback/456&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://www.my-example.com/blog/entry/123&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;The Title of My Entry&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;excerpt&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;The entry content.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My Blog Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;charset&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$tb_data</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_errors</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Trackback was sent!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Description of array data:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>ping_url</strong> - The URL of the site you are sending the Trackback to.
+You can send Trackbacks to multiple URLs by separating each URL with a comma.</li>
+<li><strong>url</strong> - The URL to YOUR site where the weblog entry can be seen.</li>
+<li><strong>title</strong> - The title of your weblog entry.</li>
+<li><strong>excerpt</strong> - The content of your weblog entry.</li>
+<li><strong>blog_name</strong> - The name of your weblog.</li>
+<li><strong>charset</strong> - The character encoding your weblog is written in. If omitted, UTF-8 will be used.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The Trackback class will automatically send only the first 500 characters of your
+entry. It will also strip all HTML.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The Trackback sending method returns TRUE/FALSE (boolean) on success
+or failure. If it fails, you can retrieve the error message using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_errors</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="receiving-trackbacks">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Receiving Trackbacks</a><a class="headerlink" href="#receiving-trackbacks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Before you can receive Trackbacks you must create a weblog. If you don’t
+have a blog yet there’s no point in continuing.</p>
+<p>Receiving Trackbacks is a little more complex than sending them, only
+because you will need a database table in which to store them, and you
+will need to validate the incoming trackback data. You are encouraged to
+implement a thorough validation process to guard against spam and
+duplicate data. You may also want to limit the number of Trackbacks you
+allow from a particular IP within a given span of time to further
+curtail spam. The process of receiving a Trackback is quite simple; the
+validation is what takes most of the effort.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="your-ping-url">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Your Ping URL</a><a class="headerlink" href="#your-ping-url" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In order to accept Trackbacks you must display a Trackback URL next to
+each one of your weblog entries. This will be the URL that people will
+use to send you Trackbacks (we will refer to this as your “Ping URL”).</p>
+<p>Your Ping URL must point to a controller function where your Trackback
+receiving code is located, and the URL must contain the ID number for
+each particular entry, so that when the Trackback is received you’ll be
+able to associate it with a particular entry.</p>
+<p>For example, if your controller class is called Trackback, and the
+receiving function is called receive, your Ping URLs will look something
+like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">trackback</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">receive</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">entry_id</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where entry_id represents the individual ID number for each of your
+entries.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-a-trackback-table">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Creating a Trackback Table</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-trackback-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Before you can receive Trackbacks you must create a table in which to
+store them. Here is a basic prototype for such a table:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">trackbacks</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="nx">tb_id</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">unsigned</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="nx">auto_increment</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">entry_id</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">unsigned</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">default</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">url</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">title</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">excerpt</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">blog_name</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">tb_date</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">ip_address</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="sb">`tb_id`</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="sb">`tb_id`</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="sb">`entry_id`</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="sb">`entry_id`</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The Trackback specification only requires four pieces of information to
+be sent in a Trackback (url, title, excerpt, blog_name), but to make
+the data more useful we’ve added a few more fields in the above table
+schema (date, IP address, etc.).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="processing-a-trackback">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Processing a Trackback</a><a class="headerlink" href="#processing-a-trackback" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Here is an example showing how you will receive and process a Trackback.
+The following code is intended for use within the controller function
+where you expect to receive Trackbacks.:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;trackback&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Unable to determine the entry ID&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">receive</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;The Trackback did not contain valid data&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;tb_id&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;entry_id&#39;</span>   <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;excerpt&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;excerpt&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;blog_name&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog_name&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;tb_date&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nb">time</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;ip_address&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">ip_address</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;trackbacks&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_success</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="notes">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Notes:</a><a class="headerlink" href="#notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The entry ID number is expected in the third segment of your URL. This
+is based on the URI example we gave earlier:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">trackback</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">receive</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">entry_id</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notice the entry_id is in the third URI segment, which you can retrieve
+using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In our Trackback receiving code above, if the third segment is missing,
+we will issue an error. Without a valid entry ID, there’s no reason to
+continue.</p>
+<p>The $this-&gt;trackback-&gt;receive() function is simply a validation function
+that looks at the incoming data and makes sure it contains the four
+pieces of data that are required (url, title, excerpt, blog_name). It
+returns TRUE on success and FALSE on failure. If it fails you will issue
+an error message.</p>
+<p>The incoming Trackback data can be retrieved using this function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;item&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where item represents one of these four pieces of info: url, title,
+excerpt, or blog_name</p>
+<p>If the Trackback data is successfully received, you will issue a success
+message using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">trackback</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_success</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The above code contains no data validation, which you are
+encouraged to add.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Trackback</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$data = array('url' =&gt; '', 'title' =&gt; '', 'excerpt' =&gt; '', 'blog_name' =&gt; '', 'charset' =&gt; '')</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Trackback data array.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$convert_ascii = TRUE</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Whether to convert high ASCII and MS Word characters to HTML entities.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::send">
+<code class="descname">send</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$tb_data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::send" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$tb_data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Trackback data</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Send trackback.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::receive">
+<code class="descname">receive</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::receive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method simply validates the incoming TB data, returning TRUE on success and FALSE on failure.
+If the data is valid it is set to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;data</span></code> array so that it can be inserted into a database.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::send_error">
+<code class="descname">send_error</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$message = 'Incomplete information'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::send_error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$message</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error message</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Responses to a trackback request with an error message.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method will terminate script execution.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::send_success">
+<code class="descname">send_success</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::send_success" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">void</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Responses to a trackback request with a success message.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method will terminate script execution.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::data">
+<code class="descname">data</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$item</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$item</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Data key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Data value or empty string if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a single item from the response data array.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::process">
+<code class="descname">process</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$url</em>, <em>$data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::process" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$url</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Target url</li>
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Raw POST data</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Opens a socket connection and passes the data to the server, returning TRUE on success and FALSE on failure.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::extract_urls">
+<code class="descname">extract_urls</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$urls</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::extract_urls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$urls</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Comma-separated URL list</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of URLs</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method lets multiple trackbacks to be sent. It takes a string of URLs (separated by comma or space) and puts each URL into an array.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::validate_url">
+<code class="descname">validate_url</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>&amp;$url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::validate_url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$url</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Trackback URL</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Simply adds the <em>http://</em> prefix it it’s not already present in the URL.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::get_id">
+<code class="descname">get_id</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::get_id" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$url</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Trackback URL</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">URL ID or FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Find and return a trackback URL’s ID or FALSE on failure.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::convert_xml">
+<code class="descname">convert_xml</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::convert_xml" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Converted string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Converts reserved XML characters to entities.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::limit_characters">
+<code class="descname">limit_characters</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$n = 500</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$end_char = '&amp;#8230;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::limit_characters" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Max characters number</li>
+<li><strong>$end_char</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Character to put at end of string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Shortened string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Limits the string based on the character count. Will preserve complete words.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::convert_ascii">
+<code class="descname">convert_ascii</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::convert_ascii" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Converted string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Converts high ASCII text and MS Word special characterss to HTML entities.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::set_error">
+<code class="descname">set_error</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$msg</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::set_error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$msg</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error message</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Set an log an error message.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Trackback::display_errors">
+<code class="descname">display_errors</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$open = '&lt;p&gt;'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$close = '&lt;/p&gt;'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Trackback::display_errors" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$open</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Open tag</li>
+<li><strong>$close</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Close tag</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML formatted error messages</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns error messages formatted in HTML or an empty string if there are no errors.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="typography.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Typography Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="table.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="HTML Table Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/typography.html b/user_guide/libraries/typography.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b52b13d25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/typography.html
@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Typography Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Unit Testing Class" href="unit_testing.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Trackback Class" href="trackback.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
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+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+    <li>Typography Class</li>
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+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="typography-class">
+<h1>Typography Class<a class="headerlink" href="#typography-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The Typography Class provides methods that help you format text.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-typography-class" id="id1">Using the Typography Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id2">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id3">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-typography-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Typography Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-typography-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Typography class is
+initialized in your controller using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;load-&gt;library()</span></code> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;typography&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Typography library object will be available using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">typography</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Typography">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Typography</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Typography" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$protect_braced_quotes = FALSE</code></dt>
+<dd><p>When using the Typography library in conjunction with the <a class="reference internal" href="parser.html"><span class="doc">Template Parser library</span></a>
+it can often be desirable to protect single and double quotes within curly braces.
+To enable this, set the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">protect_braced_quotes</span></code> class property to TRUE.</p>
+<p>Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;typography&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">typography</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">protect_braced_quotes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Typography::auto_typography">
+<code class="descname">auto_typography</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$reduce_linebreaks = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Typography::auto_typography" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+<li><strong>$reduce_linebreaks</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to reduce consequitive linebreaks</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">HTML typography-safe string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Formats text so that it is semantically and typographically correct HTML.
+Takes a string as input and returns it with the following formatting:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>Surrounds paragraphs within &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; (looks for double line breaks to identify paragraphs).</li>
+<li>Single line breaks are converted to &lt;br /&gt;, except those that appear within &lt;pre&gt; tags.</li>
+<li>Block level elements, like &lt;div&gt; tags, are not wrapped within paragraphs, but their contained text is if it contains paragraphs.</li>
+<li>Quotes are converted to correctly facing curly quote entities, except those that appear within tags.</li>
+<li>Apostrophes are converted to curly apostrophe entities.</li>
+<li>Double dashes (either like – this or like–this) are converted to em—dashes.</li>
+<li>Three consecutive periods either preceding or following a word are converted to ellipsis (…).</li>
+<li>Double spaces following sentences are converted to non-breaking spaces to mimic double spacing.</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">typography</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">auto_typography</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>There is one optional parameter that determines whether the parser should reduce more than two consecutive line breaks down to two.
+Pass boolean TRUE to enable reducing line breaks:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">typography</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">auto_typography</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Typographic formatting can be processor intensive, particularly if you have a lot of content being formatted.
+If you choose to use this method you may want to consider <a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html"><span class="doc">caching</span></a> your pages.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Typography::format_characters">
+<code class="descname">format_characters</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Typography::format_characters" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Formatted string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is similar to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">auto_typography()</span></code> above, except that it only does character conversion:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>Quotes are converted to correctly facing curly quote entities, except those that appear within tags.</li>
+<li>Apostrophes are converted to curly apostrophe entities.</li>
+<li>Double dashes (either like – this or like–this) are converted to em—dashes.</li>
+<li>Three consecutive periods either preceding or following a word are converted to ellipsis (…).</li>
+<li>Double spaces following sentences are converted to non-breaking spaces to mimic double spacing.</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">typography</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">format_characters</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Typography::nl2br_except_pre">
+<code class="descname">nl2br_except_pre</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Typography::nl2br_except_pre" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$str</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Formatted string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Converts newlines to &lt;br /&gt; tags unless they appear within &lt;pre&gt; tags.
+This method is identical to the native PHP <code class="xref php php-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">nl2br()</span></code> function, except that it ignores &lt;pre&gt; tags.</p>
+<p>Usage example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">typography</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">nl2br_except_pre</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="unit-testing-class">
+<h1>Unit Testing Class<a class="headerlink" href="#unit-testing-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Unit testing is an approach to software development in which tests are
+written for each function in your application. If you are not familiar
+with the concept you might do a little googling on the subject.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s Unit Test class is quite simple, consisting of an
+evaluation function and two result functions. It’s not intended to be a
+full-blown test suite but rather a simple mechanism to evaluate your
+code to determine if it is producing the correct data type and result.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-unit-testing-library" id="id1">Using the Unit Testing Library</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id2">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-tests" id="id3">Running Tests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#generating-reports" id="id4">Generating Reports</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#strict-mode" id="id5">Strict Mode</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#enabling-disabling-unit-testing" id="id6">Enabling/Disabling Unit Testing</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#unit-test-display" id="id7">Unit Test Display</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customizing-displayed-tests" id="id8">Customizing displayed tests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-template" id="id9">Creating a Template</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id10">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-unit-testing-library">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Unit Testing Library</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-unit-testing-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Unit Test class is
+initialized in your controller using the $this-&gt;load-&gt;library function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;unit_test&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Unit Test object will be available using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;unit</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="running-tests">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Running Tests</a><a class="headerlink" href="#running-tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Running a test involves supplying a test and an expected result in the
+following way:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div>$this-&gt;unit-&gt;run(‘test’, ‘expected result’, ‘test name’, ‘notes’);</div></blockquote>
+<p>Where test is the result of the code you wish to test, expected result
+is the data type you expect, test name is an optional name you can give
+your test, and notes are optional notes. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$test</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$expected_result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$test_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Adds one plus one&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$test</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$expected_result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$test_name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The expected result you supply can either be a literal match, or a data
+type match. Here’s an example of a literal:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Foo&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is an example of a data type match:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;is_string&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notice the use of “is_string” in the second parameter? This tells the
+function to evaluate whether your test is producing a string as the
+result. Here is a list of allowed comparison types:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>is_object</li>
+<li>is_string</li>
+<li>is_bool</li>
+<li>is_true</li>
+<li>is_false</li>
+<li>is_int</li>
+<li>is_numeric</li>
+<li>is_float</li>
+<li>is_double</li>
+<li>is_array</li>
+<li>is_null</li>
+<li>is_resource</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="generating-reports">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Generating Reports</a><a class="headerlink" href="#generating-reports" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>You can either display results after each test, or your can run several
+tests and generate a report at the end. To show a report directly simply
+echo or return the run function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$test</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$expected_result</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To run a full report of all tests, use this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">report</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The report will be formatted in an HTML table for viewing. If you prefer
+the raw data you can retrieve an array using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="strict-mode">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Strict Mode</a><a class="headerlink" href="#strict-mode" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>By default the unit test class evaluates literal matches loosely.
+Consider this example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The test is evaluating an integer, but the expected result is a boolean.
+PHP, however, due to it’s loose data-typing will evaluate the above code
+as TRUE using a normal equality test:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;This evaluates as true&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you prefer, you can put the unit test class in to strict mode, which
+will compare the data type as well as the value:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;This evaluates as FALSE&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To enable strict mode use this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">use_strict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enabling-disabling-unit-testing">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Enabling/Disabling Unit Testing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-disabling-unit-testing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you would like to leave some testing in place in your scripts, but
+not have it run unless you need it, you can disable unit testing using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">active</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="unit-test-display">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Unit Test Display</a><a class="headerlink" href="#unit-test-display" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When your unit test results display, the following items show by
+default:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Test Name (test_name)</li>
+<li>Test Datatype (test_datatype)</li>
+<li>Expected Datatype (res_datatype)</li>
+<li>Result (result)</li>
+<li>File Name (file)</li>
+<li>Line Number (line)</li>
+<li>Any notes you entered for the test (notes)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>You can customize which of these items get displayed by using
+$this-&gt;unit-&gt;set_test_items(). For example, if you only wanted the test name
+and the result displayed:</p>
+<div class="section" id="customizing-displayed-tests">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Customizing displayed tests</a><a class="headerlink" href="#customizing-displayed-tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_test_items</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;test_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;result&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-a-template">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Creating a Template</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-template" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>If you would like your test results formatted differently then the
+default you can set your own template. Here is an example of a simple
+template. Note the required pseudo-variables:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;</span>
+<span class="s1">&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;&gt;</span>
+<span class="s1">{rows}</span>
+<span class="s1">        &lt;tr&gt;</span>
+<span class="s1">                &lt;td&gt;{item}&lt;/td&gt;</span>
+<span class="s1">                &lt;td&gt;{result}&lt;/td&gt;</span>
+<span class="s1">        &lt;/tr&gt;</span>
+<span class="s1">{/rows}</span>
+<span class="s1">&lt;/table&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">unit</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Your template must be declared <strong>before</strong> running the unit
+test process.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Unit_test">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Unit_test</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Unit_test" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Unit_test::set_test_items">
+<code class="descname">set_test_items</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$items</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Unit_test::set_test_items" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$items</strong> (<em>array</em>) – List of visible test items</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets a list of items that should be visible in tests.
+Valid options are:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li>test_name</li>
+<li>test_datatype</li>
+<li>res_datatype</li>
+<li>result</li>
+<li>file</li>
+<li>line</li>
+<li>notes</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Unit_test::run">
+<code class="descname">run</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$test</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$expected = TRUE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$test_name = 'undefined'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$notes = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Unit_test::run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$test</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Test data</li>
+<li><strong>$expected</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Expected result</li>
+<li><strong>$test_name</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Test name</li>
+<li><strong>$notes</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Any notes to be attached to the test</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Test report</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Runs unit tests.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Unit_test::report">
+<code class="descname">report</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$result = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Unit_test::report" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$result</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Array containing tests results</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Test report</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Generates a report about already complete tests.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Unit_test::use_strict">
+<code class="descname">use_strict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$state = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Unit_test::use_strict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$state</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Strict state flag</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Enables/disables strict type comparison in tests.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Unit_test::active">
+<code class="descname">active</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$state = TRUE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Unit_test::active" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$state</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to enable testing</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Enables/disables unit testing.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Unit_test::result">
+<code class="descname">result</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$results = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Unit_test::result" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$results</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Tests results list</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Array of raw result data</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns raw tests results data.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Unit_test::set_template">
+<code class="descname">set_template</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$template</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Unit_test::set_template" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$template</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Test result template</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the template for displaying tests results.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="uri.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="URI Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+    <p>
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+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/uri.html b/user_guide/libraries/uri.html
new file mode 100644
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+
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+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>URI Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="uri-class">
+<h1>URI Class<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The URI Class provides methods that help you retrieve information from
+your URI strings. If you use URI routing, you can also retrieve
+information about the re-routed segments.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This class is initialized automatically by the system so there
+is no need to do it manually.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id1">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_URI">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_URI</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::segment">
+<code class="descname">segment</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$n</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$no_result = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::segment" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Segment index number</li>
+<li><strong>$no_result</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – What to return if the searched segment is not found</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Segment value or $no_result value if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to retrieve a specific segment. Where n is the segment
+number you wish to retrieve. Segments are numbered from left to right.
+For example, if your full URL is this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">news</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">local</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">metro</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">crime_is_up</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The segment numbers would be this:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>news</li>
+<li>local</li>
+<li>metro</li>
+<li>crime_is_up</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The optional second parameter defaults to NULL and allows you to set the return value
+of this method when the requested URI segment is missing.
+For example, this would tell the method to return the number zero in the event of failure:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$product_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>It helps avoid having to write code like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$product_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$product_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::rsegment">
+<code class="descname">rsegment</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$n</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$no_result = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::rsegment" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Segment index number</li>
+<li><strong>$no_result</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – What to return if the searched segment is not found</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Routed segment value or $no_result value if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">mixed</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">segment()</span></code>, except that it lets you retrieve
+a specific segment from your re-routed URI in the event you are
+using CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a> feature.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::slash_segment">
+<code class="descname">slash_segment</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$n</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$where = 'trailing'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::slash_segment" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Segment index number</li>
+<li><strong>$where</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Where to add the slash (‘trailing’ or ‘leading’)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Segment value, prepended/suffixed with a forward slash, or a slash if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is almost identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">segment()</span></code>, except it
+adds a trailing and/or leading slash based on the second parameter.
+If the parameter is not used, a trailing slash added. Examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">slash_segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">slash_segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;leading&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">slash_segment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;both&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Returns:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>segment/</li>
+<li>/segment</li>
+<li>/segment/</li>
+</ol>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::slash_rsegment">
+<code class="descname">slash_rsegment</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$n</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$where = 'trailing'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::slash_rsegment" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Segment index number</li>
+<li><strong>$where</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Where to add the slash (‘trailing’ or ‘leading’)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Routed segment value, prepended/suffixed with a forward slash, or a slash if not found</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">slash_segment()</span></code>, except that it lets you
+add slashes a specific segment from your re-routed URI in the event you
+are using CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a>
+feature.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::uri_to_assoc">
+<code class="descname">uri_to_assoc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$n = 3</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$default = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::uri_to_assoc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Segment index number</li>
+<li><strong>$default</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Default values</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Associative URI segments array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method lets you turn URI segments into an associative array of
+key/value pairs. Consider this URI:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">user</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">search</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">joe</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">location</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">UK</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">gender</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">male</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Using this method you can turn the URI into an associative array with
+this prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span>          <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;joe&#39;</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;location&#39;</span>      <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;UK&#39;</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;gender&#39;</span>        <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;male&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter lets you set an offset, which defaults to 3 since your
+URI will normally contain a controller/method pair in the first and second segments.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri_to_assoc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The second parameter lets you set default key names, so that the array
+returned will always contain expected indexes, even if missing from the URI.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$default</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;gender&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;location&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;type&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sort&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri_to_assoc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$default</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If the URI does not contain a value in your default, an array index will
+be set to that name, with a value of NULL.</p>
+<p>Lastly, if a corresponding value is not found for a given key (if there
+is an odd number of URI segments) the value will be set to NULL.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::ruri_to_assoc">
+<code class="descname">ruri_to_assoc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$n = 3</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$default = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::ruri_to_assoc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$n</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Segment index number</li>
+<li><strong>$default</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Default values</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Associative routed URI segments array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">array</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uri_to_assoc()</span></code>, except that it creates
+an associative array using the re-routed URI in the event you are using
+CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a> feature.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::assoc_to_uri">
+<code class="descname">assoc_to_uri</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$array</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::assoc_to_uri" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$array</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Input array of key/value pairs</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">URI string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes an associative array as input and generates a URI string from it.
+The array keys will be included in the string. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;product&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;shoes&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;size&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;large&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">assoc_to_uri</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Produces: product/shoes/size/large/color/red</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::uri_string">
+<code class="descname">uri_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::uri_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">URI string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a string with the complete URI. For example, if this is your full URL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="o">://</span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">news</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">local</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">345</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The method would return this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">news</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">local</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">345</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::ruri_string">
+<code class="descname">ruri_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::ruri_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Routed URI string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uri_string()</span></code>, except that it returns
+the re-routed URI in the event you are using CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html"><span class="doc">URI
+Routing</span></a> feature.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::total_segments">
+<code class="descname">total_segments</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::total_segments" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Count of URI segments</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">int</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the total number of segments.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::total_rsegments">
+<code class="descname">total_rsegments</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::total_rsegments" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Count of routed URI segments</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">int</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">total_segments()</span></code>, except that it returns
+the total number of segments in your re-routed URI in the event you are
+using CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a> feature.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::segment_array">
+<code class="descname">segment_array</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::segment_array" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">URI segments array</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array containing the URI segments. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$segs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">uri</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">segment_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$segs</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$segment</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$segment</span><span class="p">;</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;br /&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_URI::rsegment_array">
+<code class="descname">rsegment_array</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_URI::rsegment_array" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Routed URI segments array</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method is identical to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">segment_array()</span></code>, except that it returns
+the array of segments in your re-routed URI in the event you are using
+CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html"><span class="doc">URI Routing</span></a> feature.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
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+
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+
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+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="user_agent.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="User Agent Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
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+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
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+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
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+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+  </div>
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/user_agent.html b/user_guide/libraries/user_agent.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e605814b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/user_agent.html
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>User Agent Class &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Libraries" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes" href="xmlrpc.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="URI Class" href="uri.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
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+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Libraries</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>User Agent Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="user-agent-class">
+<h1>User Agent Class<a class="headerlink" href="#user-agent-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The User Agent Class provides functions that help identify information
+about the browser, mobile device, or robot visiting your site. In
+addition you can get referrer information as well as language and
+supported character-set information.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-user-agent-class" id="id1">Using the User Agent Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id2">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-agent-definitions" id="id3">User Agent Definitions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example" id="id4">Example</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id5">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-user-agent-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the User Agent Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-user-agent-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the User Agent class is
+initialized in your controller using the $this-&gt;load-&gt;library function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;user_agent&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the object will be available using: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;agent</span></code></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="user-agent-definitions">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">User Agent Definitions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#user-agent-definitions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The user agent name definitions are located in a config file located at:
+application/config/user_agents.php. You may add items to the various
+user agent arrays if needed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="example">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Example</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When the User Agent class is initialized it will attempt to determine
+whether the user agent browsing your site is a web browser, a mobile
+device, or a robot. It will also gather the platform information if it
+is available.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;user_agent&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_browser</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$agent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">browser</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">version</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">elseif</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_robot</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$agent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">robot</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">elseif</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_mobile</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$agent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">mobile</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$agent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Unidentified User Agent&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$agent</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">platform</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Platform info (Windows, Linux, Mac, etc.)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_User_agent</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::is_browser">
+<code class="descname">is_browser</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$key = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::is_browser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional browser name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the user agent is a (specified) browser, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns TRUE/FALSE (boolean) if the user agent is a known web browser.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_browser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Safari&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You are using Safari.&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">elseif</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_browser</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You are using a browser.&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The string “Safari” in this example is an array key in the list of browser definitions.
+You can find this list in <strong>application/config/user_agents.php</strong> if you want to add new
+browsers or change the stings.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::is_mobile">
+<code class="descname">is_mobile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$key = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::is_mobile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional mobile device name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the user agent is a (specified) mobile device, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns TRUE/FALSE (boolean) if the user agent is a known mobile device.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_mobile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;iphone&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;iphone/home&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">elseif</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_mobile</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mobile/home&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="k">else</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;web/home&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::is_robot">
+<code class="descname">is_robot</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$key = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::is_robot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional robot name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the user agent is a (specified) robot, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns TRUE/FALSE (boolean) if the user agent is a known robot.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The user agent library only contains the most common robot definitions. It is not a complete list of bots.
+There are hundreds of them so searching for each one would not be very efficient. If you find that some bots
+that commonly visit your site are missing from the list you can add them to your
+<strong>application/config/user_agents.php</strong> file.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::is_referral">
+<code class="descname">is_referral</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::is_referral" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE if the user agent is a referral, FALSE if not</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns TRUE/FALSE (boolean) if the user agent was referred from another site.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::browser">
+<code class="descname">browser</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::browser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Detected browser or an empty string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a string containing the name of the web browser viewing your site.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::version">
+<code class="descname">version</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Detected browser version or an empty string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a string containing the version number of the web browser viewing your site.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::mobile">
+<code class="descname">mobile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::mobile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Detected mobile device brand or an empty string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a string containing the name of the mobile device viewing your site.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::robot">
+<code class="descname">robot</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::robot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Detected robot name or an empty string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a string containing the name of the robot viewing your site.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::platform">
+<code class="descname">platform</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::platform" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Detected operating system or an empty string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a string containing the platform viewing your site (Linux, Windows, OS X, etc.).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::referrer">
+<code class="descname">referrer</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::referrer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Detected referrer or an empty string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The referrer, if the user agent was referred from another site. Typically you’ll test for this as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">is_referral</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">referrer</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::agent_string">
+<code class="descname">agent_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::agent_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Full user agent string or an empty string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns a string containing the full user agent string. Typically it will be something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">Mozilla</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">5.0</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">Macintosh</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">U</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">Intel</span> <span class="nx">Mac</span> <span class="nx">OS</span> <span class="nx">X</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">en</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">US</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nx">rv</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="mf">1.8</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">Gecko</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">20060613</span> <span class="nx">Camino</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::accept_lang">
+<code class="descname">accept_lang</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$lang = 'en'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::accept_lang" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$lang</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Language key</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if provided language is accepted, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you determine if the user agent accepts a particular language. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">accept_lang</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;en&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You accept English!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is not typically very reliable since some browsers do not provide language info,
+and even among those that do, it is not always accurate.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::languages">
+<code class="descname">languages</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::languages" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An array list of accepted languages</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array of languages supported by the user agent.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::accept_charset">
+<code class="descname">accept_charset</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$charset = 'utf-8'</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::accept_charset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$charset</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Character set</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE if the character set is accepted, FALSE if not</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Lets you determine if the user agent accepts a particular character set. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">agent</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">accept_charset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;You browser supports UTF-8!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">This method is not typically very reliable since some browsers do not provide character-set info,
+and even among those that do, it is not always accurate.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::charsets">
+<code class="descname">charsets</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::charsets" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An array list of accepted character sets</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">array</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an array of character sets accepted by the user agent.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_User_agent::parse">
+<code class="descname">parse</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_User_agent::parse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$string</strong> (<em>string</em>) – A custom user-agent string</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Parses a custom user-agent string, different from the one reported by the current visitor.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="xmlrpc.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="uri.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="URI Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
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+
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+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html b/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45a581dd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1151 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
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+  <div class="section" id="xml-rpc-and-xml-rpc-server-classes">
+<h1>XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#xml-rpc-and-xml-rpc-server-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s XML-RPC classes permit you to send requests to another
+server, or set up your own XML-RPC server to receive requests.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-xml-rpc" id="id3">What is XML-RPC?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-xml-rpc-class" id="id4">Using the XML-RPC Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id5">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sending-xml-rpc-requests" id="id6">Sending XML-RPC Requests</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#explanation" id="id7">Explanation</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#anatomy-of-a-request" id="id8">Anatomy of a Request</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-an-xml-rpc-server" id="id9">Creating an XML-RPC Server</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#processing-server-requests" id="id10">Processing Server Requests</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#notes" id="id11">Notes:</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#formatting-a-response" id="id12">Formatting a Response</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sending-an-error-response" id="id13">Sending an Error Response</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-your-own-client-and-server" id="id14">Creating Your Own Client and Server</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-client" id="id15">The Client</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-server" id="id16">The Server</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#try-it" id="id17">Try it!</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-associative-arrays-in-a-request-parameter" id="id18">Using Associative Arrays In a Request Parameter</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2" id="id19">Data Types</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id20">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="what-is-xml-rpc">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">What is XML-RPC?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-xml-rpc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Quite simply it is a way for two computers to communicate over the
+internet using XML. One computer, which we will call the client, sends
+an XML-RPC <strong>request</strong> to another computer, which we will call the
+server. Once the server receives and processes the request it will send
+back a <strong>response</strong> to the client.</p>
+<p>For example, using the MetaWeblog API, an XML-RPC Client (usually a
+desktop publishing tool) will send a request to an XML-RPC Server
+running on your site. This request might be a new weblog entry being
+sent for publication, or it could be a request for an existing entry for
+editing. When the XML-RPC Server receives this request it will examine
+it to determine which class/method should be called to process the
+request. Once processed, the server will then send back a response
+message.</p>
+<p>For detailed specifications, you can visit the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.xmlrpc.com/">XML-RPC</a> site.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-the-xml-rpc-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Using the XML-RPC Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-xml-rpc-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the XML-RPC and XML-RPCS classes
+are initialized in your controller using the $this-&gt;load-&gt;library
+function:</p>
+<p>To load the XML-RPC class you will use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpc&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the xml-rpc library object will be available using:
+$this-&gt;xmlrpc</p>
+<p>To load the XML-RPC Server class you will use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpc&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpcs&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the xml-rpcs library object will be available using:
+$this-&gt;xmlrpcs</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">When using the XML-RPC Server class you must load BOTH the
+XML-RPC class and the XML-RPC Server class.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sending-xml-rpc-requests">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Sending XML-RPC Requests</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sending-xml-rpc-requests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To send a request to an XML-RPC server you must specify the following
+information:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The URL of the server</li>
+<li>The method on the server you wish to call</li>
+<li>The <em>request</em> data (explained below).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Here is a basic example that sends a simple Weblogs.com ping to the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://pingomatic.com/">Ping-o-Matic</a></p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpc&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">server</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;http://rpc.pingomatic.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;weblogUpdates.ping&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;My Photoblog&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://www.my-site.com/photoblog/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_request</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_error</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="explanation">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Explanation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#explanation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The above code initializes the XML-RPC class, sets the server URL and
+method to be called (weblogUpdates.ping). The request (in this case, the
+title and URL of your site) is placed into an array for transportation,
+and compiled using the request() function. Lastly, the full request is
+sent. If the send_request() method returns false we will display the
+error message sent back from the XML-RPC Server.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="anatomy-of-a-request">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Anatomy of a Request</a><a class="headerlink" href="#anatomy-of-a-request" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>An XML-RPC request is simply the data you are sending to the XML-RPC
+server. Each piece of data in a request is referred to as a request
+parameter. The above example has two parameters: The URL and title of
+your site. When the XML-RPC server receives your request, it will look
+for parameters it requires.</p>
+<p>Request parameters must be placed into an array for transportation, and
+each parameter can be one of seven data types (strings, numbers, dates,
+etc.). If your parameters are something other than strings you will have
+to include the data type in the request array.</p>
+<p>Here is an example of a simple array with three parameters:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Doe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;www.some-site.com&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you use data types other than strings, or if you have several
+different data types, you will place each parameter into its own array,
+with the data type in the second position:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Doe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;boolean&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">12345</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;int&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <a class="reference external" href="#datatypes">Data Types</a> section below has a full list of data
+types.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-an-xml-rpc-server">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Creating an XML-RPC Server</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-an-xml-rpc-server" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>An XML-RPC Server acts as a traffic cop of sorts, waiting for incoming
+requests and redirecting them to the appropriate functions for
+processing.</p>
+<p>To create your own XML-RPC server involves initializing the XML-RPC
+Server class in your controller where you expect the incoming request to
+appear, then setting up an array with mapping instructions so that
+incoming requests can be sent to the appropriate class and method for
+processing.</p>
+<p>Here is an example to illustrate:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpc&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpcs&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;functions&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;new_post&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;function&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My_blog.new_entry&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;functions&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;update_post&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;function&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;My_blog.update_entry&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;object&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpcs</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpcs</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">serve</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above example contains an array specifying two method requests that
+the Server allows. The allowed methods are on the left side of the
+array. When either of those are received, they will be mapped to the
+class and method on the right.</p>
+<p>The ‘object’ key is a special key that you pass an instantiated class
+object with, which is necessary when the method you are mapping to is
+not part of the CodeIgniter super object.</p>
+<p>In other words, if an XML-RPC Client sends a request for the new_post
+method, your server will load the My_blog class and call the new_entry
+function. If the request is for the update_post method, your server
+will load the My_blog class and call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update_entry()</span></code> method.</p>
+<p>The function names in the above example are arbitrary. You’ll decide
+what they should be called on your server, or if you are using
+standardized APIs, like the Blogger or MetaWeblog API, you’ll use their
+function names.</p>
+<p>There are two additional configuration keys you may make use of when
+initializing the server class: debug can be set to TRUE in order to
+enable debugging, and xss_clean may be set to FALSE to prevent sending
+data through the Security library’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xss_clean()</span></code> method.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="processing-server-requests">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Processing Server Requests</a><a class="headerlink" href="#processing-server-requests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When the XML-RPC Server receives a request and loads the class/method
+for processing, it will pass an object to that method containing the
+data sent by the client.</p>
+<p>Using the above example, if the new_post method is requested, the
+server will expect a class to exist with this prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">My_blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">new_post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The $request variable is an object compiled by the Server, which
+contains the data sent by the XML-RPC Client. Using this object you will
+have access to the <em>request parameters</em> enabling you to process the
+request. When you are done you will send a Response back to the Client.</p>
+<p>Below is a real-world example, using the Blogger API. One of the methods
+in the Blogger API is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getUserInfo()</span></code>. Using this method, an XML-RPC
+Client can send the Server a username and password, in return the Server
+sends back information about that particular user (nickname, user ID,
+email address, etc.). Here is how the processing function might look:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">My_blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">getUserInfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$username</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;smitty&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="nv">$password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;secretsmittypass&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpc&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$parameters</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output_parameters</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$parameters</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="nv">$username</span> <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="nv">$parameters</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="nv">$password</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_error_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;100&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Invalid Access&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;nickname&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Smitty&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;userid&#39;</span>    <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;99&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span>       <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;http://yoursite.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span>     <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;jsmith@yoursite.com&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;lastname&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Smith&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;firstname&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+                        <span class="p">),</span>
+                         <span class="s1">&#39;struct&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$response</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="notes">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Notes:</a><a class="headerlink" href="#notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_parameters()</span></code> method retrieves an indexed array
+corresponding to the request parameters sent by the client. In the above
+example, the output parameters will be the username and password.</p>
+<p>If the username and password sent by the client were not valid, and
+error message is returned using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send_error_message()</span></code>.</p>
+<p>If the operation was successful, the client will be sent back a response
+array containing the user’s info.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="formatting-a-response">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Formatting a Response</a><a class="headerlink" href="#formatting-a-response" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Similar to <em>Requests</em>, <em>Responses</em> must be formatted as an array.
+However, unlike requests, a response is an array <strong>that contains a
+single item</strong>. This item can be an array with several additional arrays,
+but there can be only one primary array index. In other words, the basic
+prototype is this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Response data&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;array&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Responses, however, usually contain multiple pieces of information. In
+order to accomplish this we must put the response into its own array so
+that the primary array continues to contain a single piece of data.
+Here’s an example showing how this might be accomplished:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;first_name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;last_name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Doe&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;member_id&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">123435</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;int&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;todo_list&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;clean house&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;call mom&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;water plants&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">&#39;array&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;struct&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Notice that the above array is formatted as a struct. This is the most
+common data type for responses.</p>
+<p>As with Requests, a response can be one of the seven data types listed
+in the <a class="reference external" href="#datatypes">Data Types</a> section.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="sending-an-error-response">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Sending an Error Response</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sending-an-error-response" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you need to send the client an error response you will use the
+following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_error_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;123&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Requested data not available&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first parameter is the error number while the second parameter is
+the error message.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-your-own-client-and-server">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Creating Your Own Client and Server</a><a class="headerlink" href="#creating-your-own-client-and-server" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To help you understand everything we’ve covered thus far, let’s create a
+couple controllers that act as XML-RPC Client and Server. You’ll use the
+Client to send a request to the Server and receive a response.</p>
+<div class="section" id="the-client">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">The Client</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-client" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Using a text editor, create a controller called Xmlrpc_client.php. In
+it, place this code and save it to your application/controllers/
+folder:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Xmlrpc_client</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$server_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">site_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpc_server&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpc&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">server</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$server_url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Greetings&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;How is it going?&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_request</span><span class="p">())</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_error</span><span class="p">();</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+                <span class="k">else</span>
+                <span class="p">{</span>
+                        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;pre&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                        <span class="nb">print_r</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_response</span><span class="p">());</span>
+                        <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/pre&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+                <span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In the above code we are using a “url helper”. You can find more
+information in the <a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html"><span class="doc">Helpers Functions</span></a> page.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-server">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">The Server</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-server" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Using a text editor, create a controller called Xmlrpc_server.php. In
+it, place this code and save it to your application/controllers/
+folder:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Xmlrpc_server</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpc&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;xmlrpcs&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;functions&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;Greetings&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;function&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Xmlrpc_server.process&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpcs</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpcs</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">serve</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$parameters</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output_parameters</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+                <span class="nv">$response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;you_said&#39;</span>  <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$parameters</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span>
+                                <span class="s1">&#39;i_respond&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Not bad at all.&#39;</span>
+                        <span class="p">),</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;struct&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">);</span>
+
+                <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$response</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="try-it">
+<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">Try it!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#try-it" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Now visit the your site using a URL similar to this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">xmlrpc_client</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You should now see the message you sent to the server, and its response
+back to you.</p>
+<p>The client you created sends a message (“How’s is going?”) to the
+server, along with a request for the “Greetings” method. The Server
+receives the request and maps it to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">process()</span></code> method, where a
+response is sent back.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-associative-arrays-in-a-request-parameter">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Using Associative Arrays In a Request Parameter</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-associative-arrays-in-a-request-parameter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>If you wish to use an associative array in your method parameters you
+will need to use a struct datatype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Param 0</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;struct&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Param 1</span>
+                <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;size&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;large&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                        <span class="s1">&#39;shape&#39;</span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="s1">&#39;round&#39;</span>
+                <span class="p">),</span>
+                <span class="s1">&#39;struct&#39;</span>
+        <span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can retrieve the associative array when processing the request in
+the Server.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$parameters</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output_parameters</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$parameters</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<span class="nv">$size</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$parameters</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;size&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<span class="nv">$shape</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$parameters</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;shape&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id2">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Data Types</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>According to the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.xmlrpc.com/spec">XML-RPC spec</a> there are
+seven types of values that you can send via XML-RPC:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><em>int</em> or <em>i4</em></li>
+<li><em>boolean</em></li>
+<li><em>string</em></li>
+<li><em>double</em></li>
+<li><em>dateTime.iso8601</em></li>
+<li><em>base64</em></li>
+<li><em>struct</em> (contains array of values)</li>
+<li><em>array</em> (contains array of values)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Xmlrpc">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Xmlrpc</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Xmlrpc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Xmlrpc::initialize">
+<code class="descname">initialize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>$config = array()</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Xmlrpc::initialize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$config</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Configuration data</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Initializes the XML-RPC library. Accepts an associative array containing your settings.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Xmlrpc::server">
+<code class="descname">server</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$url</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$port = 80</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$proxy = FALSE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$proxy_port = 8080</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Xmlrpc::server" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$url</strong> (<em>string</em>) – XML-RPC server URL</li>
+<li><strong>$port</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Server port</li>
+<li><strong>$proxy</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional proxy</li>
+<li><strong>$proxy_port</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Proxy listening port</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the URL and port number of the server to which a request is to be sent:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">server</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;http://www.sometimes.com/pings.php&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Basic HTTP authentication is also supported, simply add it to the server URL:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">server</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;http://user:pass@localhost/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Xmlrpc::timeout">
+<code class="descname">timeout</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$seconds = 5</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Xmlrpc::timeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$seconds</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Timeout in seconds</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Set a time out period (in seconds) after which the request will be canceled:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">timeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This timeout period will be used both for an initial connection to
+the remote server, as well as for getting a response from it.
+Make sure you set the timeout before calling <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send_request()</span></code>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Xmlrpc::method">
+<code class="descname">method</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$function</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Xmlrpc::method" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$function</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Method name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Sets the method that will be requested from the XML-RPC server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;method&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Where method is the name of the method.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Xmlrpc::request">
+<code class="descname">request</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$incoming</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Xmlrpc::request" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$incoming</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Request data</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Takes an array of data and builds request to be sent to XML-RPC server:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;My Photoblog&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://www.yoursite.com/photoblog/&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Xmlrpc::send_request">
+<code class="descname">send_request</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Xmlrpc::send_request" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">bool</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The request sending method. Returns boolean TRUE or FALSE based on success for failure, enabling it to be used conditionally.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Xmlrpc::display_error">
+<code class="descname">display_error</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Xmlrpc::display_error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Error message string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns an error message as a string if your request failed for some reason.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_error</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Xmlrpc::display_response">
+<code class="descname">display_response</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Xmlrpc::display_response" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Response</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">mixed</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the response from the remote server once request is received. The response will typically be an associative array.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">display_response</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Xmlrpc::send_error_message">
+<code class="descname">send_error_message</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$number</em>, <em>$message</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Xmlrpc::send_error_message" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$number</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Error number</li>
+<li><strong>$message</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Error message</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">XML_RPC_Response instance</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">XML_RPC_Response</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This method lets you send an error message from your server to the client.
+First parameter is the error number while the second parameter is the error message.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">xmlrpc</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">send_error_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">123</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Requested data not available&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
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+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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+
+          
+        
+      </div>
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+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
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+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
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+        <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Zip Encoding Class</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="zip-encoding-class">
+<h1>Zip Encoding Class<a class="headerlink" href="#zip-encoding-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter’s Zip Encoding Class permits you to create Zip archives.
+Archives can be downloaded to your desktop or saved to a directory.</p>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-zip-encoding-class" id="id1">Using the Zip Encoding Class</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id2">Initializing the Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#usage-example" id="id3">Usage Example</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id4">Class Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-zip-encoding-class">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Using the Zip Encoding Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-zip-encoding-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="initializing-the-class">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Zip class is initialized in
+your controller using the $this-&gt;load-&gt;library function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;zip&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once loaded, the Zip library object will be available using:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="usage-example">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Usage Example</a><a class="headerlink" href="#usage-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>This example demonstrates how to compress a file, save it to a folder on
+your server, and download it to your desktop.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mydata1.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;A Data String!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Write the zip file to a folder on your server. Name it &quot;my_backup.zip&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">archive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/directory/my_backup.zip&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Download the file to your desktop. Name it &quot;my_backup.zip&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_backup.zip&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-reference">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="CI_Zip">
+<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">CI_Zip</code><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Zip" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="attribute">
+<dt>
+<code class="descname">$compression_level = 2</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The compression level to use.</p>
+<p>It can range from 0 to 9, with 9 being the highest and 0 effectively disabling compression:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">compression_level</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Zip::add_data">
+<code class="descname">add_data</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$filepath</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$data = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Zip::add_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$filepath</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – A single file path or an array of file =&gt; data pairs</li>
+<li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>array</em>) – File contents (ignored if $filepath is an array)</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Adds data to the Zip archive. Can work both in single and multiple files mode.</p>
+<p>When adding a single file, the first parameter must contain the name you would
+like given to the file and the second must contain the file contents:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mydata1.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;A Data String!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;mydata2.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Another Data String!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When adding multiple files, the first parameter must contain <em>file =&gt; contents</em> pairs
+and the second parameter is ignored:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;mydata1.txt&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;A Data String!&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;mydata2.txt&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Another Data String!&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you would like your compressed data organized into sub-directories, simply include
+the path as part of the filename(s):</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;personal/my_bio.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;I was born in an elevator...&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above example will place my_bio.txt inside a folder called personal.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Zip::add_dir">
+<code class="descname">add_dir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$directory</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Zip::add_dir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$directory</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – Directory name string or an array of multiple directories</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to add a directory. Usually this method is unnecessary since you can place
+your data into directories when using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;zip-&gt;add_data()</span></code>, but if you would like
+to create an empty directory you can do so:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myfolder&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Creates a directory called &quot;myfolder&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Zip::read_file">
+<code class="descname">read_file</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$archive_filepath = FALSE</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Zip::read_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to file</li>
+<li><strong>$archive_filepath</strong> (<em>mixed</em>) – New file name/path (string) or (boolean) whether to maintain the original filepath</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to compress a file that already exists somewhere on your server.
+Supply a file path and the zip class will read it and add it to the archive:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/photo.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">read_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$path</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Download the file to your desktop. Name it &quot;my_backup.zip&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_backup.zip&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you would like the Zip archive to maintain the directory structure of
+the file in it, pass TRUE (boolean) in the second parameter. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/photo.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">read_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Download the file to your desktop. Name it &quot;my_backup.zip&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_backup.zip&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, photo.jpg will be placed into the <em>path/to/</em> directory.</p>
+<p>You can also specify a new name (path included) for the added file on the fly:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/photo.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$new_path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/new/path/some_photo.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">read_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$new_path</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Download ZIP archive containing /new/path/some_photo.jpg</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_archive.zip&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Zip::read_dir">
+<code class="descname">read_dir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$preserve_filepath = TRUE</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$root_path = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Zip::read_dir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to directory</li>
+<li><strong>$preserve_filepath</strong> (<em>bool</em>) – Whether to maintain the original path</li>
+<li><strong>$root_path</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Part of the path to exclude from the archive directory</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Permits you to compress a directory (and its contents) that already exists somewhere on your server.
+Supply a path to the directory and the zip class will recursively read and recreate it as a Zip archive.
+All files contained within the supplied path will be encoded, as will any sub-directories contained within it. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/your/directory/&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">read_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$path</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Download the file to your desktop. Name it &quot;my_backup.zip&quot;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my_backup.zip&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>By default the Zip archive will place all directories listed in the first parameter
+inside the zip. If you want the tree preceding the target directory to be ignored,
+you can pass FALSE (boolean) in the second parameter. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/your/directory/&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">read_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This will create a ZIP with a directory named “directory” inside, then all sub-directories
+stored correctly inside that, but will not include the <em>/path/to/your</em> part of the path.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Zip::archive">
+<code class="descname">archive</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$filepath</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Zip::archive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$filepath</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Path to target zip archive</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">TRUE on success, FALSE on failure</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">bool</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Writes the Zip-encoded file to a directory on your server. Submit a valid server path
+ending in the file name. Make sure the directory is writable (755 is usually OK).
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">archive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/folder/myarchive.zip&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Creates a file named myarchive.zip</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Zip::download">
+<code class="descname">download</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>$filename = 'backup.zip'</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Zip::download" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
+<li><strong>$filename</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Archive file name</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">void</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Causes the Zip file to be downloaded from your server.
+You must pass the name you would like the zip file called. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;latest_stuff.zip&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// File will be named &quot;latest_stuff.zip&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Do not display any data in the controller in which you call
+this method since it sends various server headers that cause the
+download to happen and the file to be treated as binary.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Zip::get_zip">
+<code class="descname">get_zip</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Zip::get_zip" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Zip file content</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Returns the Zip-compressed file data. Generally you will not need this method unless you
+want to do something unique with the data. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;my_bio.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;I was born in an elevator...&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$zip_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_zip</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="CI_Zip::clear_data">
+<code class="descname">clear_data</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Zip::clear_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">void</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The Zip class caches your zip data so that it doesn’t need to recompile the Zip archive
+for each method you use above. If, however, you need to create multiple Zip archives,
+each with different data, you can clear the cache between calls. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;my_bio.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;I was born in an elevator...&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">add_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="nv">$zip_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_zip</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">clear_data</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;photo.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">read_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/path/to/photo.jpg&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Read the file&#39;s contents</span>
+
+<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">zip</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;myphotos.zip&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
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+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
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+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
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diff --git a/user_guide/objects.inv b/user_guide/objects.inv
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/objects.inv
diff --git a/user_guide/overview/appflow.html b/user_guide/overview/appflow.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6758452f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/overview/appflow.html
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
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+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
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+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
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+          <div role="main" class="document">
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+  <div class="section" id="application-flow-chart">
+<h1>Application Flow Chart<a class="headerlink" href="#application-flow-chart" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The following graphic illustrates how data flows throughout the system:</p>
+<p><img alt="CodeIgniter application flow" src="../_images/appflowchart.gif" /></p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>The index.php serves as the front controller, initializing the base
+resources needed to run CodeIgniter.</li>
+<li>The Router examines the HTTP request to determine what should be done
+with it.</li>
+<li>If a cache file exists, it is sent directly to the browser, bypassing
+the normal system execution.</li>
+<li>Security. Before the application controller is loaded, the HTTP
+request and any user submitted data is filtered for security.</li>
+<li>The Controller loads the model, core libraries, helpers, and any
+other resources needed to process the specific request.</li>
+<li>The finalized View is rendered then sent to the web browser to be
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/overview/at_a_glance.html b/user_guide/overview/at_a_glance.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/overview/at_a_glance.html
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  
+  <title>CodeIgniter at a Glance &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
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+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+    
+
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+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
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+    
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>CodeIgniter at a Glance</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="codeigniter-at-a-glance">
+<h1>CodeIgniter at a Glance<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-at-a-glance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-is-an-application-framework">
+<h2>CodeIgniter is an Application Framework<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-is-an-application-framework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter is a toolkit for people who build web applications using
+PHP. Its goal is to enable you to develop projects much faster than you
+could if you were writing code from scratch, by providing a rich set of
+libraries for commonly needed tasks, as well as a simple interface and
+logical structure to access these libraries. CodeIgniter lets you
+creatively focus on your project by minimizing the amount of code needed
+for a given task.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-is-free">
+<h2>CodeIgniter is Free<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-is-free" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter is licensed under the MIT license so you can use it however
+you please. For more information please read the
+<a class="reference internal" href="../license.html"><span class="doc">license agreement</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-is-light-weight">
+<h2>CodeIgniter is Light Weight<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-is-light-weight" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Truly light weight. The core system requires only a few very small
+libraries. This is in stark contrast to many frameworks that require
+significantly more resources. Additional libraries are loaded
+dynamically upon request, based on your needs for a given process, so
+the base system is very lean and quite fast.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-is-fast">
+<h2>CodeIgniter is Fast<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-is-fast" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Really fast. We challenge you to find a framework that has better
+performance than CodeIgniter.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-uses-m-v-c">
+<h2>CodeIgniter Uses M-V-C<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-uses-m-v-c" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter uses the Model-View-Controller approach, which allows great
+separation between logic and presentation. This is particularly good for
+projects in which designers are working with your template files, as the
+code these files contain will be minimized. We describe MVC in more
+detail on its own page.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-generates-clean-urls">
+<h2>CodeIgniter Generates Clean URLs<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-generates-clean-urls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The URLs generated by CodeIgniter are clean and search-engine friendly.
+Rather than using the standard “query string” approach to URLs that is
+synonymous with dynamic systems, CodeIgniter uses a segment-based
+approach:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">news</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">article</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">345</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">By default the <em>index.php</em> file is included in the URL but it can
+be removed using a simple <em>.htaccess</em> file.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-packs-a-punch">
+<h2>CodeIgniter Packs a Punch<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-packs-a-punch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter comes with full-range of libraries that enable the most
+commonly needed web development tasks, like accessing a database,
+sending email, validating form data, maintaining sessions, manipulating
+images, working with XML-RPC data and much more.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-is-extensible">
+<h2>CodeIgniter is Extensible<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-is-extensible" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The system can be easily extended through the use of your own libraries,
+helpers, or through class extensions or system hooks.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-does-not-require-a-template-engine">
+<h2>CodeIgniter Does Not Require a Template Engine<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-does-not-require-a-template-engine" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Although CodeIgniter <em>does</em> come with a simple template parser that can
+be optionally used, it does not force you to use one. Template engines
+simply can not match the performance of native PHP, and the syntax that
+must be learned to use a template engine is usually only marginally
+easier than learning the basics of PHP. Consider this block of PHP code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">ul</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$addressbook</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Contrast this with the pseudo-code used by a template engine:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">ul</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">{</span><span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="nx">from</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$addressbook</span> <span class="nx">item</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">li</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">li</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="p">{</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="k">foreach</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">ul</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Yes, the template engine example is a bit cleaner, but it comes at the
+price of performance, as the pseudo-code must be converted back into PHP
+to run. Since one of our goals is <em>maximum performance</em>, we opted to not
+require the use of a template engine.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-is-thoroughly-documented">
+<h2>CodeIgniter is Thoroughly Documented<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-is-thoroughly-documented" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Programmers love to code and hate to write documentation. We’re no
+different, of course, but since documentation is <strong>as important</strong> as the
+code itself, we are committed to doing it. Our source code is extremely
+clean and well commented as well.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="codeigniter-has-a-friendly-community-of-users">
+<h2>CodeIgniter has a Friendly Community of Users<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-has-a-friendly-community-of-users" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Our growing community of users can be seen actively participating in our
+<a class="reference external" href="http://forum.codeigniter.com/">Community Forums</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="features.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="CodeIgniter Features">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="getting_started.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Getting Started With CodeIgniter"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/overview/features.html b/user_guide/overview/features.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7856bdd46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/overview/features.html
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>CodeIgniter Features</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="codeigniter-features">
+<h1>CodeIgniter Features<a class="headerlink" href="#codeigniter-features" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Features in and of themselves are a very poor way to judge an
+application since they tell you nothing about the user experience, or
+how intuitively or intelligently it is designed. Features don’t reveal
+anything about the quality of the code, or the performance, or the
+attention to detail, or security practices. The only way to really judge
+an app is to try it and get to know the code.
+<a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html"><span class="doc">Installing</span></a> CodeIgniter is child’s play so
+we encourage you to do just that. In the mean time here’s a list of
+CodeIgniter’s main features.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Model-View-Controller Based System</li>
+<li>Extremely Light Weight</li>
+<li>Full Featured database classes with support for several platforms.</li>
+<li>Query Builder Database Support</li>
+<li>Form and Data Validation</li>
+<li>Security and XSS Filtering</li>
+<li>Session Management</li>
+<li>Email Sending Class. Supports Attachments, HTML/Text email, multiple
+protocols (sendmail, SMTP, and Mail) and more.</li>
+<li>Image Manipulation Library (cropping, resizing, rotating, etc.).
+Supports GD, ImageMagick, and NetPBM</li>
+<li>File Uploading Class</li>
+<li>FTP Class</li>
+<li>Localization</li>
+<li>Pagination</li>
+<li>Data Encryption</li>
+<li>Benchmarking</li>
+<li>Full Page Caching</li>
+<li>Error Logging</li>
+<li>Application Profiling</li>
+<li>Calendaring Class</li>
+<li>User Agent Class</li>
+<li>Zip Encoding Class</li>
+<li>Template Engine Class</li>
+<li>Trackback Class</li>
+<li>XML-RPC Library</li>
+<li>Unit Testing Class</li>
+<li>Search-engine Friendly URLs</li>
+<li>Flexible URI Routing</li>
+<li>Support for Hooks and Class Extensions</li>
+<li>Large library of “helper” functions</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="appflow.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Application Flow Chart">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="at_a_glance.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="CodeIgniter at a Glance"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/overview/getting_started.html b/user_guide/overview/getting_started.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25d7e0e88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/overview/getting_started.html
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Getting Started With CodeIgniter &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="CodeIgniter Overview" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="CodeIgniter at a Glance" href="at_a_glance.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="CodeIgniter Overview" href="index.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+  <div class="section" id="getting-started-with-codeigniter">
+<h1>Getting Started With CodeIgniter<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-started-with-codeigniter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Any software application requires some effort to learn. We’ve done our
+best to minimize the learning curve while making the process as
+enjoyable as possible.</p>
+<p>The first step is to <a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html"><span class="doc">install</span></a>
+CodeIgniter, then read all the topics in the <strong>Introduction</strong> section of
+the Table of Contents.</p>
+<p>Next, read each of the <strong>General Topics</strong> pages in order. Each topic
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+encouraged to try.</p>
+<p>Once you understand the basics you’ll be ready to explore the <strong>Class
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+<p>Feel free to take advantage of our <a class="reference external" href="http://forum.codeigniter.com/">Community
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diff --git a/user_guide/overview/goals.html b/user_guide/overview/goals.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1151e0ac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/overview/goals.html
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Design and Architectural Goals &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
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+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
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+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
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+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
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+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+        
+          
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+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Design and Architectural Goals</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="design-and-architectural-goals">
+<h1>Design and Architectural Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#design-and-architectural-goals" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Our goal for CodeIgniter is maximum performance, capability, and
+flexibility in the smallest, lightest possible package.</p>
+<p>To meet this goal we are committed to benchmarking, re-factoring, and
+simplifying at every step of the development process, rejecting anything
+that doesn’t further the stated objective.</p>
+<p>From a technical and architectural standpoint, CodeIgniter was created
+with the following objectives:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><strong>Dynamic Instantiation.</strong> In CodeIgniter, components are loaded and
+routines executed only when requested, rather than globally. No
+assumptions are made by the system regarding what may be needed
+beyond the minimal core resources, so the system is very light-weight
+by default. The events, as triggered by the HTTP request, and the
+controllers and views you design will determine what is invoked.</li>
+<li><strong>Loose Coupling.</strong> Coupling is the degree to which components of a
+system rely on each other. The less components depend on each other
+the more reusable and flexible the system becomes. Our goal was a
+very loosely coupled system.</li>
+<li><strong>Component Singularity.</strong> Singularity is the degree to which
+components have a narrowly focused purpose. In CodeIgniter, each
+class and its functions are highly autonomous in order to allow
+maximum usefulness.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>CodeIgniter is a dynamically instantiated, loosely coupled system with
+high component singularity. It strives for simplicity, flexibility, and
+high performance in a small footprint package.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="../tutorial/index.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Tutorial">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
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+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/overview/index.html b/user_guide/overview/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cf175e40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/overview/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>CodeIgniter Overview &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Getting Started With CodeIgniter" href="getting_started.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Troubleshooting" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
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+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+      </div>
+    
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+  </div>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/overview/mvc.html b/user_guide/overview/mvc.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..394ea1e28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/overview/mvc.html
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
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+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Model-View-Controller &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
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+  
+    
+
+  
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+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
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+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="CodeIgniter Overview" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Design and Architectural Goals" href="goals.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Application Flow Chart" href="appflow.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
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+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
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+  <div id="nav">
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+    
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Model-View-Controller</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="model-view-controller">
+<h1>Model-View-Controller<a class="headerlink" href="#model-view-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>CodeIgniter is based on the Model-View-Controller development pattern.
+MVC is a software approach that separates application logic from
+presentation. In practice, it permits your web pages to contain minimal
+scripting since the presentation is separate from the PHP scripting.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The <strong>Model</strong> represents your data structures. Typically your model
+classes will contain functions that help you retrieve, insert, and
+update information in your database.</li>
+<li>The <strong>View</strong> is the information that is being presented to a user. A
+View will normally be a web page, but in CodeIgniter, a view can also
+be a page fragment like a header or footer. It can also be an RSS
+page, or any other type of “page”.</li>
+<li>The <strong>Controller</strong> serves as an <em>intermediary</em> between the Model, the
+View, and any other resources needed to process the HTTP request and
+generate a web page.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>CodeIgniter has a fairly loose approach to MVC since Models are not
+required. If you don’t need the added separation, or find that
+maintaining models requires more complexity than you want, you can
+ignore them and build your application minimally using Controllers and
+Views. CodeIgniter also enables you to incorporate your own existing
+scripts, or even develop core libraries for the system, enabling you to
+work in a way that makes the most sense to you.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="goals.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Design and Architectural Goals">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="appflow.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Application Flow Chart"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
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+  </div>
+  
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+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/search.html b/user_guide/search.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a99be56f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/search.html
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Search &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="#"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="index.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
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diff --git a/user_guide/searchindex.js b/user_guide/searchindex.js
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index 000000000..9a3f50b14
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23,Using:[1,2,23,26,36,47,71,133,144,152,168],WILL:25,WITH:[17,156],Was:33,Will:[9,64,67,126,130,141,149],With:[1,14,19,43,45,106,138,147,167],XTS:132,Yes:[132,134,158],__ci_var:147,__construct:[1,20,26,27,29,45,93,133,147,167],__get:[1,15,147],__set:[1,15,147],_after:9,_applic:[98,126],_assign_to_config:1,_backup:1,_base_class:1,_blank:69,_call_hook:1,_ci:1,_ci_:1,_ci_autoload:1,_ci_class:1,_ci_load:1,_ci_view_fil:1,_clean_input_data:1,_clean_input_kei:1,_compile_queri:1,_convert_text:45,_cooki:[1,44,106,138],_create_databas:[1,93],_create_t:1,_csrf_set_hash:1,_data_seek:1,_detect_uri:1,_displai:[1,35,143],_display_cach:[1,35],_drop_databas:[1,93],_end:125,_env:1,_error_handl:[1,42],_error_messag:1,_error_numb:1,_escape_identifi:1,_exception_handl:[1,42],_execut:1,_explode_seg:1,_fetch_from_arrai:1,_fetch_uri_str:1,_file:1,_file_mime_typ:1,_filter_uri:1,_get:[1,44,106,138],_get_config:1,_get_ip:1,_get_mod_tim:1,_has_oper:1,_helper:141,_html_entity_decode_callback:1,_insert_batch:1,_is_ascii:1,_lang:140,_object_to_arrai:1,_output:[1,26],_parse_argv:1,_parse_cli_arg:1,_parse_query_str:1,_parse_request_uri:1,_pi:1,_plugin:1,_post:[1,39,40,44,45,49,50,57,106,138],_prep_filenam:1,_prep_q_encod:1,_prep_quoted_print:1,_protect_identifi:1,_reindex_seg:1,_remap:[23,26],_remove_evil_attribut:1,_remove_invisible_charact:1,_remove_url_suffix:1,_request:44,_sanitize_glob:1,_server:[1,32,106,109,138,147],_session:[1,106,147],_set_head:1,_set_overrid:1,_set_uri_str:1,_start:125,_stringify_attribut:42,_thumb:136,_trans_depth:1,_truncat:1,_unseri:1,_update_batch:1,_util:26,_version:1,_write_cach:26,a_filter_uri:1,a_long_link_that_should_not_be_wrap:130,aac:1,aamer:1,abbrevi:[127,136,140],abid:73,abil:[1,20,34,45,132,138],abl:[1,15,24,29,40,43,45,55,132,134,139,149,164],abort:[1,33,143],about:[1,2,7,14,16,23,25,26,33,43,44,47,50,52,67,106,127,132,133,134,151,152,153,154,159,164,165,168],abov:[1,2,5,6,8,9,10,13,14,15,17,19,20,22,26,27,29,34,35,39,40,41,43,46,47,49,52,56,57,58,65,66,67,69,73,86,106,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,136,138,139,141,144,145,147,148,149,150,151,154,155,156,165,167],abr:127,abridg:52,absent:[125,167],absolut:[1,5,57,63,132,133,135,136,147],abus:1,ac3:1,accent:[1,67],accept:[1,2,5,7,9,14,15,24,43,44,45,50,52,57,58,66,69,94,106,127,130,132,134,138,139,145,146,147,148,149,153,154,168],accept_charset:[1,153],accept_lang:[1,153],access:[1,3,4,5,8,9,14,15,17,20,24,26,29,31,39,40,43,44,45,46,48,56,65,69,72,73,95,106,126,129,131,132,140,141,142,154,158,168],accident:1,accompani:106,accomplish:[9,154],accord:[134,154],account:[1,26,48,52,138],accur:[1,19,26,56,125,153],accuraci:1,achiev:[15,22,26,106,147],acquir:[30,56,147],acronym:1,across:[32,106,132],act:[1,24,47,51,106,138,141,146,154,168],action:[1,12,14,18,23,26,35,43,57,94,128,133,134,136,139,146,156],activ:[1,10,14,46,52,93,106,125,128,147,151,158],active_group:[5,86,106],active_r:[1,76,86],active_record:[1,86,106],actual:[1,24,25,33,41,43,50,54,55,63,106,132,139,140,144,145,147,168],adapt:[7,14,126],add:[1,2,5,6,7,9,13,14,15,17,18,21,26,27,29,34,43,46,47,50,57,58,60,62,66,67,69,74,76,80,81,82,88,90,96,98,106,108,126,127,128,129,130,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,144,145,146,147,148,149,151,152,153,154,155,165,166,167,168],add_column:[1,9],add_data:155,add_dir:155,add_drop:17,add_field:[1,9,142],add_insert:17,add_kei:[1,9,142],add_package_path:141,add_row:148,add_suffix:140,added:[1,3,4,5,9,14,29,46,47,56,57,58,67,69,88,93,106,123,128,130,132,134,136,138,141,144,148,149,152,155,163],adding:[1,6,9,14,21,34,39,106,134,140,141,144,155,165,167],addit:[1,9,15,32,33,43,45,46,49,57,61,65,73,96,106,125,127,128,130,132,134,136,139,140,143,147,153,154,158],addition:[1,9,21,37,45,58,106,129,138,141,147],address:[1,2,32,55,57,58,69,106,109,130,134,138,140,147,149,154],address_info:57,addressbook:158,adher:[45,48],adjust:136,adjust_d:127,admin:[17,106],adodb:16,advanc:[1,45,106,166],advantag:[9,24,29,45,57,131,138,147,160,164],advertis:1,advic:44,advis:[13,41,69,132,147],advisori:[106,147],aes:132,affect:[1,7,10,14,16,22,32,43,45,106,115,139],affected_row:[1,7,8,10,14],afghanistan:52,africa:52,after:[1,3,9,14,15,19,20,26,35,40,43,57,66,73,74,132,134,144,147,148,151,154,165],afterward:[1,132,133],again:[2,134,139,141,147,168],against:[1,14,64,132,141,142,149],age:14,agent:[1,44,71,96,97,106,130,133,137,138,159],agent_str:153,aggreg:7,aging:106,agnost:7,agre:0,agreement:[71,158],ahead:15,aid:1,aim:[106,132],air:148,ajax:[1,138,139,146,147],ak_my_design:67,alaska:52,albeit:49,albert:49,aleutian:52,algo:25,algorithm:[1,25,44,64,93,131],alia:[1,2,7,14,15,24,51,52,57,64,65,66,68,69,106,127,138,141,143,147],alias:[1,7,43,66,106],align:[128,136],aliv:1,all:[0,1,2,4,5,7,8,12,14,15,16,17,19,20,23,26,27,29,31,32,33,34,35,37,38,40,43,45,46,51,55,56,57,58,67,69,70,76,80,81,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,125,126,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,144,147,148,149,151,154,155,156,160,164,165,167,168],all_userdata:[1,147],allman:[2,45],allow:[1,3,5,10,14,15,16,17,19,26,27,29,43,44,45,52,56,57,62,65,66,69,76,79,80,82,106,109,113,120,126,127,128,129,132,133,134,136,138,141,142,144,145,146,147,148,149,151,152,154,158,161],allow_get_arrai:[1,138],allowed_domain:[106,109],allowed_fil:1,allowed_typ:[1,133],almost:[53,132,147,152],alnum:66,along:[1,18,129,133,134,136,143,154],alpha:[1,44,66,128,134,138],alpha_dash:134,alpha_numer:134,alpha_numeric_spac:[1,134],alphabet:134,alphanumer:1,alreadi:[1,2,9,12,14,15,17,106,108,130,132,134,139,140,141,142,143,145,147,149,151,155],also:[1,2,3,5,7,9,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,23,24,25,26,29,31,32,33,35,40,43,44,45,46,47,51,52,56,57,65,66,69,72,73,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,97,99,100,106,109,112,126,128,130,132,133,134,135,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,146,147,148,149,152,153,154,155,163,167,168],alt:[1,58,130],alt_path:140,alter:[1,9,27,90,96,98,106,115,135,142,146,147],alter_t:1,altern:[1,25,26,32,36,45,47,57,58,66,71,74,106,112,125,129,130,133,134,135,139,140,144,147,148],although:[1,13,22,34,48,106,132,134,144,158],altogeth:106,alwai:[1,2,9,13,18,23,25,26,29,43,44,45,53,56,57,95,106,109,113,125,126,129,132,138,139,147,152,153],amend:1,among:[1,128,147,153],amount:[14,16,22,40,48,125,128,134,136,143,158],amount_paid:14,amp:70,ampersand:70,anchor:[1,34,69,106,133,134,139],anchor_class:[1,144],anchor_popup:[1,69],ancillari:[36,71],andretti:49,android:1,angl:136,angri:58,ani:[1,2,3,4,6,7,12,13,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,27,29,31,33,34,35,40,42,43,44,45,46,49,50,52,56,57,61,65,66,69,73,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,125,127,128,130,132,133,134,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,146,147,148,149,151,155,156,157,160,163,165,167,168],annoi:58,announc:30,anonym:[1,134],anoth:[1,9,14,16,17,19,20,26,44,106,119,129,130,132,133,134,141,147,153,154,155],another_field:[9,106],another_mark_end:125,another_mark_start:125,another_method:31,another_nam:147,another_t:3,anoym:35,answer:[3,66],any_in_arrai:34,anybodi:147,anymor:1,anyth:[1,2,5,38,43,44,57,69,106,125,128,131,132,146,147,159,161,168],anywai:[1,106,112,115,132],anywher:[22,34,40,125,143],apach:[1,32,46,133,138],apache2:63,apache_request_head:138,apantbyigi1bpvxztjgcsag8gzl8pdwwa84:131,apart:20,apc:1,api:[1,32,132,139,146,154],apostroph:150,app:[125,159],appear:[1,22,43,46,50,52,67,68,76,127,132,134,136,139,150,154],append:[1,5,47,57,66,69,129,130,133,143,144],append_output:[1,143],appli:[1,2,7,43,44,45,51,106,134,136,138,147,148],applic:[1,3,5,6,7,14,21,22,23,24,26,27,28,29,32,33,34,35,36,39,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,51,58,65,67,69,71,73,74,76,79,80,81,82,85,86,88,90,92,94,95,96,97,106,107,109,116,119,122,123,126,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,138,139,140,142,143,144,146,147,151,153,154,159,160,162,163,165,166,167,168],application_config:45,application_fold:[38,73,112],applicationconfig:45,apppath:[1,42,56,141,142,168],approach:[2,33,39,44,46,134,151,158,163],appropri:[0,1,7,10,14,33,45,62,132,144,147,154,168],approv:[140,146],approxim:131,appver:1,april:1,ar_cach:1,arandom:25,arbitrari:[1,5,13,125,154],arbitrarili:134,arcfour:132,architectur:[28,71,162,166],archiv:[1,106,155,167],archive_filepath:155,area:[43,65,136],aren:[1,108,134],arg:[66,148],argentina:52,argument:[1,14,23,63,66,69,106,134,140,143,144,165,168],aris:156,around:[1,7,13,45,57,65,126,134],arr:45,arrai:[1,5,6,7,9,10,12,13,14,17,18,21,24,25,26,29,34,35,37,39,40,43,44,45,47,50,51,52,53,56,57,58,59,61,65,66,67,69,71,81,85,86,96,106,109,120,123,126,127,128,129,130,132,133,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,151,152,153,155,165,167,168],array_column:[1,25],array_item:147,array_pop:34,array_replac:1,array_replace_recurs:1,articl:[7,23,46,69,127,147,158,167],asc:14,ascii:[1,24,50,67,135,149],ascii_to_ent:[1,67],ask:[1,2],asp:69,aspect:[1,127,136],assembl:14,asset:[44,46],assign:[1,9,13,14,15,17,20,29,34,39,47,125,129,130,132,133,140,141,147,167,168],assist:[1,18,33,34,44,49,50,51,53,55,56,57,58,61,66,67,69,70],assoc_to_uri:152,associ:[1,3,7,9,10,12,14,15,17,24,26,35,50,51,57,58,69,106,127,128,132,138,139,141,145,147,148,149,152,156],assort:1,assum:[1,3,5,7,13,14,16,38,57,65,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,106,127,129,130,131,132,134,144,168],assumpt:161,asynchron:146,atlant:52,atom:[1,52,126],att:69,attach:[1,130,151,159],attachment_cid:[1,130],attack:[1,44,132,133,138,146,147,165],attempt:[1,24,26,27,44,69,126,138,146,153],attent:[1,159],attribut:[1,9,15,24,52,56,57,58,61,69,106,128,146,148],audio:1,aug:52,august:1,australia:52,australian:52,auth:[1,43],authent:[1,147,154],author:[1,5,13,45,128,156],author_id:10,auto:[1,6,16,36,69,71,81,86,106,109,123,132,133,135,136,147,148],auto_clear:130,auto_head:1,auto_incr:[1,9,50,142,149,167],auto_link:[1,69],auto_typographi:[1,68,150],autocommit:1,autoinit:1,autoload:[1,6,21,34,39,129,139,140],automat:[1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,13,14,15,16,18,21,26,27,33,34,39,40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28,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,157,161,163,164,165,166,167,168],codeigniter_profil:1,codeignitor:1,coffe:128,col:[57,65],col_arrai:65,col_limit:148,collat:[1,5,9],collect:[3,34,167],collector:147,collis:[1,106,126,129,138,140,141],colon:[1,5,19,44,128,147],color:[1,29,49,50,57,58,67,106,128,134,136,148,152],colour:1,colspan:[127,128,148],columbia:[30,156],column:[1,7,12,13,14,15,25,90,98,115,127,136,148,165],column_kei:25,column_nam:9,column_to_drop:9,com:[1,2,3,10,23,26,43,45,46,47,50,51,55,57,58,65,66,69,76,82,94,106,127,130,133,134,135,138,139,144,147,149,152,154,158,168],combin:[1,14,15,26,44,45,52,57,58,106,138,146],come:[1,11,21,32,44,106,126,129,133,138,139,140,145,146,147,158,168],comma:[1,2,17,130,134,147,149],command:[1,6,14,17,24,48,106,135,138,139,147,167,168],comment:[1,3,14,26,34,65,69,158],comment_textarea_alia:65,commit:[1,2,16,158,161],common:[1,16,25,36,38,39,45,52,57,71,106,123,139,140,143,147,153,154],commonli:[44,48,134,140,146,153,158],commun:[1,2,5,30,147,154,160],compact:45,companion:67,compar:[1,14,143,147,151],comparison:[1,14,45,151],compat:[1,26,28,36,48,55,65,71,106,128,131,138,139,147],compens:1,compil:[1,7,13,14,40,136,154],compile_bind:[1,7],complet:[1,7,8,14,16,33,58,67,106,130,136,141,147,148,149,151,152,153,164],complex:[14,48,58,134,149,163,168],compli:130,complic:147,compliment:8,compon:[1,2,127,128,147,161],compos:[1,21],composer_autoload:[1,21],composit:1,compound:[1,14],comprehens:[134,164],compress:[1,5,17,81,155],compress_output:[1,81],compression_level:155,comput:[14,23,154],concept:[29,147,151,162,167],concern:[106,128,146,147],conclud:147,conclus:[71,166],concoct:131,concurr:106,cond:14,condit:[1,7,13,14,45,106,147,156,165],condition:[130,136,154],conf:[1,123],config:[1,2,3,5,6,13,14,16,17,19,20,21,24,25,26,27,29,32,33,34,35,38,39,40,42,43,46,51,52,53,56,57,58,65,67,69,71,73,74,88,115,126,127,128,131,132,135,137,138,140,141,142,143,146,147,148,153,154,165,167,168],config_item:[1,24,42,106],configur:[1,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,22,24,27,29,34,40,45,46,48,53,58,71,73,86,106,108,109,115,123,125,126,127,129,130,138,141,144,146,147,154,167],confirm:[1,132,134],conflict:[1,129,142],conform:44,confus:[1,145],congratul:[147,165],conjunct:150,conn_id:[1,3,4],connect:[1,4,5,7,8,11,12,13,14,17,24,53,71,79,126,130,135,147,149,154,156,167],connect_timeout:1,connor:66,conscious:30,consecut:150,consequ:93,consequit:150,consid:[1,6,7,13,14,18,21,26,57,68,106,125,127,132,134,145,147,148,150,151,152,158],consider:[1,136],consist:[0,1,67,76,93,140,147,151],constant:[1,24,33,44,52,73,112,129,131,138],constrain:1,constrain_by_prefix:[1,7],constraint:[1,9,44,142],construct:[1,20,29,128,144,166],constructor:[1,6,20,27,29,34,128,139,141,147,167],consum:[1,40,125],consumpt:15,cont:130,contact:[44,69],contain:[1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,12,13,14,15,17,18,25,26,31,33,34,35,39,43,44,45,46,49,50,51,52,53,56,57,58,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,76,94,96,97,98,127,128,129,130,133,134,135,136,138,140,141,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,158,163,165,168],content:[1,14,18,22,34,47,49,54,56,57,58,66,68,70,127,128,130,139,141,143,146,147,149,150,155,160,164,167],context:[132,147],continu:[1,43,45,47,115,125,131,134,149,154,165],contract:156,contrast:[16,158],contribut:[0,1,44,45],contributor:30,control:[1,2,3,14,20,22,23,27,29,31,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,43,45,46,47,49,53,56,57,58,69,71,72,76,93,106,125,127,128,129,130,131,132,135,136,138,139,141,142,143,144,145,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,157,158,159,161,162,164,165,166,167],controller_info:40,controller_trigg:[46,76],conveni:[21,56,106,109,138,139,142,146],convent:[1,93,147,168],convers:[1,32,141,150],convert:[1,52,57,64,66,67,68,69,70,106,133,134,141,146,149,150,158],convert_accented_charact:[1,67],convert_ascii:149,convert_text:45,convert_xml:149,cook:52,cooki:[1,34,44,52,59,71,106,123,131,132,141,146,147],cookie_domain:[123,147],cookie_httponli:[1,138,147],cookie_path:[123,147],cookie_prefix:[51,123,138,147],cookie_secur:[1,138,147],cool:139,coordin:136,cop:[47,154],copi:[1,2,29,66,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,129,132,136,156,168],copyright:[136,156],core:[1,14,33,34,36,71,81,95,128,140,141,143,157,158,161,163,168],core_class:82,corner_styl:139,correct:[1,7,10,14,44,45,68,132,133,134,135,150,151],correctli:[1,2,10,33,55,67,132,150,155,168],correl:[22,35],correspond:[3,21,37,40,43,45,47,65,66,123,124,127,129,133,134,136,140,145,147,152,154,165,167],corrupt:1,could:[1,2,4,9,23,24,33,38,45,48,69,81,106,132,134,139,142,143,147,154,158,167,168],couldn:1,count:[1,7,15,50,52,58,67,127,130,147,148,149,152],count_al:[1,7,10,14],count_all_result:[1,14],countabl:60,counter:136,coupl:[1,27,29,74,134,154,161],coupon:128,cours:[43,57,106,131,132,134,147,158],cover:[0,154,164],cpanel:1,crawl:1,crazi:14,creat:[0,1,2,3,6,7,13,14,17,18,23,26,30,34,36,38,44,50,56,57,58,61,64,65,66,69,71,93,96,106,109,128,129,130,132,135,136,139,144,146,147,148,152,155,161,166,167,168],create_captcha:[1,50,120],create_databas:[1,9],create_kei:[1,132],create_link:[1,144],create_t:[1,9,142],create_thumb:136,createfromformat:[15,116],creating_librari:82,creation:[1,136],creativ:[48,158],credit:[2,71,128,131,132],crime_is_up:152,criteria:[43,134],critic:[2,44],crl:1,crlf:[1,130],cron:[14,23],crontab:1,crop:[1,136,159],cross:[1,24,44,58,64,108,138],crt:1,crypt:25,crypt_blowfish:25,crypto_strong:1,cryptograph:[106,131,132,146],cryptographi:132,csprng:25,csr:1,csrf:[1,165],csrf_exclude_uri:[1,146],csrf_hash:95,csrf_protect:[1,146],csrf_regener:[1,146],csrf_token_nam:[95,146],csrf_verifi:1,css:[44,52,58,67,69,106,139,143],csv:1,csv_from_result:[1,17],ctr:132,ctype_alpha:1,ctype_digit:[1,44],cubird:9,cubrid:[1,41,106],cubrid_affected_row:1,culprit:1,cumbersom:16,cumul:[9,14],cur_pag:1,cur_tag_clos:144,cur_tag_open:144,curl:23,curli:[1,150],current:[1,2,3,4,7,9,12,14,15,17,18,22,24,40,41,52,53,55,65,69,72,90,94,113,127,128,129,134,135,138,139,140,141,142,143,147,153],current_url:[1,69],current_us:3,cursor:1,curtail:149,curv:160,custom:[1,9,11,14,17,18,20,21,24,25,29,43,45,51,71,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,127,128,129,130,134,153,167,168],custom_result_object:15,custom_row_object:15,customiz:[5,144],cut:[1,15],cycl:[22,66,130],cypher:131,cyril:1,dai:[1,52,127,148,164],damag:[132,156],danger:[1,24],danijelb:1,darn:67,dash:[1,43,44,60,69,70,128,134,150,165],data1:145,data:[1,3,6,7,8,10,12,13,15,17,18,25,26,29,35,39,40,43,45,46,49,50,54,56,57,58,62,64,65,66,70,90,106,112,115,116,125,126,128,130,131,133,141,143,145,146,148,149,151,155,157,158,159,163,165,167,168],data_seek:[1,15],data_to_cach:126,databas:[1,4,7,14,15,16,29,40,41,47,53,66,67,73,79,83,84,85,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,126,128,131,134,141,142,144,145,148,149,158,159,163,165,166,167],database2_nam:6,database_exist:[1,17],database_nam:[5,17],datatyp:[9,151,154],date:[1,8,14,17,39,56,59,71,112,116,127,149,154],date_atom:[52,106],date_cooki:52,date_iso8601:[1,52],date_lang:52,date_rang:[1,52],date_rfc1036:52,date_rfc1123:52,date_rfc2822:52,date_rfc822:[52,106],date_rfc850:52,date_rss:52,date_w3c:52,datestr:52,datetim:[1,15,52,116,154],day_typ:127,daylight:52,daylight_sav:52,days_in_month:[1,52,127],db1:6,db2:6,db_active_rec:[1,83],db_backup:1,db_backup_filenam:17,db_conn:141,db_connect:[1,7],db_debug:[1,5,6,39],db_driver:1,db_forg:1,db_name:9,db_pconnect:[1,7],db_query_build:[1,14],db_result:1,db_select:[1,6,7],db_set_charset:[1,7],dbcollat:[1,5,6,9,86],dbdriver:[5,6,39],dbforg:[1,9,106,141,142],dblclick:139,dblib:1,dbname:[1,5,6],dbprefix:[1,5,6,7,13,14,39,76],dbs:17,dbutil:[17,141],dead:[1,119],deadlock:[1,147],deal:[1,7,34,64,132,134,140,156],debat:1,debug:[1,13,16,33,40,82,130,135,143,154],debugg:1,decept:58,decid:[1,132,138,154],decim:[1,7,125,134],decis:[1,130,131],declar:[1,9,15,25,26,27,29,35,45,56,58,112,129,147,151],declin:2,decod:[1,44,68,93,131,132,146],decrement:[1,126,127],decrypt:[44,131],default_control:[1,26,43,165,167,168],default_domain:[106,109],default_method:26,default_templ:127,defeat:58,defin:[1,9,15,24,29,32,33,34,39,43,57,67,108,128,129,134,138,139,140,142,148,167,168],definit:[1,9,18,20,29,57,106],degre:[136,145,161],deject:58,del_dir:56,deleg:168,delet:[1,3,7,9,10,13,15,43,50,51,56,106,126,135,138,147],delete_al:1,delete_cach:[1,22],delete_cooki:[1,51],delete_dir:[1,135],delete_fil:[1,56,135],deliber:131,delici:123,delim:17,delimit:[1,17,43,69,106,130,133,145],deliveri:[1,148],demand:[16,106],demonstr:[58,65,67,130,133,155,165],depend:[1,3,5,7,13,32,34,67,106,109,115,126,129,132,138,142,147,161],deploi:[1,142],deprec:[1,5,9,41,50,52,55,56,57,58,64,65,66,69,90,93,96,128,129,131,134,138,139,140,144,147],depress:58,depth:[1,53,132,148],der:1,deriv:[25,132,165],des:132,desc:14,describ:[1,2,3,8,14,19,29,32,33,39,40,44,45,46,65,73,79,129,130,132,133,134,136,148,158,162,167],descript:[2,5,40,45,51,52,58,127,128,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,139,141,142,144,147,149],design:[1,13,39,44,46,65,127,128,131,132,145,148,158,159,164],designfellow:1,desir:[1,6,14,15,32,38,44,45,48,61,65,133,135,140,142,148,150],desired_output_format:116,desktop:[17,54,154,155],destin:[43,133,135,136],destroi:[1,128,131,138],destructor:1,detail:[1,8,29,32,33,44,45,51,80,93,106,126,129,132,136,139,141,147,154,158,159],detect:[1,7,69,106,109,123,132,133,136,142,143,146,153],detect_mim:133,detectifi:1,determin:[1,3,7,10,13,14,16,24,26,33,56,57,69,79,85,106,123,127,136,139,144,149,150,151,153,154,157,161],detriment:3,dev:[1,25,45,106,132,146],develop:[1,2,5,18,20,30,32,33,40,42,44,45,48,71,72,73,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,128,131,136,142,145,147,151,158,161,163,165,168],devic:[1,45,153],devis:1,dhaka:1,diagram:35,diamet:49,did:[1,2,14,23,26,33,45,47,136,149,164,165,168],didn:[1,49,106,147],die:[45,143],dies:45,differ:[0,1,4,6,14,32,38,39,43,45,52,69,90,106,108,125,127,128,129,130,132,134,135,136,140,141,144,147,148,151,153,154,155,158,165,167],differenti:[1,32,44],difficult:136,digest:132,digit:[1,15,45,142],dimens:136,dimension:[1,5,35,47,58,128,145,148],dinner:66,dir:53,dir_read_mod:42,dir_write_mod:[1,42],direct:[1,14,18,29,44,69,73,142],directli:[0,1,7,9,14,17,20,22,26,29,31,39,44,47,66,73,106,138,147,151,157,167],directori:[1,3,5,7,21,22,27,29,31,33,34,35,37,39,43,44,46,50,56,59,63,64,65,71,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,126,129,135,139,140,141,142,146,147,155,167,168],directory_depth:53,directory_map:[1,53],directory_nam:47,directory_separ:[1,112],directory_trigg:1,disabl:[1,3,5,7,10,14,19,24,32,33,35,44,45,73,80,82,133,140,142,143,147,155],disagre:2,disallow:[1,67,80,146],disappear:139,disappoint:134,discard:[1,141],discern:[1,133],disclos:2,discourag:[45,106,113],discret:[1,31,34,51,134,138,148],discuss:[14,31,37,44,168],dishearten:58,disk:[126,132,136],disp:130,displai:[1,5,7,10,18,22,33,35,40,44,52,57,65,129,130,133,134,135,143,144,148,149,154,155,165,168],display_error:[1,7,45,133,136,149,154],display_overrid:35,display_pag:144,display_respons:154,disposit:[1,130],disregard:79,distanc:136,distinct:[1,14,139],distinguish:45,distribut:[1,5,72,141,147,156],distrubut:147,div:[1,18,57,127,134,139,144,150,167],dnt:1,do_hash:[1,64,93],do_upload:[1,133],do_xss_clean:[1,93],doc:1,docblock:[1,45],doctyp:[1,58],document:[1,14,24,26,32,44,45,48,58,64,68,69,71,93,102,106,128,132,134,138,143,156,164,167,168],docx:1,doe:[1,2,6,7,13,14,15,16,19,27,34,39,40,44,45,47,48,49,51,55,56,57,64,69,74,79,81,82,93,106,113,125,126,128,129,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,145,147,150,152,154,167,168],doesn:[1,14,15,19,24,25,29,44,55,57,73,74,106,125,132,147,155,161,168],dog:[60,125,139],dohash:[1,64,93],doing:[1,6,10,14,27,47,52,69,106,108,132,147,158,166],dollar:[1,43],domain1:[106,109],domain2:[106,109],domain:[1,18,51,106,109,138,147],don:[1,2,3,6,7,13,28,34,43,44,45,49,52,106,126,127,129,130,131,132,134,143,146,147,149,159,163,168],done:[1,2,18,26,34,35,39,40,73,106,109,132,140,143,145,147,154,157,160,167,168],dot:1,doubl:[1,14,17,43,45,57,66,68,70,150,154],double_encod:1,dowload:88,down:[15,31,44,45,52,57,136,142,150,165],download:[1,17,59,65,71,135,139,155,168],download_help:[1,83],downsid:147,draw:50,drawn:1,driven:2,driver:[1,3,4,5,6,9,10,11,13,15,17,36,41,71,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,93,115,123,137,141],driver_nam:[1,28],driver_name_subclass_1:28,driver_name_subclass_2:28,driver_name_subclass_3:28,drop:[1,17,52,57,106,136,147],drop_column:[1,9],drop_databas:[1,9],drop_tabl:[1,9,142],dropbox:2,dropdown:57,dsn:[1,5,6,130],dst:52,dtd:58,due:[1,14,17,93,106,113,132,139,147,151],dummi:[106,147],duplic:[1,66,143,149],dure:[1,7,25,34,35,39,40,44,134,140,147],dynam:[1,3,18,22,29,46,73,106,109,126,127,129,131,132,136,144,147,158,161,167],dynamic_output:[1,136],e_notic:1,e_pars:1,e_strict:1,e_warn:1,each:[1,3,5,6,7,8,14,15,16,19,20,21,25,26,34,35,38,40,45,49,52,53,57,60,66,73,123,125,127,128,129,130,132,134,139,140,141,142,145,147,148,149,151,153,154,155,160,161,165,166,167,168],earli:35,earlier:[14,47,134,147,149,165,167,168],earth:1,eas:1,easi:[1,46,93,132,138,140,141,144,147],easier:[19,108,128,147,158],easiest:45,easili:[14,20,46,93,131,132,143,158,167],east:52,eastern:52,easy_instal:18,eat:58,ecb:132,eccentr:1,echo:[8,9,10,12,13,14,15,17,23,24,26,29,34,45,47,49,50,52,55,56,57,58,60,61,62,63,65,66,67,69,70,81,94,125,126,127,128,131,132,133,134,136,138,139,140,143,144,145,148,149,151,152,153,154,165,167,168],edg:[1,30,136],edit:[1,43,69,129,142,146,154],editor:[23,26,45,47,73,129,133,134,154],effect:[1,3,40,44,45,106,119,136,143,145,147,155],effici:[1,153],effort:[72,106,149,160],eight:148,einstein:49,either:[1,2,3,4,6,14,17,39,43,45,52,57,58,69,93,94,106,130,131,132,133,134,136,139,144,146,147,150,151,154],elaps:[7,40,52,125],elapsed_tim:[7,125,143],eldoc:18,eleg:31,element:[1,17,34,47,49,57,61,106,133,134,139,141,145,148,150,165,167,168],element_path:139,elev:155,eleven:[67,148],elimin:[1,19,145],elips:58,elli:30,ellips:[1,58,67],ellipsi:[67,150],ellislab:[1,30,106],els:[1,13,14,16,18,19,24,26,33,44,45,55,56,106,109,133,134,138,149,152,153,154,165],elseif:[19,45,153],elsewher:[128,147],email:[1,8,10,15,29,37,53,57,59,69,71,134,137,140,141,147,154,158,159],email_attachment_unred:1,email_filed_smtp_login:1,email_lang:140,emailaddress:134,emb:[44,130],embed:[1,47],emerg:2,emit:1,emoticon:65,empti:[1,9,14,15,17,26,45,52,57,58,61,69,94,125,130,134,144,146,148,149,153,155,167],empty_t:[1,14],emul:[1,26,147],enabl:[1,4,5,6,7,10,13,14,16,17,19,25,26,43,45,48,65,67,76,80,81,82,93,123,125,127,130,131,132,134,135,136,138,142,143,146,147,148,149,150,154,157,158,163],enable_hook:[35,80],enable_profil:[40,143],enable_query_str:[1,46,76,144],enclos:[1,14,145],enclosur:17,encod:[1,24,25,44,45,69,71,93,106,112,131,132,134,137,138,149,159],encode_from_legaci:[1,93,131],encode_php_tag:[64,134],encount:[1,19,33,106,138,141,146],encourag:[1,29,43,44,69,80,90,96,106,112,116,119,120,129,131,132,149,159,160],encrypt:[1,5,44,64,66,71,73,102,130,133,137,147,159],encrypt_nam:[1,133],encrypted_str:131,encryption_kei:[131,141],enctyp:133,encypt:132,end:[1,3,5,14,15,19,35,45,52,66,67,81,106,125,129,131,132,134,135,143,146,147,149,151,155],end_char:[67,149],endfor:19,endforeach:[19,47,128,133,158,167],endif:[19,128],endless:1,endpoint:146,endwhil:19,enforc:1,engin:[1,9,13,19,46,69,74,76,106,145,147,159],english:[1,60,67,83,123,134,140,153],enhanc:1,enjoi:[73,166],enjoy:160,enlarg:98,enough:[44,49,132,134],ensur:[1,5,44,45,49,126,131,132,141],ent_compat:146,enter:[1,49,151],entir:[1,3,15,17,27,29,32,34,45,73,125,126,134,135,144,145,147,166],entiti:[1,58,64,66,67,68,70,106,134,146,149,150],entitl:129,entity_decod:[1,68,146],entri:[1,39,43,58,69,106,126,149,154],entry_id:149,environ:[1,3,5,36,42,44,45,69,71,73,93,108,112,126,138,142,147,165,168],epallerol:1,epub:18,equal:[1,14,24,134,139,148,151],equip:60,equiv:58,equival:[45,65,67,168],eras:147,errand:47,errantli:1,errata:1,erron:1,error:[1,2,5,7,18,19,36,43,44,55,56,57,63,71,73,82,95,129,130,132,133,135,136,139,140,142,147,149,159,165,168],error_404:[1,33,43,76,92],error_:140,error_arrai:[1,134],error_db:[7,76],error_email_miss:140,error_gener:[33,76],error_lang:140,error_messag:140,error_messages_lang:140,error_php:76,error_prefix:[1,134],error_report:33,error_str:[134,142],error_suffix:[1,134],error_url_miss:140,error_username_miss:140,error_views_path:1,escap:[1,7,8,10,14,24,45,52,106,112,113,138],escape_identifi:[1,7],escape_like_str:[1,7,13],escape_str:[1,7,13],escapeshellarg:1,eschew:48,especi:147,essenti:2,establish:[6,7],etc:[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,12,14,16,18,20,23,29,34,44,45,47,53,60,63,67,127,130,132,134,139,143,146,147,149,153,154,159],euro:52,european:52,eval:[1,19,24],evalu:[1,45,151],even:[1,2,6,7,13,16,19,27,29,34,38,44,45,57,81,129,132,134,136,143,152,153,163],event:[1,3,57,69,129,133,134,138,152,156,161],ever:[44,57,106,109,128],everi:[2,6,14,20,21,27,44,72,112,127,132,136,138,144,146,147,161,164,168],everyth:[1,46,49,106,128,132,135,147,154,165],everywher:147,evid:43,evil:1,exact:[67,106,134],exact_length:[1,134],exactli:[1,9,14,15,29,43,131,134,136,138,145,147],examin:[14,128,154,157],exampl:[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,18,19,20,23,24,26,27,29,31,32,33,34,35,37,38,39,40,44,45,46,47,49,50,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,76,90,94,98,106,109,112,125,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,136,139,141,143,145,146,147,149,150,151,152,154,158,160,168],example_field:13,example_librari:29,example_t:13,exce:134,exceed:[6,7,130],except:[1,9,14,15,19,27,29,43,45,46,48,51,52,57,66,68,69,83,93,106,125,126,129,134,136,145,147,148,150,152],excerpt:149,exclam:[7,13],exclud:[1,46,56,130,143,155],exclus:[1,56],exe:1,exec:[1,24],exect:1,execut:[1,7,9,13,14,15,17,24,26,33,35,40,43,44,56,69,106,115,134,135,143,146,147,149,157,161],exist:[1,2,3,7,9,14,15,20,24,27,29,34,44,45,46,49,50,54,56,63,70,90,106,126,128,129,130,131,133,134,138,140,143,144,147,154,155,157,163,168],exit:[1,29,33,45,142,143],exit__auto_max:[33,42],exit__auto_min:[33,42],exit_config:42,exit_databas:42,exit_error:[33,42],exit_success:42,exit_unknown_class:42,exit_unknown_fil:[33,42],exit_unknown_method:42,exit_user_input:42,exot:138,exp_pre_email_address:45,expand:[1,164,165],expect:[1,2,17,29,33,44,45,94,133,145,146,147,149,151,152,154,164,166,168],expected_result:151,experi:[147,159],experienc:[45,132,136,147],experiment:[106,139],expert:132,expir:[1,3,22,50,51,138,143,147],expiri:[2,147],explain:[2,29,44,106,119,127,133,134,141,147,154,166],explanatori:133,explic:1,explicit:[1,45],explicitli:[1,6,56,69,144],explod:45,explode_nam:1,exploit:[1,146],explor:[1,106,160,164,166],expos:[1,147],express:[1,14,106,128,134,140,146,148,156,168],expressionengin:[30,106,136],ext:[1,76],extend:[1,7,23,26,28,36,39,42,47,65,71,82,93,95,131,133,134,142,147,154,158,167,168],extens:[1,5,7,18,21,24,25,29,34,47,50,54,56,82,102,113,119,126,129,131,132,133,135,136,140,141,147,159],extension_load:131,extern:[1,45,146,147],extra:[1,26,57,132,134,139,144,147,165,167],extract:[130,138,141],extract_url:149,extran:1,extrem:[93,158,159],eyes:132,f4v:1,face:150,facil:2,facilit:1,fact:[47,106,131,132,147],factor:[3,14,106,161],fail:[1,2,7,13,16,93,126,132,134,136,146,149,154],fail_gracefulli:[129,141],failov:[1,5],failsaf:138,failur:[1,7,9,13,14,15,16,17,18,25,45,49,52,56,126,128,129,130,132,133,134,135,136,140,141,142,146,147,148,149,152,154,155],faint:136,fair:16,fairli:[44,133,147,163],fall:[1,25,106,109,126],fallback:[1,2,45,106],fals:[1,5,6,7,9,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,24,25,33,34,39,40,43,46,47,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,60,63,64,66,68,69,70,76,80,81,82,93,126,127,128,129,130,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,165,167],falsi:57,fame:147,famili:132,familiar:[16,18,19,47,132,144,147,149,151],far:[7,134,147,154],fashion:[132,166],fast:[11,22,49,126,139,147],faster:[48,69,81,132,145,147,158],fatal:[1,43,45,126],favicon:58,favor:[1,48,49,64],favour:1,fcpath:42,featur:[1,2,3,6,11,14,15,17,19,21,26,29,35,41,44,45,46,71,79,80,90,106,126,127,130,132,134,136,140,143,147,152,162],februari:1,feed:[1,13,58],feedback:[1,147],feel:[93,145,160],fennec:1,fetch:[1,12,14,15,25,47,49,106,126,132,138,147],fetch_:106,fetch_class:1,fetch_directori:1,fetch_method:1,fetchabl:13,few:[1,2,24,25,43,45,80,106,109,127,132,138,147,149,158,164,165],fewer:[1,5,14],ff0:[67,106],fff:136,ffffff:136,ffield_nam:1,fh4kdkkkaoe30njgoe92rkdkkobec333:128,field1:[14,138],field2:[14,138],field3:14,field:[1,5,7,13,14,15,17,49,52,53,106,128,133,146,149,165],field_data:[1,3,7,12,15],field_exist:[7,12],field_id:65,field_nam:[1,3,7,12,15,133,134],fieldset:57,fifth:128,figur:7,fiji:52,file:[0,1,2,5,6,7,10,13,14,16,18,21,22,23,24,26,27,31,33,34,35,36,38,39,40,43,47,49,50,51,52,53,54,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,73,74,75,125,128,131,132,135,137,138,139,143,145,146,148,151,153,155,156,157,158,159,160,165,167,168],file_1:66,file_4:66,file_5:66,file_exceeds_form_limit:1,file_exceeds_limit:1,file_exist:168,file_ext:133,file_ext_tolow:[1,133],file_get_cont:[1,56,106,143],file_nam:[1,47,133,134,141],file_parti:1,file_path:133,file_permiss:[1,136],file_read_mod:42,file_s:133,file_typ:133,file_upload:53,file_writ:1,file_write_mod:[1,42],filectim:1,fileinfo:1,filemtim:1,filenam:[1,17,27,29,34,35,45,54,56,64,82,106,129,130,133,136,140,142,146,155],filename1:140,filename2:140,filename_bad_char:1,filename_help:93,filename_pi:93,filename_secur:1,filepath:[35,135,141,155],fileperm:56,fileproperti:45,files:56,filesystem:142,fill:[1,134],filter:[1,43,51,64,157,159],filter_uri:1,filter_validate_email:55,filter_var:[1,55,106],find:[1,2,3,16,19,21,26,33,34,39,43,49,74,81,90,129,132,133,140,145,147,149,153,154,158,163],find_migr:142,fine:[23,69],finish:[128,135,141],firebird:[1,17,41],firefox:1,first:[1,2,3,4,6,7,9,10,14,15,16,17,20,22,24,25,26,29,33,34,39,40,43,44,45,46,50,51,52,54,57,58,65,66,67,69,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,125,127,128,129,130,134,135,138,140,141,142,145,147,148,149,152,154,155,157,160,165,167,168],first_link:[1,144],first_nam:[134,154],first_row:15,first_tag_clos:144,first_tag_open:144,first_url:[1,144],firstnam:[145,154],fist:1,fit:156,five:[66,128,148],fix:[2,24,66,148],fixat:[1,147],flac:1,flag:[1,2,7,9,14,44,138,151],flashdata:[1,106,131],flavor:[123,141],flaw:[1,44],fledg:164,flexibl:[1,46,47,79,106,159,161],flip:136,flock:1,flow:[2,35,45,71,162],flowgat:1,flush_cach:[1,14],fly:[1,19,82,93,130,155],fmt:52,focu:[18,48,139,158,166],focus:161,folder:[1,3,5,18,21,22,23,26,34,50,53,56,65,73,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,129,134,135,136,140,142,146,154,155],follow:[1,3,5,6,8,9,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,20,21,22,23,25,26,27,29,31,33,34,35,37,39,40,42,43,44,45,46,47,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,85,86,93,96,106,115,116,123,125,126,129,130,132,133,134,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,146,147,149,150,151,153,154,156,157,161,162,165,166,167,168],font:[1,50,136],font_path:[50,120],font_siz:[1,50],foo:[1,18,20,22,29,38,43,45,57,70,93,126,135,141,143,147,151],foo_bar:141,foobar:[39,45,49],foobarbaz:126,foobaz:45,foofoo:45,footer:[47,163,165,167,168],footprint:[48,161],fopen:[1,56],fopen_read:42,fopen_read_writ:42,fopen_read_write_cr:42,fopen_read_write_create_destruct:42,fopen_read_write_create_strict:42,fopen_write_cr:42,fopen_write_create_destruct:42,fopen_write_create_strict:42,forc:[1,5,44,48,54,56,69,74,133,158],force_download:[1,17,54],fore:68,foreach:[8,12,14,15,17,19,34,45,47,52,128,130,133,145,152,158,167],foreign:[1,17],foreign_char:[67,93],foreign_charact:1,foreign_key_check:[1,17],forg:[1,11,71,141],forgeri:[1,44],forget:[134,147],forgotten:44,fork:2,form:[1,2,15,18,34,37,44,46,47,50,52,55,59,65,69,71,90,93,112,126,128,137,146,158,159,166],form_button:[1,57],form_checkbox:[1,57],form_clos:57,form_dropdown:[1,57],form_error:[57,134],form_fieldset:[1,57],form_fieldset_clos:[1,57],form_help:83,form_hidden:[1,57,128],form_input:[1,57,128],form_item:134,form_item_id:61,form_label:[1,57],form_multiselect:[1,57],form_open:[1,57,94,128,134,146,165],form_open_multipart:[1,57,133],form_password:57,form_prep:[1,57],form_radio:[1,57],form_reset:[1,57],form_submit:[57,128],form_textarea:[1,57],form_upload:57,form_valid:[1,37,134,141,165],form_validation_:[1,106],form_validation_lang:[1,134,140],form_validation_rul:106,format:[1,2,5,10,15,17,18,19,25,28,34,44,52,55,57,58,62,64,68,69,106,116,127,128,129,130,133,134,136,138,142,144,147,149,150,151],format_charact:[1,150],format_numb:128,former:1,formerli:[1,14,64],formsuccess:134,forth:67,forum:[2,158,160,164],forward:[1,15,57,106,112,129,142,146,152],found:[1,2,17,21,24,25,26,31,33,35,43,44,51,52,62,66,92,106,126,129,130,132,138,140,141,142,143,147,149,152,168],four:[7,14,45,66,73,128,136,148,149],fourth:[17,52,57,67,130],fragment:[47,142,163],frame:58,frameset:58,framework:[1,27,29,30,36,47,48,71,106,125,140,164,166,167,168],fran:1,frank:14,fred:[66,135,148],free:[15,45,147,156,160,168],free_result:[1,3,15],french:[52,140],fresh:[14,93,94,95,96,106],friendli:[1,18,46,69,74,76,132,159],friendlier:[1,51],from:[1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12,13,14,15,17,19,20,23,24,25,26,27,29,30,31,33,39,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,54,57,58,61,64,66,67,69,71,72,73,125,126,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,152,153,154,155,156,158,161,163,165,166,167,168],front:[1,56,157],front_control:76,fscommand:1,ftp:[1,45,71,137,159],ftp_unable_to_remam:1,fubar:141,full:[1,3,5,8,11,14,17,24,26,29,38,44,45,56,58,64,69,73,93,125,133,136,139,140,143,144,145,148,151,152,153,154,158,159,164],full_path:133,full_tag_clos:144,full_tag_open:144,fulli:[1,22,35,45,53,73,80],func:[1,134],func_overload:1,funcion:1,function_exist:[1,24],function_nam:24,function_trigg:[46,76],function_us:[1,24,42],furnish:156,further:[1,3,6,25,26,58,143,147,149,161,166],furthermor:[45,106,132],futur:[1,106,115,119,132,147],fwrite:1,gain:[3,96,126,131,132],galleri:136,gambier:52,game:49,gap:142,garbag:147,gather:[12,153],gave:[1,149,164],gd2:136,gd_load:1,gecko:153,gender:152,gener:[1,2,3,7,9,11,14,16,17,18,22,24,30,33,39,40,44,45,46,47,50,52,54,57,58,62,65,66,69,82,106,127,128,130,131,132,133,134,136,139,140,141,143,144,146,147,148,152,155,160,163,164,168],georg:49,georgia:52,german:140,get:[1,3,7,8,11,13,14,15,26,33,35,39,40,43,44,51,71,73,80,81,93,106,126,128,130,132,134,141,145,146,147,151,153,154,159,162,164,165,167,168],get_clickable_smilei:65,get_client_info:4,get_compiled_delet:[1,14],get_compiled_insert:[1,14],get_compiled_select:[1,14],get_compiled_upd:[1,14],get_config:[1,42],get_content_typ:[1,143],get_cooki:[1,51,106,138],get_csrf_hash:[95,146],get_csrf_token_nam:[95,146],get_day_nam:127,get_dir_file_info:[1,56],get_extens:1,get_file_info:[1,56],get_file_properti:45,get_filenam:[1,56],get_flash_kei:147,get_head:[1,143],get_id:149,get_image_properti:1,get_inst:[1,29,35,42],get_item:[1,128],get_last_ten_entri:39,get_magic_quotes_gpc:1,get_metadata:[1,126],get_mim:[1,24,42],get_mime_by_extens:[1,56],get_month_nam:127,get_new:167,get_output:[35,143],get_package_path:141,get_post:[1,138],get_random_byt:[1,146],get_request_head:[1,106,138],get_smiley_link:65,get_temp_kei:147,get_the_file_properties_from_the_fil:45,get_total_dai:[1,127],get_userdata:[140,147],get_var:[1,141],get_wher:[1,14,167],get_zip:155,getfileproperti:45,getimages:1,getter:147,gettyp:1,getuserinfo:154,getwher:[1,14,93],gif:[133,136,139],gilbert:52,git:[2,72],github:[2,147],give:[1,2,8,9,14,33,34,44,45,51,58,65,69,132,134,147,151,166],given:[1,16,25,48,52,56,60,106,127,128,134,136,140,141,147,149,152,155,158],glanc:[71,162],glass:128,global:[1,3,5,6,21,24,29,33,34,35,39,44,106,123,129,134,138,140,141,147,161],global_xss_filt:[1,138],glue:168,gmdate:143,gmt:[52,143],gmt_to_loc:52,goal:[48,71,158,162],goe:[1,30,106,131,132],going:[23,49,132,141,147,154,165,167,168],golli:67,good:[5,13,16,32,34,43,44,132,134,136,140,158],googl:[1,151],gost:132,got:1,gpg:1,grab:168,grace:1,gracefulli:6,grain:69,grammat:1,grant:156,graphic:[58,157],grasp:18,great:[1,2,58,158],greater:[24,45,52,70,79,134],greater_than:[1,134],greater_than_equal_to:134,greatli:16,greedi:[1,45],greek:1,green:[58,134,135,148],greenwich:52,greet:154,grid:[1,50],group:[1,5,6,7,16,30,141],group_bi:[1,14],group_end:14,group_id:45,group_nam:6,group_on:6,group_start:14,group_two:6,groupbi:[1,14,93],groupid:45,grow:158,guarante:[72,146,147],guard:[131,132,149],guess:[1,45],guiana:52,guid:[1,2,6,29,31,36,37,44,56,73,75,141],guidelin:45,guillermo:1,gzip:[1,17,81],hack:[1,10,35,64,138],hackeron:2,had:[1,93,106],half:147,halt:[1,147],hand:[26,57,134,142],handl:[1,14,18,26,36,47,66,71,81,92,127,129,147,168],handler:[1,43,54,106,147],handpick:30,hang:164,happen:[1,2,3,35,47,106,119,125,130,132,147,155],happi:[2,58],hard:[1,57,112,132,136,147],harden:[1,24],harder:49,harmoni:1,harvest:[1,69,127],has:[1,2,5,7,10,13,14,15,19,22,24,25,26,27,31,33,43,44,45,46,49,50,52,54,56,60,64,65,66,82,90,93,94,95,96,97,98,106,108,109,112,122,123,125,126,128,129,131,132,134,138,139,140,141,142,143,147,148,154,163,165,167,168],has_opt:128,has_rul:134,has_userdata:[1,147],hash:[1,44,64,66,106,132,146],hash_algo:64,hash_bits_per_charact:1,hash_equ:[1,25],hash_funct:115,hash_hmac:132,hash_pbkdf2:[1,25],hat:30,hate:158,have:[0,1,2,3,5,6,7,9,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,20,22,25,26,27,29,31,32,33,35,38,39,40,43,44,45,46,47,49,50,51,52,57,58,65,68,69,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,9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ng:62,numer:[1,14,25,43,44,52,53,56,62,66,106,127,128,134,138,142],nutshel:[23,26],obfusc:69,object:[1,3,4,6,7,9,12,13,14,17,20,29,34,39,47,57,127,128,131,132,133,134,135,136,139,141,145,147,148,149,150,151,153,154,155,161,167,168],object_nam:141,oblig:129,obscur:[132,136],observ:1,obtain:[1,140,156],obviou:[2,23],obvious:4,occur:[1,13,18,32,45,66,129,141],occurr:[66,116],oci8:[1,41],oci:1,oci_execut:1,oci_fetch:1,oct:1,octal:[56,135,136],octal_permiss:[1,56],octob:1,odbc:[1,5,41,106],odbc_field_:1,odbc_insert_id:1,odbc_num_row:1,odd:152,ofb8:132,ofb:132,off:[0,1,2,3,10,16,26,44,57,133,135,144],offer:[11,25,106,112,132,134],offici:[1,30,106,113,147],offlin:[76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122],offset:[1,14,15,25,52,126,136,144,152],often:[4,5,32,45,106,132,147,150,164,168],ogg:1,okai:45,old:[1,41,44,50,69,90,106,112,131,132,134,135,143,144,147],old_encrypted_str:131,old_fil:135,old_nam:9,old_table_nam:9,older:[1,67,106,115,131,147],oldest:128,omit:[1,14,17,45,106,127,128,138,147,149],ommit:25,omsk:52,onc:[1,3,8,9,14,17,20,22,29,33,34,37,39,43,44,50,127,128,131,132,133,135,136,138,139,140,141,145,147,148,149,150,151,153,154,155,160,167],onchang:57,onclick:57,one:[1,2,3,5,6,7,9,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,23,24,26,27,29,33,34,35,37,40,43,44,45,47,48,49,52,57,58,64,66,69,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,125,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,136,138,139,140,141,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,153,154,158,160,165,167,168],ones:[1,7,26,27,42,43,58,67,69,106,113,132,134,139,140,147],onli:[1,2,3,5,6,7,9,13,14,15,17,18,20,22,24,25,26,29,33,35,38,41,43,44,45,49,50,51,52,53,55,56,57,58,65,66,67,69,73,74,80,81,106,115,125,126,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,153,154,158,159,161,165,167],onlin:16,onto:143,oof:45,oop:[1,29,140],opac:136,open:[0,1,2,14,21,23,26,27,29,34,38,39,46,47,57,67,69,73,74,76,80,81,82,88,96,123,129,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,140,141,144,145,147,148,149,165,167,168],open_basedir:56,openssl:[106,132],openssl_random_pseudo_byt:[1,25,146],openxml:1,oper:[1,2,3,12,14,24,34,42,56,126,132,136,147,153,154,166,167],opera:1,oppos:[1,106,132],opposit:[52,139],opt:[106,147,158],optgroup:[1,57],optim:[1,3,40,143],optimize_databas:17,optimize_t:[1,17],option:[1,5,6,7,9,14,15,16,17,18,19,22,25,26,27,29,32,33,35,39,40,43,45,46,47,48,52,56,57,58,62,63,67,69,76,79,82,86,90,106,116,120,123,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,146,147,148,150,151,152,153,154,158],option_nam:128,option_valu:128,or_group_start:14,or_hav:[1,14],or_lik:[1,14],or_not_group_start:14,or_not_lik:[1,14],or_wher:[1,14],or_where_in:[1,14],or_where_not_in:[1,14],oracl:[1,5,14,41],order:[1,7,9,15,17,18,22,26,28,29,33,35,40,42,43,44,45,50,56,57,58,69,98,102,106,123,126,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,136,138,140,142,145,146,147,149,154,160,161,168],order_bi:[1,14],orderbi:[1,14,93],ordin:69,org:[1,58,130],organ:[1,3,39,47,134,142,155],orhav:[1,93],orient:34,orig_data:131,orig_nam:133,orig_path_info:1,origin:[1,2,29,30,67,71,93,123,131,132,133,134,135,136,145,155,168],orlik:[1,14,93],orwher:[1,14,93],other:[0,1,2,6,7,12,14,16,18,23,24,29,32,33,34,35,44,45,46,47,51,52,57,58,66,69,73,76,86,106,112,123,127,128,131,132,133,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,153,154,155,156,157,160,161,163,165,166,167,168],other_db:[9,17],otherwis:[1,2,17,24,25,26,32,42,43,44,51,55,57,106,125,128,130,132,136,138,140,141,147,156],our:[2,14,23,44,106,113,132,134,141,147,149,158,160,161,164,165,167,168],ourselv:106,out:[1,2,3,7,19,24,42,44,45,49,57,73,130,132,136,142,147,154,156,164,165],outcom:14,outdat:44,outer:14,outlin:131,outperform:147,output:[1,9,10,13,17,22,23,25,27,32,35,40,44,45,52,61,66,69,70,71,81,106,112,125,126,127,130,132,136,137,138,139,140,145,146,154,168],output_compress:1,output_paramet:154,outsid:[1,46,67,132,139],oval:58,over:[1,7,24,43,45,52,57,58,69,127,136,139,154,166,167],overal:1,overcom:43,overkil:[27,29,34],overlay_watermark:1,overli:[1,3,45],overlin:18,overnight:148,overrid:[1,6,26,27,34,35,40,42,43,53,95,134,139,140,143,144,147],overridden:[1,26,131],overriden:1,oversight:1,overview:[71,166,167],overwrit:[1,129,133],overwritten:[1,106,133],own:[1,2,3,13,14,16,20,25,26,32,35,38,44,45,46,50,52,56,57,69,81,106,123,125,127,129,130,131,132,133,136,139,140,141,146,147,148,151,158,163,164],owner:[44,147],p10:1,p12:1,p7a:1,p7c:1,p7m:1,p7r:1,p7s:1,pacif:52,packag:[1,45,73,96,147,161],pad:[1,132,136],page1:14,page2:14,page:[1,2,3,6,8,14,19,29,33,35,37,40,43,44,45,46,47,50,52,56,57,58,65,67,68,69,71,73,74,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,90,113,119,125,128,130,136,139,141,143,145,147,150,154,158,159,160,162,163,165,166,167],page_query_str:144,page_titl:47,pagin:[1,3,53,71,137,159],pai:1,pair:[1,7,14,15,106,125,127,144,147,148,152,155],pakistan:52,par:1,paragraph:[1,70,134,150],param1:4,param2:4,param:[1,17,18,26,29,35,45,106,132,134,139,141,144,147,148,154],paramat:1,paramet:[1,2,3,4,7,9,10,13,14,15,16,17,18,23,24,25,26,33,35,39,43,47,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,93,94,106,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,155,167,168],parent:[1,26,27,29,31,133,141,147,167],parenthes:[1,14],parenthesi:[1,14,45],pars:[1,45,65,69,143,153],parse_exec_var:[1,143],parse_smilei:65,parse_str:[1,145],parse_templ:127,parser:[1,2,45,48,71,137,150,158,167],parserequest:1,part:[0,1,2,14,25,27,34,43,45,56,67,70,120,130,131,136,140,147,148,154,155,166],parti:[18,167],partial:[1,7,13,148],particip:158,particular:[3,6,7,10,12,14,15,16,17,34,35,38,39,47,66,67,69,125,128,129,134,140,147,149,153,154,156],particularli:[1,16,43,68,141,146,150,158,168],pass:[1,2,6,7,13,14,15,17,23,33,35,37,39,40,43,44,45,46,47,52,57,58,65,69,106,120,126,128,130,131,132,133,134,135,138,140,141,143,144,145,147,149,150,154,155,165,167,168],passconf:134,passion:58,passiv:135,password:[1,5,6,39,43,57,64,66,126,130,132,134,135,154],password_bcrypt:25,password_default:25,password_get_info:25,password_hash:[1,25],password_needs_rehash:25,password_verifi:25,passwordconfirm:134,past:[52,106,132],pastebin:2,pasteur:49,patch:[1,2,43,138],path:[1,3,5,6,7,17,21,23,24,33,35,38,39,50,51,53,54,56,59,65,71,73,93,128,129,130,133,135,136,138,140,141,142,144,145,146,147,155],path_cach:45,path_info:123,pattern:[1,8,11,14,43,44,163,164,168],paul:1,payment:14,pconnect:[1,5,6,39],pcre:1,pdf:[1,18,130],pdo:[1,5,6,10,15,41],pdo_mysql:1,pdo_sqlit:1,pdostat:1,pear:[1,48],pecl:147,pem:[1,5],peopl:[6,43,48,90,128,130,149,158],per:[1,17,22,43,106,129,130,144],per_pag:144,percent:[44,52],perfect:[136,165],perfectli:26,perform:[1,10,12,14,17,18,22,25,30,34,41,44,48,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,126,131,132,133,135,136,138,142,145,147,158,159,161,166,167],perhap:[27,29,34,134,147],period:[1,44,52,128,133,138,150,154],perm:[56,135],perman:[45,93,131,147],permiss:[22,23,56,82,133,135,136,147,156],permit:[0,1,3,4,5,9,10,14,17,21,24,26,29,33,35,43,57,58,60,63,64,80,123,125,128,130,131,132,133,134,135,138,143,147,148,152,154,155,156,163],permitted_uri_char:[1,80,106],persist:[1,5,7,49,130,131,147],person:[0,1,130,133,141,146,155,156],pertain:3,pg_escape_liter:1,pg_escape_str:1,pg_exec:13,pg_version:1,pgp:1,pgsql:[1,5],phd:145,phoenix:52,phooei:67,photo1:130,photo2:130,photo3:130,photo:[54,136,155],photoblog:154,php4:26,php5:63,php:[1,3,4,5,6,7,15,16,17,18,21,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,32,33,34,35,36,38,39,40,41,43,44,47,48,51,52,53,55,56,57,58,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,73,74,77,78,79,83,84,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,95,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,107,109,110,111,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,123,125,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,157,158,163,164,165,167,168],php_eol:[23,116,138],php_error:1,php_sapi:24,php_sapi_nam:1,phpdoc:2,phpdocument:1,phpdomain:18,phpredi:[126,147],phrase:67,physic:130,pick:45,pictur:[58,130],piec:[126,131,132,147,149,154,167],ping:[6,154],ping_url:149,pingomat:154,pink:58,pipe:[1,133,134],pixel:[133,136],pizza:58,place:[1,2,3,5,7,9,14,22,26,27,29,32,35,40,43,44,45,65,67,73,90,106,112,125,126,127,129,130,133,134,136,141,142,143,144,147,151,154,155,167],placehold:43,placement:1,plai:159,plain:[1,25,44,64,65,106,131,132,143,145],plain_text:132,plaintext:130,plaintext_str:131,plan:2,plant:154,platform:[1,4,5,7,10,14,16,17,24,147,153,159],playstat:1,pleas:[1,2,3,6,8,14,19,25,26,27,29,31,34,37,39,40,44,52,56,57,64,65,66,67,68,69,72,73,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,128,129,131,132,134,136,138,139,141,143,147,158],plu:[57,58,69,129,151],plugin:[1,75,76,85,86],plural:[1,60],pmachin:1,png:[1,56,69,133,136],point1:125,point2:125,point:[1,2,3,14,24,43,44,52,57,62,65,106,126,127,129,144,147,149,165,167,168],pointer:[1,15,166],poison:1,polici:24,pollut:1,poof:1,pool:[1,50],poor:159,poorli:52,pop:69,popen:1,popul:[1,127,148],popular:[16,126,132,147],popup:69,port:[1,5,126,130,135,147,154],portabl:[4,57,69,134],portion:[14,25,33,156],pose:32,posit:[1,7,9,15,25,67,126,136,154],posix:1,possibl:[1,2,3,14,17,20,27,31,38,43,44,45,73,80,90,93,106,128,131,132,133,136,141,143,144,145,160,161,167,168],post1:18,post:[1,26,39,40,43,44,49,57,69,106,133,134,143,146,149,160,165,167],post_control:35,post_controller_constructor:[1,35],post_dat:52,post_get:[1,106,138],post_imag:58,post_model:49,post_system:35,postgr:[1,5,10,41],postgresql:[1,5,10,13,41,106,115,147],potenti:[1,31,41,44,70,115,146,147],pound:67,power:[139,165,168],powerpoint:1,practic:[13,16,32,34,39,106,112,129,132,136,140,159,163],pragma:[1,143],prais:164,prasanna:1,pre:[1,68,128,134,138,143,150,154],pre_control:35,pre_system:35,preced:[1,43,45,52,150,155],precis:[1,3,62,125],predetermin:134,pref:[17,127],prefer:[1,3,6,9,14,24,35,43,45,46,47,57,69,73,125,128,129,134,135,138,141,145,151,167],prefetch:[1,15],prefix:[1,4,5,7,14,26,45,51,57,66,69,82,93,106,109,126,134,138,140,142,144,149],prefix_singl:7,prefix_tablenam:13,preg_match:1,preg_quot:1,preg_replace_ev:1,prematur:81,prep:[1,44,57],prep_for_form:[1,134],prep_url:[1,69,134],prepar:[49,165],prepend:[1,13,14,51,132,134,138,141,152],present:[1,5,26,134,139,149,158,163],preserv:[1,136,146,147,149],preserve_filepath:155,presum:[58,132],pretend:1,pretti:[106,112,138],prev_link:[1,144],prev_tag_clos:144,prev_tag_open:144,prevent:[1,14,24,26,33,43,44,45,49,50,69,73,132,138,139,140,142,146,154,165],previou:[0,1,15,71,106,136,147,148,160],previous:[1,102,128,132,141,143,147],previous_row:15,previous_url:127,price:[128,158],primari:[1,5,7,9,12,14,50,129,147,149,154,167],primarili:166,primary_kei:12,principl:[29,166],print:[1,14,19,23,58,60,63,67,69,130],print_debugg:[1,130],print_r:[17,45,127,135,154],printabl:1,printer:58,prior:[1,35,79,131,142],prioriti:[1,33,130,132,141,147],privat:[1,5,73],privileg:17,prng:1,probabl:[3,132,147,165],problem:[1,2,33,67,106,134,147,160],problemat:[1,106],procedur:[1,33,34,35,134],process:[1,6,10,15,16,22,33,35,43,44,47,125,128,131,132,134,138,141,142,146,147,151,157,158,160,161,163],process_:26,processor:[68,150],produc:[1,3,8,9,10,13,14,15,16,52,57,58,67,69,93,106,132,141,144,151,152],product:[1,5,26,32,43,44,46,73,76,106,128,129,132,142,147,152],product_edit:43,product_id:152,product_id_rul:128,product_lookup:43,product_lookup_by_id:43,product_name_rul:128,product_name_saf:[1,128],product_opt:128,product_typ:43,profil:[1,36,71,84,93,143,159],profiler_no_memori:1,profiler_no_memory_usag:1,program:[41,132],programat:13,programm:[45,158,164],programmat:[1,34,106,142],progress:139,project:[0,2,5,23,30,48,158],prolif:45,prop:136,proper:[1,7,14,33,45,106,112,132,133,134,146],properli:[1,13,14,18,26,44,92,106,132,145,147,167],properti:[1,15,20,28,29,45,95,106,128,136,138,139,141,142,143,147,150],proprietari:1,protect:[1,14,15,20,26,29,43,64,70,95,106,146,150,165],protect_al:70,protect_braced_quot:150,protect_identifi:[1,7,13],proto:1,protocol:[1,66,69,74,123,130,135,138,147,159],prototyp:[5,6,29,35,39,43,50,52,86,129,133,134,140,148,149,152,154],prove:[45,55],proven:[44,106,132],provid:[0,1,5,7,9,12,14,15,18,25,31,32,33,34,35,44,45,48,50,52,55,58,64,69,85,96,106,113,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,138,139,140,145,146,147,148,149,150,152,153,156,158,165],proxi:[1,154],proxy_ip:[1,138],proxy_port:154,prune:23,pseudo:[1,125,127,132,143,145,151,158],public_html:135,publicli:[1,2,65,106,129,132,147],publish:[154,156],pull:[1,2,47,52,58],purchas:128,pure:[15,19,29,106,109,125,145],purg:43,purifi:106,purpos:[1,33,45,52,56,69,106,132,136,138,140,141,143,145,147,156,161],put:[1,3,13,14,15,16,22,23,26,38,43,44,47,50,57,65,74,106,112,125,130,132,133,134,136,138,144,147,148,149,151,154,167],pygment:18,python:18,qty:[1,128],qualiti:[2,136,159],quantiti:[1,57,128],queri:[1,3,4,6,7,11,12,16,39,40,44,50,53,71,76,90,106,115,134,139,141,144,145,147,148,149,158,159,165,166,167],query2:15,query_build:[5,53,106,141],query_str:[1,123],query_string_seg:144,query_toggle_count:[1,40],question:[1,2,3,13,58,66,74,115,120,160,164],quick:[2,11,13,71],quick_refer:1,quickli:18,quietli:45,quit:[1,18,22,34,45,58,149,151,154,158],quizz:1,quot:[1,7,13,17,45,49,57,66,70,150],quote_identifi:1,quoted_printable_encod:[1,24],quotes_to_ent:[1,66],raboof:45,race:1,radio:[1,57,134],radiu:49,rail:30,rais:[1,13],ram:132,ran:[49,148,165],rand:[1,14],random:[1,14,23,49,50,66,106,131,132,133,146],random_byt:1,random_el:[34,49],random_str:[1,66],randomli:[44,50],rang:[1,52,67,132,136,155,158],rar:1,rare:[13,93,132,147],raspberri:1,rather:[1,2,5,6,7,9,13,16,29,43,46,47,57,96,106,112,116,119,120,134,138,140,141,145,151,158,161],ratio:136,raw:[1,9,17,18,25,126,130,132,134,136,143,147,149,151],raw_data:132,raw_input_stream:[1,138],raw_nam:[1,133],raw_output:25,rc2:132,rc4:132,rdbm:1,rdfa:58,reach:167,reactor:[1,30],read:[1,3,7,8,13,14,24,31,34,37,39,40,44,45,47,54,56,73,90,93,106,124,125,134,135,138,141,147,155,158,160,164,165,166,168],read_dir:[1,155],read_fil:[1,56,155],readabl:[1,2,18,45,52,54,56,147],readi:[1,8,65,136,141,160],readm:[18,147],real:[1,18,30,47,125,130,154],realiti:49,realli:[1,2,3,13,16,24,44,69,106,132,147,158,159],realpath:1,reappear:139,reason:[1,2,3,5,13,14,23,26,44,45,66,81,106,128,132,141,144,147,149,154],rebuild:1,rec:58,receiv:[1,26,122,130,134,141,147,154],reciev:55,recipi:[1,55,130],recogn:[1,25],recommend:[1,2,16,19,24,41,44,45,67,74,90,112,113,115,130,132,133,135,141,164],recompil:155,reconnect:[1,7,14],record:[0,1,14,93,106,146,147,165,167],recreat:[135,155],recurs:[1,53,93,135,155],red:[29,35,49,50,58,128,134,148,152],redesign:1,redi:1,redirect:[1,20,29,43,46,69,130,154],redisexcept:1,redisplai:134,redistribut:0,reduc:[1,3,44,66,68,126,150],reduce_double_slash:[1,66],reduce_linebreak:[68,150],reduce_multipl:[1,66],reduct:1,redud:106,redund:1,reestablish:[1,7],refactor:1,refer:[1,20,24,26,29,35,43,44,51,93,160,164,168],referenc:[1,52,145],referr:153,reflect:[1,125],refresh:[1,22,69],regard:[14,33,44,45,90,127,134,136,141,161],regardless:[1,13,26,67,130,132,136,138,142],regener:[1,146,147],regex:[1,43,134],regex_match:134,register_glob:[1,138],regress:1,regular:[1,7,9,106,128,132,134,140,144,146,147,168],rehash:25,reilli:66,reject:[1,161],rel:[1,35,39,44,53,56,58,63,130,133,136,141,146],relat:[1,9,45,58,64,66,106,112,123,133,147,165],relationship:43,relative_path:146,releas:[1,24,72],relev:[5,68],reli:[1,9,17,45,106,109,113,147,161],reliabl:[1,67,69,106,109,147,153],relicens:1,reload:134,reloc:1,remain:[1,3,22,50,165],remap:[1,43,46],rememb:[3,13,23,47,106,109,134,141],remot:[1,135,154],remote_addr:147,remov:[1,9,14,22,24,32,44,64,66,73,82,86,128,139,141,143,146,158,168],remove_invisible_charact:[1,24,42],remove_package_path:141,remove_spac:133,rempath:135,renam:[1,5,14,73,76,93,106,123,133,135],rename_t:[1,9],render:[1,10,18,22,26,32,35,40,44,65,106,139,143,144,145,146,157,165,167,168],reorgan:1,repair_t:17,repeat:[1,58,66,145],repeat_password:57,repeatedli:132,repercuss:80,repertoir:139,replac:[1,12,13,14,17,19,34,43,47,50,65,67,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,95,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,131,143,145,165],repli:130,replic:147,reply_to:[1,130],replyto:130,repopul:[1,134],report:[1,16,24,33,40,44,45,73,106,130,138,143,153,165],repositori:[2,18,140],repres:[1,15,25,46,106,136,144,149,163,167],represent:[25,65,132,145],reproduc:2,request:[1,2,14,15,22,24,26,40,43,44,46,106,109,130,138,141,143,147,149,152,157,158,161,163,167,168],request_filenam:46,request_head:[1,138],request_method:[1,138],request_uri:[1,74,138],requir:[1,2,5,6,8,9,10,14,15,16,20,24,25,31,38,43,45,48,50,65,71,85,93,102,106,126,127,128,131,132,133,134,136,138,139,141,145,147,148,149,151,154,160,163,165],require_onc:76,res_datatyp:[1,151],reserv:[1,36,70,71,93,128,134,149],reset:[1,57,130,133,134,136,141],reset_data:14,reset_queri:[1,14],reset_valid:[1,134],resid:123,resiz:[1,69,136,139,159],resolv:[1,2,63],resort:147,resourc:[1,3,5,7,13,14,15,16,20,22,36,44,45,71,141,147,157,158,161,163,166],respect:[1,5,17,25,43,57,66,93,106,120,134],respons:[1,3,24,33,47,69,142,143,149],rest:[5,18,39,43,164],restart:1,restrict:[24,44,48,56,80,133,156],restrictor:14,restructuredtext:18,result:[1,3,4,6,7,10,11,12,13,16,25,39,40,45,58,62,66,71,95,106,125,132,136,141,143,144,145,146,147,148,151],result_arrai:[1,8,14,15,145,167],result_id:[3,4],result_object:15,retain:[1,131,147],retriev:[1,3,7,8,13,14,22,24,39,44,123,128,129,133,134,135,136,138,140,141,143,149,151,152,154,163,167],return_object:7,return_path:[1,130],returned_email:130,returned_valu:56,reus:[14,147,167],reusabl:161,reuse_query_str:[1,144],revalid:143,reveal:[139,159],revers:1,reverse_nam:15,review:106,rewrit:[1,19,82],rewrite_short_tag:[1,82],rewritecond:46,rewriteengin:46,rewriterul:46,rfc2616:1,rfc5321:1,rfc:[1,52,130,132],rich:[48,158],rick:[10,13,30],rid:93,right:[0,1,2,14,23,26,35,48,67,113,125,128,136,139,144,145,152,154,156,167,168],rijndael:132,risk:[1,133,147],robot:[1,58,153],robust:[55,130],roll:[7,16,142],rollback:[1,16],romanian:1,root:[2,5,17,26,38,43,56,73,76,133,138,147,167],root_path:155,rotat:[1,136,159],rotation_angl:136,roughli:131,round:[49,58,139,154],rout:[1,23,26,35,36,46,58,71,93,144,152,159,164,166],router:[1,27,83,106,157],routin:[1,3,17,34,44,133,134,161],row:[1,7,8,10,14,45,47,50,57,65,144,145,148,151],row_alt_end:148,row_alt_start:148,row_arrai:[8,15,167],row_end:148,row_id:128,row_object:15,row_start:148,rowcount:1,rowid:128,rpc:[1,44,71,137,158,159],rsa:1,rsegment:[1,106,152],rsegment_arrai:152,rset:1,rss:[52,58,163],rtype:18,rubi:30,ruin:1,rule1:134,rule2:134,rule3:134,rule:[1,26,44,46,48,57,112,128,138,147,165,167,168],ruleset:1,run:[1,3,4,5,7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,17,21,24,26,27,32,35,36,40,41,43,44,45,47,48,52,56,71,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,90,96,112,113,115,125,126,130,131,134,138,139,141,142,145,147,154,157,158,165,167],runnabl:113,runtim:45,ruri_str:[1,152],ruri_to_assoc:[1,152],s_c_ver:45,safari:[1,153],safe:[1,16,57,64,67,68,69,106,113,128,132,146,147,150],safe_mailto:69,safe_mod:1,safer:[10,13,14],saferplu:132,safeti:[1,147],sai:[1,3,4,26,38,39,43,44,45,69,128,131,132,134,136,140,147],said:[106,132,147],sake:[39,167],salli:19,salt:[1,25,132],samara:52,same:[0,1,2,4,6,9,14,15,23,26,29,34,37,39,43,44,45,52,69,82,106,125,126,128,129,132,133,134,136,138,139,140,141,142,145,146,147,148],samoa:52,sampl:[9,28,141],sandal:26,sandwich:52,sanit:[1,24,44,64,133,134,146,165,167],sanitize_filenam:[1,64,146],sapi:138,satisfi:[25,147],saturdai:[127,148],save:[1,3,14,22,23,26,33,43,45,47,52,126,128,129,130,131,132,133,135,136,144,147,154,155,168],save_handl:147,save_path:[1,147],save_queri:[1,10,40],sbin:130,scaffold:[1,75,76,77,80,82,93,123],scale:48,scan:1,scenario:134,schedul:[106,112,116],schema:[1,5,142,149,167],scheme:[1,142,168],scope:[1,33],scratch:[48,158],screeni:69,screensend:7,screenshot:2,screenx:69,script:[1,7,14,15,23,24,29,33,35,44,45,56,64,69,81,106,109,134,136,138,139,142,143,146,147,149,151,163],script_head:139,script_nam:1,scripto:139,scroll:139,scrollabl:1,scrollbar:69,seamless:131,search:[1,13,14,25,46,66,69,74,76,106,138,144,152,153,158,159],search_path:1,sec:18,second:[1,4,6,7,9,10,13,14,15,17,26,29,33,39,43,46,47,50,51,52,53,54,56,57,58,62,63,65,66,67,69,93,106,126,127,129,130,131,134,135,138,140,141,143,145,146,147,151,152,154,155,167,168],secondari:13,secret:[44,131,132],secretsmittypass:154,secrion:132,section:[1,26,31,32,37,44,71,73,113,127,129,132,134,136,139,141,143,147,154,160,164,165,166],secur:[1,13,24,27,32,35,36,41,51,56,59,66,68,71,73,80,93,109,131,132,133,134,137,147,154,157,159],see:[1,3,5,6,8,9,14,15,16,18,20,23,24,26,27,29,32,34,43,44,45,46,47,50,52,55,56,64,67,68,69,80,82,93,102,106,126,127,129,132,133,134,138,139,141,143,147,154,160,165,167,168],seed:[1,14,132,167],seeksegmenttim:1,seem:[1,22,45,49,123],seen:[106,149,157,158],seg:152,segment:[1,2,3,7,43,57,69,76,106,127,144,149,152,158],segment_arrai:152,segment_on:7,segment_two:7,select:[1,3,7,8,10,12,13,15,17,38,45,50,52,57,69,128,131,132,133,134,136,139,142,144,145,146,147,148],select_avg:[1,14],select_max:[1,14],select_min:[1,14],select_sum:[1,14],selector:139,self:[1,42,133],sell:156,semant:[1,45,68,150],semicolon:[1,19,146],send:[1,2,6,7,17,26,35,44,45,47,49,51,54,55,56,57,69,106,125,139,141,143,146,155,158,159],send_email:[1,55,106],send_error:149,send_error_messag:154,send_request:154,send_respons:154,send_success:149,sendmail:[1,130,159],sens:[1,34,106,163],sensit:[1,17,28,44,147],sent:[1,2,7,9,22,26,33,35,49,54,55,81,125,130,134,141,143,145,147,149,154,157],sentenc:150,sep:1,separ:[1,5,6,14,29,33,45,60,66,69,112,129,132,133,134,140,147,149,158,163,168],seppo:1,septemb:1,sequenc:[1,5,10,58,132,142],sequenti:[1,142],seri:[1,42,139],serial:[1,3],seriou:[44,93],serpent:132,serv:[1,3,26,33,39,45,74,132,138,143,154,157,163],server:[1,3,5,6,7,17,19,22,24,32,33,38,44,45,46,50,52,54,56,63,65,67,69,71,73,74,81,93,106,109,123,126,127,130,131,132,133,135,136,137,143,147,149,155],server_addr:1,server_info:1,server_path:56,server_protocol:138,server_url:154,sess_cookie_nam:147,sess_destroi:[1,147],sess_driv:[1,106,141,147],sess_encrypt_cooki:[1,106,141],sess_expir:[106,147],sess_expire_on_clos:[1,106,147],sess_match_ip:[1,147],sess_match_userag:[1,106],sess_regener:147,sess_regenerate_destroi:147,sess_save_path:[1,106,115,147],sess_table_nam:[1,106,147],sess_time_to_upd:[86,147],sess_upd:1,sess_use_databas:[1,106],session:[1,5,20,29,40,71,73,86,88,93,98,115,128,131,137,140,141,158,159],session_data:[40,147],session_destroi:147,session_dummy_driv:147,session_id:[1,106,147],session_regenerate_id:[1,147],session_write_clos:147,sessionhandlerinterfac:147,set:[1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,14,15,16,21,22,23,24,25,26,32,33,35,38,39,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,56,57,62,65,66,67,68,69,73,74,76,80,82,85,88,92,93,109,115,116,123,125,126,128,135,138,140,141,142,143,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,158,165,168],set_:57,set_alt_messag:130,set_capt:[1,148],set_checkbox:[1,57,134],set_ciph:131,set_content_typ:[1,143],set_cooki:[1,51,138],set_data:[1,134],set_dbprefix:[1,13,14],set_delimit:145,set_empti:148,set_error:[1,149],set_error_delimit:[1,134],set_flashdata:147,set_hash:1,set_head:[1,69,130,143,148],set_insert_batch:14,set_item:[129,139],set_messag:[1,134],set_mim:54,set_mod:131,set_new:165,set_output:143,set_profiler_sect:[40,143],set_radio:[1,57,134],set_realpath:[1,63],set_row:15,set_rul:[1,106,112,134,165],set_select:[1,57,134],set_status_head:[1,24,42,143],set_tempdata:[1,147],set_templ:[148,151],set_test_item:[1,151],set_update_batch:[1,14],set_userdata:147,set_valu:[1,57,134],setenv:32,settabl:1,setup:[2,25,45,102,147],seven:[127,148,154],sever:[1,7,9,14,15,27,38,52,79,90,128,134,151,154,159,166],sftp:135,sha1:[1,44,64,66,132],sha224:132,sha256:132,sha384:132,sha512:[115,132],sha:132,shadow:136,shah:1,shall:156,shape:[49,58,154],share:[1,3,5,38,123,127,147],sharp:139,shell:1,shift:[1,3],ship:128,shirt:[43,57,128],shirts_on_sal:57,shoe:[26,46,76,152],shop:[71,137],short_open_tag:45,shortcut:58,shorten:[45,149],shorter:[106,134],shortli:134,shortnam:1,shot:[128,138],should:[1,2,3,5,6,9,13,15,17,18,21,22,23,25,26,29,33,35,41,43,44,45,46,47,52,56,57,58,65,67,69,73,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,136,138,139,140,141,142,147,148,150,151,154,157,164,167,168],should_do_someth:18,shouldn:[106,129,147],show:[1,8,13,14,26,33,52,57,63,65,125,132,133,135,136,140,141,144,145,148,149,151,154,166],show_404:[1,26,33,42,43,92,167,168],show_debug_backtrac:42,show_error:[1,18,33,42,142],show_next_prev:127,show_other_dai:127,show_prev_next:1,shown:[1,14,19,34,40,50,67,69,92,106,113,125,127,128,132,133,134,136,140,144,145,168],shuck:67,shuffl:34,shutdown:1,sibl:[1,31],side:[1,14,45,106,133,139,144,154,168],sidebar:47,sign:[0,1,14,44,52,67,134],signifi:50,signific:134,significantli:[27,158],signoff:2,signup:134,silent:[1,106],similar:[7,16,19,23,26,43,44,45,47,52,57,90,127,128,133,134,138,147,149,150,154,167],similarli:[51,57,106,140,147],simpl:[1,5,11,14,18,23,26,33,34,46,47,48,57,58,67,69,106,127,130,131,132,134,139,142,144,145,147,149,151,154,158],simple_queri:[1,7,13],simpler:[1,35],simpli:[1,2,3,13,14,16,17,20,26,27,29,33,34,35,38,47,55,66,69,76,82,96,106,125,128,129,130,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,144,145,147,148,149,151,154,155,158,168],simplic:[14,39,161],simplifi:[1,3,7,8,10,14,16,19,61,161],simultan:6,sinc:[1,3,7,9,14,16,17,22,25,26,29,34,42,57,69,81,106,116,128,131,134,136,138,141,143,145,147,152,153,155,158,159,163],singl:[1,2,3,5,7,13,14,15,20,24,25,38,45,66,70,128,130,132,134,136,138,140,141,144,145,147,148,149,150,154,155],singleton:141,singular:[1,60,161],site:[1,23,24,26,44,47,48,52,56,57,58,64,69,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,128,129,133,134,138,142,147,149,153,154,168],site_id:9,site_nam:129,site_url:[1,69,129,154,167],situat:[1,3,5,14,132],six:148,size:[1,44,49,50,56,57,58,62,128,132,133,134,136,148,152,154],skip:[1,9,14,15,17,33,56,57,93,112,147],sku:128,sku_123abc:128,sku_567zyx:128,sku_965qr:128,slash:[1,35,43,44,45,66,106,112,129,135,152,168],slash_item:[106,129],slash_rseg:152,slash_seg:152,slice:58,slide:139,slight:106,slightli:[14,45,67],slow:139,slower:147,slug:[66,165,167],small:[1,10,45,48,57,130,132,148,158,161,166],smallest:161,smart:16,smart_escape_str:1,smilei:[1,59,71,82],smiley_j:[1,65],smiley_t:65,smiley_view:65,smith:[23,154],smitti:154,smtp:[1,130,159],smtp_crypto:130,smtp_host:130,smtp_keepal:[1,130],smtp_pass:130,smtp_port:130,smtp_timeout:[1,130],smtp_user:130,snack:35,sock:126,socket:[1,126,149],socket_typ:126,softwar:[33,132,151,156,160,163],sole:138,solomon:52,solut:[25,48,55,106,132,145,147],some:[0,1,3,4,5,6,7,12,14,17,18,20,24,25,26,27,29,32,33,34,35,42,43,44,45,46,47,52,54,55,56,57,65,67,69,81,93,106,112,122,125,126,130,132,134,136,138,139,140,141,142,144,145,146,147,151,153,154,160,164,165,166,167,168],some_act:133,some_class:[18,27],some_cooki:138,some_cookie2:138,some_data:138,some_field_nam:133,some_funct:[4,57],some_librari:45,some_method:[9,17,18,26,29,31],some_nam:147,some_par:31,some_photo:155,some_t:[12,13,15],some_valu:147,some_var:33,someclass:[29,47],somefil:56,somelibrari:45,someon:[50,80,128,130,131,132,134],somesit:55,somet:10,someth:[2,5,14,18,26,29,32,35,43,47,50,52,69,73,76,81,115,128,133,134,135,138,141,143,144,145,147,149,153,154,155],something_els:18,sometim:[12,17,134,154],somewhat:132,somewher:155,soon:[90,106],sooner:[96,106,112,116,119,120],sorri:147,sort:[128,147,152,154],sought:14,sound:2,sourc:[0,1,2,6,25,53,58,132,135,136,158],source_dir:[1,53,56],source_imag:136,south:52,space:[1,44,58,60,133,134,139,148,149,150,165],spam:[69,149],span:[1,57,67,149],speak:9,spearhead:30,spec:154,special:[1,7,9,13,31,44,57,134,138,147,149,154],specif:[1,5,6,7,15,32,34,35,40,45,46,50,58,65,69,106,108,109,126,127,129,130,139,140,141,142,143,144,147,149,152,154,157,167],specifi:[1,5,6,7,9,10,13,14,15,17,24,25,26,34,35,39,43,46,47,49,50,52,56,57,58,66,67,69,80,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,140,141,143,144,147,148,153,154,155],speed:[1,22,139,147],spell:1,sphere:58,sphinx:18,sphinxcontrib:18,spirit:1,split:[7,43,67,166],spoof:1,sport:134,spot:60,sprintf:[106,134],sql:[1,5,7,8,10,13,14,16,17,41,50,113,115,142,147,149,167],sql_mode:1,sqlite3:[1,41,106],sqlite:[1,5,41],sqlsrv:[1,5,41,106],sqlsrv_cursor_client_buff:1,sqlsrv_cursor_stat:1,squar:[1,58,134],src:[1,50,58,130],srednekolymsk:52,sri:52,ssl:[1,24,130,135],ssl_ca:5,ssl_capath:5,ssl_cert:5,ssl_cipher:5,ssl_kei:5,ssl_verifi:5,sss:18,ssss:18,sssss:18,sst:1,stabl:[2,72],stacktrac:2,stage:35,stai:[49,128],stale:93,stand:44,standard:[1,14,16,29,34,39,43,46,48,52,56,57,67,69,76,128,132,134,135,138,140,154,158],standard_d:[1,52],standardize_newlin:1,standpoint:161,stanleyxu:1,stark:158,start:[1,7,9,11,14,16,25,26,43,45,52,66,71,73,106,109,125,127,138,142,144,162,165,166,167],start_cach:[1,14],start_dai:127,stat:[1,26],state:[1,14,22,26,52,57,130,139,147,151,161],statement:[1,7,9,13,14,17,19,47],statu:[1,7,10,13,14,17,24,33,69,92,106,139,143,147],status:1,status_cod:33,stdclass:15,stdin:[1,24,138],steal:147,step:[2,3,34,44,73,74,126,132,141,142,160,161,166],stick:[2,132],still:[1,5,25,43,45,74,106,109,112,116,119,120,132,134,147,164,167],sting:153,stock:[82,96],stop:[1,7,14,125,130,143],stop_cach:[1,14],stopped_by_extens:1,storag:[1,7,44,106,131,132,143,147],store:[1,5,13,14,22,29,34,39,40,44,45,67,90,98,126,128,129,130,131,132,134,135,140,141,142,143,144,147,149,155,165,167],stored_procedur:1,stori:147,str:[1,7,10,24,25,45,57,60,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,130,134,146,149,150,151,152],str_repeat:[1,58,66,106],str_replac:45,strai:1,straightforward:147,stream:[1,132,146,147],strength:93,strengthen:1,strict:[1,5,7,58],strict_trans_t:1,stricter:146,strictli:56,stricton:[1,5],string:[1,5,6,7,10,13,14,15,17,24,33,43,44,47,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,67,68,69,70,71,76,93,113,123,125,126,127,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,158,165,168],stringenc:45,strip:[1,44,64,66,67,130,134,149,165],strip_image_tag:[1,64,134],strip_quot:[1,66],strip_slash:66,stripslash:[1,66],strive:161,strong:[1,44,67,106,128,132,148],stronger:132,strongli:[41,80,106,112,113,116,119,120],strpo:45,strtolow:[1,43],struct:154,structur:[1,11,26,38,45,48,63,106,126,134,135,142,144,155,158,163],style:[1,36,52,57,58,67,71,127,128,139,142],stylesheet:[58,67,69,129],suar:58,sub:[1,3,18,27,30,31,38,39,53,56,128,134,135,140,155],subclass:[1,28],subclass_prefix:[27,29,34,82],subdirectori:[1,31,141],subdriv:1,subfold:1,subject:[1,2,55,130,151,156],sublicens:156,submiss:[44,45,50,52,134,146],submit:[0,1,2,3,6,10,13,14,15,17,29,44,50,51,52,57,58,66,80,94,127,128,133,134,136,140,148,155,157,165],subpackag:45,subqueri:1,subsect:18,subsequ:[1,7,22,139,141,157],substanti:[1,27,156],substitut:145,subsubsect:18,subsubsubsect:18,subsubsubsubsect:18,subtot:128,subvers:1,succeed:7,success:[1,7,9,13,14,15,16,17,18,56,126,128,129,130,135,136,141,142,147,148,149,154,155,165],successfulli:[1,33,55,106,128,133,134,135,149,165],suffici:147,suffix:[1,57,62,67,76,133,134,140,144,152],suggest:[1,34,106,141],suhosin:[1,24],suit:[136,151],suitabl:[45,64,66,106,146],sum:[1,14],summari:[29,139],sun:[52,127],sundai:[52,127],super_class:45,super_class_vers:45,superclass:45,superglob:[1,106,147],superobject:[1,35],suppli:[1,2,4,5,7,8,12,14,24,25,33,50,55,56,57,65,69,106,113,127,133,134,135,136,138,141,146,151,155],suppor:1,support:[1,4,7,9,11,12,14,15,16,17,25,41,46,52,64,67,71,74,81,82,93,98,106,113,119,126,130,131,134,135,136,138,139,140,146,147,153,154,159,162,167],suppress:[1,45,129,144],suppress_debug:135,sure:[2,14,15,16,26,27,29,39,44,45,46,81,95,126,127,128,130,133,134,135,140,143,147,149,154,155,165,167],surfac:1,surround:[144,150],svg10:58,svg11:58,svg:58,swap:[1,5,7,27,125],swap_pr:[1,5],sybas:[1,106],symbol:[1,56,63],symbolic_permiss:[1,56],sync:1,synonym:[46,158],syntax:[1,6,11,13,14,29,31,35,36,40,43,45,47,51,57,61,71,82,106,133,139,147,158],system:[1,2,3,5,13,14,16,21,28,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,39,44,46,56,58,71,72,73,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,125,129,132,134,136,138,140,141,143,147,152,153,157,158,159,161,163,164,167,168],system_path:[73,112],system_url:129,tab:[1,17,18,45,69,146],tabl:[1,5,7,8,10,13,14,16,18,34,37,40,49,50,52,65,71,83,84,106,127,128,132,133,134,136,137,141,142,147,151,160,165,167],table1:[14,17],table2:[14,17],table3:14,table_clos:[127,148],table_data:148,table_exist:[7,12],table_nam:[7,8,9,10,12,13,15,17,106],table_open:[127,148],tablenam:[1,13,14],tag:[1,22,50,52,57,58,61,64,67,68,69,82,106,130,133,134,136,139,144,145,148,149,150],tag_clos:67,tag_open:67,tahiti:52,tailor:[130,132,136,144],taint:44,take:[1,3,6,7,9,13,15,26,29,35,43,45,49,50,52,56,60,65,69,70,73,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,131,134,138,141,147,148,149,150,152,154,160,165],taken:[1,72,142],taller:136,tamper:1,tap:[1,35],target:[1,2,7,14,57,69,136,139,149,155],target_vers:142,task:[23,34,48,147,158],tax:3,tb_data:149,tb_date:149,tb_id:149,tbodi:148,tbody_clos:148,tbody_open:148,tcp:[126,147],teach:166,team:[1,30,142],technic:[18,44,134,147,161,168],techniqu:[44,132,146],technolog:[30,156],tediou:134,tell:[5,9,14,17,34,39,136,140,141,142,147,151,152,159],temp:145,tempdata:1,templat:[1,7,19,33,48,71,76,125,137,148,150,159,165,167,168],template1:145,ten:148,term:[4,29,34,132,140,141,144,147],termin:[1,23,24,69,149],terribl:[52,134],test:[1,2,5,7,49,71,81,130,131,132,134,137,138,144,146,147,153,159],test_datatyp:151,test_mod:7,test_nam:151,texb:[50,136],text:[1,3,9,14,18,23,24,25,26,33,34,44,47,50,52,54,57,58,59,61,62,64,65,66,68,69,70,71,73,90,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,139,142,143,144,145,147,149,150,154,159,165,167,168],text_watermark:1,textarea:[1,57,65,165],textil:18,textmat:18,textual:127,tge:1,tgz:1,thailand:52,than:[1,2,3,5,6,9,13,14,15,16,24,26,29,33,34,35,38,43,44,45,46,47,48,57,61,67,69,70,96,106,112,116,119,120,128,131,132,136,138,140,141,147,149,150,154,158,161,163],thank:[1,147],thead:148,thead_clos:148,thead_open:148,thei:[1,2,3,7,9,14,15,16,18,22,23,25,26,29,32,34,39,43,45,47,57,66,67,68,69,70,73,80,94,95,96,106,125,127,129,130,132,134,136,138,139,142,145,147,150,154,159,167,168],them:[1,2,3,5,7,9,14,15,16,20,21,25,26,27,29,31,34,40,42,43,44,45,50,52,60,65,73,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,128,130,132,133,134,135,136,138,140,141,142,144,145,146,147,149,153,154,163,167,168],theme:139,themselv:[31,45,159],theoret:132,theother:66,therefor:[1,3,28,106,109,112,128,134,147],thi:[0,1,2,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,22,23,24,25,26,27,29,31,32,33,34,35,37,38,39,40,42,43,44,45,46,47,72,73,74,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,90,93,94,95,96,97,98,102,106,108,109,112,113,115,116,120,122,123,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,158,161,164,165,166,167,168],thing:[1,2,9,14,18,23,32,44,45,69,106,126,127,134,141,143,146,147,164,165,167,168],think:[2,131,132],third:[1,10,14,17,18,39,46,47,49,53,54,56,57,58,66,67,69,106,127,129,130,134,141,145,147,149,165,167],third_parti:[1,141],thirdparamet:52,this_string_is_:67,this_string_is_entirely_too_long_and_might_break_my_design:67,thoma:49,thorough:[1,48,149],thoroughli:164,those:[1,2,3,9,27,39,43,44,45,46,66,95,106,128,129,132,134,136,140,143,144,147,148,150,153,154,168],though:[1,45,106,129,132,136,139,147],thousand:1,threat:146,three:[1,3,13,14,29,33,43,44,56,57,66,130,134,136,142,144,147,148,150,154,165],threshold:[1,33,82],through:[1,15,24,26,31,51,57,66,106,127,138,141,146,147,148,154,158,166,167],throughout:[1,6,21,33,34,39,132,140,146,157],thrown:[1,126],thu:[1,43,44,113,116,134,154],thumb:136,thumb_mark:136,thumbnail:136,tied:[65,132,167],tighten:1,tild:44,time:[1,2,3,7,13,17,21,22,24,27,29,37,39,40,44,49,50,52,57,58,66,69,106,126,127,130,131,132,134,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,145,147,149,154,159,167,168],time_refer:[1,52],timeout:[1,6,7,126,130,154],timer:[13,26,125,143],timespan:[1,52],timestamp:[1,50,52,106,127,142,147],timezon:1,timezone_menu:[1,52],tini:58,tinyint:1,tip:[27,30,44,112],titl:[1,8,13,14,15,18,39,47,49,58,65,66,69,133,134,145,146,148,149,154,165,167,168],tld:[106,109],tls:130,tmpf:147,todai:127,todd:14,todo:[19,47],todo_list:[47,154],togeth:[13,14,47,50,134,144,168],toggl:[1,127],token:[1,45,143,146],told:[26,134],toma:1,tonga:52,too:[1,5,44,45,106,130],took:2,tool:[1,23,130,154],toolkit:[48,158],top:[1,32,33,53,73,134,136,139,144,145,168],top_level_onli:[56,93],topic:[160,164],tort:156,total:[1,7,8,15,40,127,128,131,132,144,152],total_item:[1,128],total_queri:7,total_row:144,total_rseg:152,total_seg:[1,152],touch:147,tough:2,toward:[136,147],tower:2,town:9,trace:1,track:[1,16,33,142,147],trackback:[1,71,137,159],tradit:[11,34,39],tradition:16,traffic:[47,154],trail:[1,35,43,66,106,129,135,152],trale:1,tran:58,trans_begin:[1,16],trans_commit:[1,16],trans_complet:[1,7,16],trans_off:[7,16],trans_rollback:[1,16],trans_start:[1,7,16],trans_statu:[1,7,16],trans_strict:[7,16],transact:[1,7,11,71],transfer:[1,132,135,138],transform:[1,13,69],transit:[1,58,93],transitori:131,translat:[1,9,17,43,56,140,144],translate_uri_dash:[1,43],transliter:67,transmiss:132,transmit:1,transpar:[1,136,143],transport:154,travers:[53,64,146],treat:[1,7,16,46,58,155],tree:155,tri:[1,74,80,106,109,129,146],trick:[1,44,147],trig:1,trigger:[1,18,33,35,44,46,63,106,133,134,139,146,161],trim:[1,66,106,134],trim_slash:[1,66],tripled:132,trivial:[2,147],troubl:[2,106],troubleshoot:71,troublesom:1,truli:158,truncat:[1,14,67],truncate_t:1,trust:[1,5],ttf:[50,136],ttl:[1,126,147],tuesdai:127,turn:[1,3,10,14,16,24,44,47,57,65,69,106,133,135,138,144,152],tutori:[133,164,168],tweak:[1,112],twelv:148,twenti:144,twice:[1,14],two:[1,2,3,6,12,14,15,16,26,27,29,33,34,38,40,43,44,50,57,66,68,76,106,125,128,129,130,131,132,134,138,141,142,144,145,147,148,150,151,154,165,167,168],twofish:132,txt:[1,17,24,54,63,146,155],type:[1,3,5,7,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,20,21,24,25,29,31,33,39,43,44,45,46,47,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,76,88,94,96,97,98,115,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,138,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,155,163,165,168],typecast:1,typic:[3,13,15,26,34,39,43,44,47,52,53,128,131,136,141,144,147,153,154,163],typo:[1,123],typograph:[68,150],typographi:[1,59,71,137],ubiquit:147,ucfirst:[1,28,45,106,168],ugli:[45,50],um10:52,um11:52,um12:52,um1:52,um2:52,um35:52,um3:52,um45:52,um4:52,um5:52,um6:52,um7:52,um8:52,um95:52,um9:52,unabl:[56,149],unaffect:1,unattend:147,unauthor:[24,143],unavail:1,unavoid:93,unbuffered_row:[1,15],uncach:14,uncaught:1,uncheck:1,uncondit:1,undeclar:[1,67],undefin:[1,151],undeliv:130,under:[0,1,3,5,14,24,26,34,44,49,106,107,113,126,131,132,138,143,147,158],undergo:1,undergon:1,underli:[5,7,18,147],underlin:18,underscor:[1,2,26,43,44,45,60,69,128,133,134,142],understand:[0,16,80,147,154,160],undesir:44,undocu:106,unescap:1,unexist:1,unexpect:147,unfamiliar:165,unfortun:[3,24,44,132],unfound:1,unicod:[1,45],unidentifi:153,unifi:1,uniqid:1,uniqu:[1,9,14,66,128,130,134,139,155],uniquid:1,unit:[1,2,52,71,137,159],unit_test:151,unit_test_lang:83,uniti:1,unix:[1,45,52,126,127,138,147],unix_start:52,unix_to_human:52,unix_to_tim:52,unknowingli:44,unknown:[19,106],unless:[0,1,9,14,15,25,45,47,49,51,68,80,106,128,131,132,133,136,141,143,147,150,151,155],unlik:[33,34,45,69,106,126,128,138,154],unlimit:9,unlink:1,unload:139,unmark:147,unmark_flash:147,unmark_temp:147,unnam:1,unnecessari:[44,155],unnecessarili:1,unneed:1,unord:[1,58],unreli:[1,24],unsaf:[1,106,147],unsanit:13,unset:[1,44,106,147],unset_tempdata:[1,147],unset_userdata:[1,106,147],unsign:[9,50,142,147,149],unsuccess:16,unsupport:1,until:[1,2,3,51,106,125,134,143,144,147],unus:[1,147],unwant:45,unwrap:130,unzip:73,up105:52,up10:52,up115:52,up11:52,up1275:52,up12:52,up13:52,up14:52,up1:52,up2:52,up35:52,up3:52,up45:52,up4:52,up55:52,up575:52,up5:52,up65:52,up6:52,up7:52,up875:52,up8:52,up95:52,up9:52,updat:[1,2,3,7,10,13,39,45,49,134,142,147,163,167],update_batch:[1,14],update_entri:[39,154],update_post:154,update_str:[1,7,10],upgrad:[1,71,147],upload:[1,57,71,73,93,135,137,146,159],upload_data:133,upload_form:133,upload_lang:1,upload_path:133,upload_success:133,upon:[0,1,7,134,136,138,158,164],upper:[136,138],uppercas:[1,26,45,66,131,138],upset:58,upstream:1,urandom:[1,25,106,132,146],uri:[1,3,7,22,27,33,34,36,40,53,57,58,69,71,74,123,127,137,144,146,149,159,165,167,168],uri_protocol:[1,123],uri_seg:[1,144],uri_str:[1,40,69,152],uri_to_assoc:[1,152],url:[1,10,20,23,24,26,29,34,36,43,47,50,57,59,64,65,66,67,71,73,74,76,80,94,109,127,129,130,133,134,136,138,140,144,152,154,159,165,167,168],url_encod:24,url_help:[34,167],url_suffix:[1,69,76,144],url_titl:[1,69,165],urldecod:134,uruguai:52,usabl:[24,106,132,146],usag:[1,3,9,11,12,14,15,26,49,50,57,66,68,69,71,125,129,132,143,144,147,150],use:[1,2,3,5,6,7,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,25,26,27,29,31,32,34,35,37,38,39,40,43,44,45,46,47,48,51,52,54,55,57,60,64,65,66,67,68,69,73,80,82,90,93,94,95,96,106,112,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,154,155,156,158,165,167],use_global_url_suffix:[1,144],use_page_numb:[1,144],use_sect:[129,141],use_strict:151,use_strict_mod:1,use_t:1,used:[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,13,14,16,17,18,24,25,26,27,29,32,34,35,39,40,42,43,44,45,50,52,56,57,58,65,66,67,69,79,85,94,106,109,112,113,123,125,126,127,128,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,144,145,146,147,148,149,152,154,158,165,167,168],useful:[1,3,4,5,14,15,24,25,26,32,33,40,43,45,47,49,52,58,69,106,116,126,128,130,133,135,136,139,141,146,147,149],usefulness:161,useless:[1,10,40,106,112],user:[1,3,5,9,13,15,17,18,19,22,25,27,29,31,33,37,43,44,45,49,50,52,56,65,69,73,75,96,98,106,113,128,130,132,133,134,137,138,141,146,147,152,154,157,159,160,163,167,168],user_ag:[1,82,83,93,106,138,147,153],user_data:[1,90,106],user_guid:82,user_id:14,user_model:39,user_str:25,userag:130,userdata:[1,106,147],userfil:133,userguid:1,userid:154,usernam:[5,6,14,15,19,39,57,130,134,135,140,147,154],username_cal:134,username_check:134,users_model:134,userspac:1,uses:[1,2,7,13,18,24,42,45,46,56,57,67,76,106,128,131,132,134,147,158],using:[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,23,24,26,29,31,32,33,34,37,38,39,40,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,79,88,90,92,93,96,102,106,115,119,125,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,158,163,165,166,167,168],usings:139,usr:[130,136],usual:[46,51,67,69,106,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,141,147,154,155,158],utc:52,utf8:[5,6,9,27,86],utf8_en:[1,42],utf8_general_ci:[5,6,9,86],utf:[1,45,57,58,85,94,130,141,143,149,153],util:[1,5,11,14,16,19,20,22,35,45,46,69,71,82,93,106,126,128,132,138,141,160],utliz:[],vagu:2,val:[14,45,50,134,141,143,148],valid:[1,5,16,25,26,37,43,45,49,52,55,56,57,71,93,112,127,128,130,131,132,133,136,137,138,139,146,147,148,149,151,154,155,158,159,165,166],valid_base64:[1,134],valid_email:[1,55,106,134],valid_ip:[1,134,138],valid_url:[1,134],valid_usernam:134,validate_url:[1,149],validation_error:[57,134,165],validation_lang:1,validli:55,valu:[1,2,6,7,8,9,10,13,14,15,17,23,24,25,26,32,33,34,40,43,44,49,50,51,52,58,67,69,81,95,116,123,125,126,127,128,129,130,132,133,134,135,136,138,141,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,151,152,154,165,167,168],value1:130,value2:130,values_pars:1,vanuatu:52,var_dump:[45,126],varchar:[9,50,96,98,115,142,147,149,167],vari:[1,45],variabl:[1,5,6,13,14,15,17,19,20,24,26,29,32,33,34,38,40,43,44,46,47,66,73,74,80,82,86,92,106,125,127,130,132,133,138,140,141,143,144,147,151,154,167,168],variant:140,variat:[1,15],varieti:[1,18,48],variou:[1,34,85,127,133,134,153,155],vector:[1,132],venezuelan:52,verb:[1,45],verbos:[32,45],verd:52,veri:[3,11,13,14,16,17,29,35,45,49,51,69,76,81,125,127,130,134,135,136,141,142,144,145,147,153,158,159,161,168],verifi:[1,5,50,88,134,135,147],versa:136,version:[2,3,7,10,13,24,25,27,34,41,48,60,69,71,72,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,96,97,99,100,106,115,119,123,127,134,136,142,147,153],versu:45,vertic:136,via:[1,2,9,13,14,17,26,29,36,39,41,49,52,56,57,67,69,71,72,73,106,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,134,135,136,138,141,143,144,146,147,154],vice:136,victim:44,victoria:52,video:1,vietnam:52,vietnames:1,view:[1,3,7,14,20,22,26,27,29,33,34,36,38,39,40,43,45,46,56,61,65,69,71,73,76,82,106,107,125,126,128,133,134,143,151,153,157,158,159,161,162,165,166,167,168],view_cascad:141,view_fil:1,view_fold:[1,73,112],viewpath:[1,42],vinc:49,violat:1,virtual:147,visibl:[1,139,151],visit:[14,23,26,47,65,106,131,133,134,153,154,164,168],visitor:[1,44,81,106,138,153],visual:[1,136],vladivostok:52,vlc:1,vnd:1,vrt:136,vulner:[1,2,106],w3c:[1,52,58],w3school:69,w43l:1,wai:[1,2,6,12,14,15,19,20,22,23,24,26,34,40,44,47,52,56,64,68,106,125,129,131,132,133,134,138,140,141,142,146,147,151,154,159,163,167],wait:154,walk:15,want:[1,2,3,4,5,9,14,15,16,17,20,21,24,26,31,33,35,37,38,39,43,47,48,54,56,57,66,68,69,85,106,112,125,129,130,131,132,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,144,145,146,147,149,150,151,153,155,163,168],warn:[1,45,80,136,147],warrant:93,warranti:156,wasn:[1,167],watch:[33,167],water:154,watermark:1,wav:1,weak:44,weaker:132,web:[3,26,30,35,38,41,43,44,47,48,65,67,73,106,130,134,138,143,153,157,158,163,168],weblog:[149,154],weblogupd:154,webroot:44,websit:[1,106,109,147],wednesdai:148,week:[52,127],week_dai:127,week_day_cel:127,week_row_end:127,week_row_start:127,weekdai:127,weight:[147,159,161],welcom:[27,43,47,58,106],welcome_messag:[1,27,141],well:[1,14,19,23,24,41,43,45,48,52,53,56,58,106,130,134,139,140,144,147,151,153,154,158],went:167,were:[1,7,26,44,48,57,58,81,94,95,96,102,106,132,139,142,146,147,154,158],weren:1,west:52,western:52,wget:23,what:[1,2,3,5,13,25,27,33,45,49,56,57,58,67,69,74,76,90,106,109,115,127,132,133,134,136,140,144,145,149,152,157,161,166,168],whatev:[1,7,13,45,49,69,116,135,141,142],whats_wrong_with_css:69,when:[1,2,3,5,6,7,9,10,13,14,15,16,18,21,22,24,25,26,32,35,39,40,43,44,45,47,49,50,52,57,65,66,67,69,79,80,81,82,94,106,109,112,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,161,164,168],whenev:[1,3,33,45,106],where:[1,2,3,5,6,7,10,13,14,15,22,24,25,26,29,31,32,34,35,37,39,45,47,50,52,67,76,125,126,127,128,129,132,133,134,136,138,139,140,141,147,149,151,152,154,165,166,167,168],where_in:[1,14],where_not_in:[1,14],wherev:22,whether:[0,1,2,3,5,6,7,12,14,16,17,18,24,25,32,33,44,45,49,51,52,53,54,56,57,58,63,64,65,66,68,69,70,81,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,143,145,146,147,149,150,151,153,155,156,165,168],which:[1,2,3,4,5,6,10,13,14,15,16,22,24,25,26,29,31,32,34,38,40,43,44,45,46,47,50,52,54,57,64,66,67,69,73,79,80,85,90,96,106,109,112,113,123,126,127,128,130,131,132,134,136,138,139,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,151,152,154,155,158,161,164,166,168],whichev:14,white:[1,50],whitelist:[1,146],whitespac:[1,81],who:[0,27,39,43,45,76,106,130,132,145,147,158],whoever:2,whole:[0,1,15,106,132],whom:156,whoop:168,whose:1,why:[45,106,109,131,132,147],wide:[40,132,138],wider:136,width:[1,45,50,57,58,69,128,133,136,139],wiki:[160,164],wikipedia:23,wild:1,wildcard:[1,7,13,14,106,167,168],wincach:1,window:[1,2,23,24,45,69,112,126,138,146,153],window_nam:69,wine:35,wish:[9,14,17,22,33,34,35,43,45,47,53,57,67,69,73,125,127,128,129,131,132,135,136,138,139,140,141,147,151,152,154],withhold:1,within:[1,4,9,18,20,22,26,31,34,37,39,40,45,52,53,56,57,67,68,80,106,125,127,129,130,133,134,135,136,139,140,141,143,145,147,149,150,155,164,168],without:[1,2,4,9,13,14,15,16,20,23,26,29,31,33,34,35,40,44,45,50,52,57,63,69,102,125,126,129,131,132,133,134,136,138,139,140,141,143,147,149,156,167],wm_font_color:[1,136],wm_font_path:136,wm_font_siz:136,wm_hor_align:136,wm_hor_offset:136,wm_opac:136,wm_overlay_path:136,wm_pad:136,wm_shadow_color:[1,136],wm_shadow_dist:136,wm_text:136,wm_type:136,wm_use_drop_shadow:1,wm_vrt_align:136,wm_vrt_offset:136,wm_x_transp:136,wm_y_transp:136,wma:1,wmv:1,won:[3,14,15,20,40,43,69,106,130,132,143,147],word:[1,5,6,15,43,45,46,50,60,67,69,76,106,125,128,132,134,138,141,149,150,154],word_censor:[1,67],word_length:[1,50],word_limit:[1,67],word_wrap:[1,67],wordi:45,wordwrap:[1,130],work:[0,1,2,7,8,14,16,19,20,23,26,29,35,39,41,44,45,46,49,51,52,53,55,56,57,58,61,62,63,65,66,67,69,70,74,81,90,106,109,115,123,130,133,134,136,138,139,141,142,143,145,155,158,163,167,168],world:[1,30,46,154,168],worri:[2,33,52,132],worth:[132,147],would:[1,5,7,13,14,16,19,20,23,25,26,27,29,31,32,34,37,38,39,43,44,45,52,57,58,66,67,69,73,79,80,82,116,125,127,129,130,133,134,136,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,147,148,151,152,153,155,168],wouldn:1,wrap:[1,7,13,65,67,133,150],wrapchar:130,wrapper:[1,7,15,126],writabl:[1,3,22,24,33,50,56,82,133,155],write:[1,2,3,7,10,13,14,17,24,33,48,56,69,71,106,134,135,136,139,147,152,155,158,164,165,166,167],write_fil:[17,56],writeabl:56,written:[1,5,19,22,26,30,33,34,56,69,106,136,144,147,149,151,165,167],wrong:[1,44,69,133,147],wrongli:1,wrote:[2,167],www:[1,24,58,65,69,73,130,147,149,154],x11r6:136,x_axi:136,xampp:1,xhtml11:58,xhtml1:58,xhtml:[1,58,130],xlarg:57,xls:1,xlsx:1,xma:128,xml:[1,44,45,58,59,71,137,143,149,158,159],xml_convert:70,xml_encod:45,xml_from_result:[1,17],xml_rpc_respons:154,xmlhttprequest:1,xmlrpc:[1,45,154],xmlrpc_client:154,xmlrpc_server:154,xor_encod:1,xsl:1,xspf:1,xss:[1,24,51,64,93,159],xss_clean:[1,51,64,93,138,146,154],xss_filter:106,xtea:132,xts:132,xw82g9q3r495893iajdh473990rikw23:128,y_axi:136,yakutsk:52,year:[1,30,52,127],yekaterinburg:52,yellow:[35,58],yes:69,yet:[16,24,134,149,165,167],you:[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,29,31,32,33,34,35,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,56,57,58,60,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,158,159,160,161,163,164,165,166,167,168],you_said:154,your:[1,2,4,5,8,9,13,14,15,16,19,20,21,22,23,25,32,33,35,36,42,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,56,57,65,66,67,68,69,71,73,74,75,126,128,129,130,133,135,136,138,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,150,151,152,153,155,158,163,164,165,166,168],your_lang:[52,62],your_str:144,yourdomain:51,yourself:[2,7,13,26,45,128,139,140,147],yoursit:154,yup:131,yyyi:52,yyyymmdd:1,yyyymmddhhiiss:142,zab:45,zealand:52,zero:[1,3,33,48,66,82,128,132,133,134,138,147,152],zip:[1,17,71,137,159],zip_fil:155,zlib:1,zone:[1,52],zsh:1},titles:["Developer\u2019s Certificate of Origin 1.1","Change Log","Contributing to CodeIgniter","Database Caching Class","Custom Function Calls","Database Configuration","Connecting to your Database","DB Driver Reference","Database Quick Start: Example Code","Database Forge Class","Query Helper Methods","Database Reference","Database Metadata","Queries","Query Builder Class","Generating Query Results","Transactions","Database Utility Class","Writing CodeIgniter Documentation","Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files","Creating Ancillary Classes","Auto-loading Resources","Web Page Caching","Running via the CLI","Common Functions","Compatibility Functions","Controllers","Creating Core System Classes","Creating Drivers","Creating Libraries","Credits","Using CodeIgniter Drivers","Handling Multiple Environments","Error Handling","Helper Functions","Hooks - Extending the Framework Core","General Topics","Using CodeIgniter Libraries","Managing your Applications","Models","Profiling Your Application","Server Requirements","Reserved Names","URI Routing","Security","PHP Style Guide","CodeIgniter URLs","Views","Welcome to CodeIgniter","Array Helper","CAPTCHA Helper","Cookie Helper","Date Helper","Directory Helper","Download Helper","Email Helper","File Helper","Form Helper","HTML Helper","Helpers","Inflector Helper","Language Helper","Number Helper","Path Helper","Security Helper","Smiley Helper","String Helper","Text Helper","Typography Helper","URL Helper","XML Helper","CodeIgniter User Guide","Downloading CodeIgniter","Installation Instructions","Troubleshooting","Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Final 1.2","Upgrading from 1.2 to 1.3","Upgrading from 1.3 to 1.3.1","Upgrading from 1.3.1 to 1.3.2","Upgrading from 1.3.2 to 1.3.3","Upgrading from 1.3.3 to 1.4.0","Upgrading from 1.4.0 to 1.4.1","Upgrading from 1.4.1 to 1.5.0","Upgrading from 1.5.0 to 1.5.2","Upgrading from 1.5.2 to 1.5.3","Upgrading from 1.5.3 to 1.5.4","Upgrading from 1.5.4 to 1.6.0","Upgrading from 1.6.0 to 1.6.1","Upgrading from 1.6.1 to 1.6.2","Upgrading from 1.6.2 to 1.6.3","Upgrading from 1.6.3 to 1.7.0","Upgrading from 1.7.0 to 1.7.1","Upgrading from 1.7.1 to 1.7.2","Upgrading from 1.7.2 to 2.0.0","Upgrading from 2.0.0 to 2.0.1","Upgrading from 2.0.1 to 2.0.2","Upgrading from 2.0.2 to 2.0.3","Upgrading from 2.0.3 to 2.1.0","Upgrading from 2.1.0 to 2.1.1","Upgrading from 2.1.1 to 2.1.2","Upgrading from 2.1.2 to 2.1.3","Upgrading from 2.1.3 to 2.1.4","Upgrading from 2.1.4 to 2.2.x","Upgrading from 2.2.0 to 2.2.1","Upgrading from 2.2.1 to 2.2.2","Upgrading from 2.2.2 to 2.2.3","Upgrading from 2.2.x to 3.0.x","Upgrading from 3.0.0 to 3.0.1","Upgrading from 3.0.1 to 3.0.2","Upgrading from 3.0.2 to 3.0.3","Upgrading from 3.0.3 to 3.0.4","Upgrading from 3.0.4 to 3.0.5","Upgrading from 3.0.5 to 3.0.6","Upgrading from 3.0.6 to 3.1.0","Upgrading from 3.1.0 to 3.1.1","Upgrading from 3.1.1 to 3.1.2","Upgrading from 3.1.2 to 3.1.3","Upgrading from 3.1.3 to 3.1.4","Upgrading from 3.1.4 to 3.1.5","Upgrading from 3.1.5 to 3.1.6","Upgrading from 3.1.6 to 3.1.7","Upgrading from 3.1.7 to 3.1.8","Upgrading from 3.1.8 to 3.1.9","Upgrading From Beta 1.0 to Beta 1.1","Upgrading From a Previous Version","Benchmarking Class","Caching Driver","Calendaring Class","Shopping Cart Class","Config Class","Email Class","Encrypt Class","Encryption Library","File Uploading Class","Form Validation","FTP Class","Image Manipulation Class","Libraries","Input Class","Javascript Class","Language Class","Loader Class","Migrations Class","Output Class","Pagination Class","Template Parser Class","Security Class","Session Library","HTML Table Class","Trackback Class","Typography Class","Unit Testing Class","URI Class","User Agent Class","XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes","Zip Encoding Class","The MIT License (MIT)","Application Flow Chart","CodeIgniter at a Glance","CodeIgniter Features","Getting Started With CodeIgniter","Design and Architectural Goals","CodeIgniter Overview","Model-View-Controller","Conclusion","Create news items","Tutorial","News section","Static 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diff --git a/user_guide/tutorial/conclusion.html b/user_guide/tutorial/conclusion.html
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/tutorial/conclusion.html
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
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+      
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+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Tutorial</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Conclusion</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="conclusion">
+<h1>Conclusion<a class="headerlink" href="#conclusion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This tutorial did not cover all of the things you might expect of a
+full-fledged content management system, but it introduced you to the
+more important topics of routing, writing controllers, and models. We
+hope this tutorial gave you an insight into some of CodeIgniter’s basic
+design patterns, which you can expand upon.</p>
+<p>Now that you’ve completed this tutorial, we recommend you check out the
+rest of the documentation. CodeIgniter is often praised because of its
+comprehensive documentation. Use this to your advantage and read the
+“Introduction” and “General Topics” sections thoroughly. You should read
+the class and helper references when needed.</p>
+<p>Every intermediate PHP programmer should be able to get the hang of
+CodeIgniter within a few days.</p>
+<p>If you still have questions about the framework or your own CodeIgniter
+code, you can:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Check out our <a class="reference external" href="http://forum.codeigniter.com/">forums</a></li>
+<li>Visit our <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/wiki/IRC">IRC chatroom</a></li>
+<li>Explore the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/wiki/">Wiki</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="../contributing/index.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Contributing to CodeIgniter">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="create_news_items.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Create news items"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
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+
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+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+  </script>
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/tutorial/create_news_items.html b/user_guide/tutorial/create_news_items.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d05b2f4fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/tutorial/create_news_items.html
@@ -0,0 +1,629 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Create news items &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Tutorial" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Conclusion" href="conclusion.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="News section" href="news_section.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Tutorial</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
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+  </a>
+</div>
+
+  <div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
+
+    
+    <nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
+      <div class="wy-side-nav-search">
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+  <form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
+    <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
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+        
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+              <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Tutorial</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Tutorial</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Create news items</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="create-news-items">
+<h1>Create news items<a class="headerlink" href="#create-news-items" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>You now know how you can read data from a database using CodeIgniter, but
+you haven’t written any information to the database yet. In this section
+you’ll expand your news controller and model created earlier to include
+this functionality.</p>
+<div class="section" id="create-a-form">
+<h2>Create a form<a class="headerlink" href="#create-a-form" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To input data into the database you need to create a form where you can
+input the information to be stored. This means you’ll be needing a form
+with two fields, one for the title and one for the text. You’ll derive
+the slug from our title in the model. Create the new view at
+<em>application/views/news/create.php</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h2</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">validation_errors</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">form_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/create&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">label</span> <span class="na">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Title<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;input&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;title&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">br</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">label</span> <span class="na">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Text<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">textarea</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">textarea</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">br</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Create news item&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>There are only two things here that probably look unfamiliar to you: the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">form_open()</span></code> function and the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">validation_errors()</span></code> function.</p>
+<p>The first function is provided by the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html"><span class="doc">form
+helper</span></a> and renders the form element and
+adds extra functionality, like adding a hidden <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">CSRF prevention
+field</span></a>. The latter is used to report
+errors related to form validation.</p>
+<p>Go back to your news controller. You’re going to do two things here,
+check whether the form was submitted and whether the submitted data
+passed the validation rules. You’ll use the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">form
+validation</span></a> library to do this.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">create</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;form_validation&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Create a news item&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_rules</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;required&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">form_validation</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">run</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/create&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="k">else</span>
+    <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_news</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/success&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The code above adds a lot of functionality. The first few lines load the
+form helper and the form validation library. After that, rules for the
+form validation are set. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_rules()</span></code> method takes three arguments;
+the name of the input field, the name to be used in error messages, and
+the rule. In this case the title and text fields are required.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter has a powerful form validation library as demonstrated
+above. You can read <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">more about this library
+here</span></a>.</p>
+<p>Continuing down, you can see a condition that checks whether the form
+validation ran successfully. If it did not, the form is displayed, if it
+was submitted <strong>and</strong> passed all the rules, the model is called. After
+this, a view is loaded to display a success message. Create a view at
+<em>application/views/news/success.php</em> and write a success message.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="model">
+<h2>Model<a class="headerlink" href="#model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The only thing that remains is writing a method that writes the data to
+the database. You’ll use the Query Builder class to insert the
+information and use the input library to get the posted data. Open up
+the model created earlier and add the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">set_news</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">url_title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">&#39;dash&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">input</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This new method takes care of inserting the news item into the database.
+The third line contains a new function, url_title(). This function -
+provided by the <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL helper</span></a> - strips down
+the string you pass it, replacing all spaces by dashes (-) and makes
+sure everything is in lowercase characters. This leaves you with a nice
+slug, perfect for creating URIs.</p>
+<p>Let’s continue with preparing the record that is going to be inserted
+later, inside the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array. Each element corresponds with a column in
+the database table created earlier. You might notice a new method here,
+namely the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">post()</span></code> method from the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html"><span class="doc">input
+library</span></a>. This method makes sure the data is
+sanitized, protecting you from nasty attacks from others. The input
+library is loaded by default. At last, you insert our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array into
+our database.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="routing">
+<h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Before you can start adding news items into your CodeIgniter application
+you have to add an extra rule to <em>config/routes.php</em> file. Make sure your
+file contains the following. This makes sure CodeIgniter sees ‘create’
+as a method instead of a news item’s slug.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/create&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news/create&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now point your browser to your local development environment where you
+installed CodeIgniter and add index.php/news/create to the URL.
+Congratulations, you just created your first CodeIgniter application!
+Add some news and check out the different pages you made.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="conclusion.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Conclusion">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="news_section.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="News section"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
+  </script>
+   
+
+</body>
+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/tutorial/index.html b/user_guide/tutorial/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2c7c6079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/tutorial/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Tutorial &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Static pages" href="static_pages.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Design and Architectural Goals" href="../overview/goals.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Tutorial</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
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+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="tutorial">
+<h1>Tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#tutorial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This tutorial is intended to introduce you to the CodeIgniter framework
+and the basic principles of MVC architecture. It will show you how a
+basic CodeIgniter application is constructed in step-by-step fashion.</p>
+<p>In this tutorial, you will be creating a <strong>basic news application</strong>. You
+will begin by writing the code that can load static pages. Next, you
+will create a news section that reads news items from a database.
+Finally, you’ll add a form to create news items in the database.</p>
+<p>This tutorial will primarily focus on:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Model-View-Controller basics</li>
+<li>Routing basics</li>
+<li>Form validation</li>
+<li>Performing basic database queries using “Query Builder”</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The entire tutorial is split up over several pages, each explaining a
+small part of the functionality of the CodeIgniter framework. You’ll go
+through the following pages:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Introduction, this page, which gives you an overview of what to
+expect.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="static_pages.html"><span class="doc">Static pages</span></a>, which will teach you the basics
+of controllers, views and routing.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="news_section.html"><span class="doc">News section</span></a>, where you’ll start using models
+and will be doing some basic database operations.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="create_news_items.html"><span class="doc">Create news items</span></a>, which will introduce
+more advanced database operations and form validation.</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="conclusion.html"><span class="doc">Conclusion</span></a>, which will give you some pointers on
+further reading and other resources.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Enjoy your exploration of the CodeIgniter framework.</p>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="static_pages.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Static pages">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="../overview/goals.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Design and Architectural Goals"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
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+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
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+  
+
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+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
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+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
+      });
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/tutorial/news_section.html b/user_guide/tutorial/news_section.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b9aa526e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/tutorial/news_section.html
@@ -0,0 +1,685 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>News section &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Tutorial" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="Create news items" href="create_news_items.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Static pages" href="static_pages.html"/> 
+
+  
+  <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/modernizr/2.6.2/modernizr.min.js"></script>
+
+</head>
+
+<body class="wy-body-for-nav" role="document">
+
+  <div id="nav">
+  <div id="nav_inner">
+    
+    
+    
+      <div id="pulldown-menu" class="ciNav">
+        <ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/welcome.html">Welcome to CodeIgniter</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/downloads.html">Downloading CodeIgniter</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation Instructions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/upgrading.html">Upgrading From a Previous Version</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/index.html">CodeIgniter Overview</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/getting_started.html">Getting Started</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/at_a_glance.html">CodeIgniter at a Glance</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/features.html">Supported Features</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/appflow.html">Application Flow Chart</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/mvc.html">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../overview/goals.html">Architectural Goals</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Tutorial</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/index.html">General Topics</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
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+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
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+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Tutorial</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>News section</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="news-section">
+<h1>News section<a class="headerlink" href="#news-section" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>In the last section, we went over some basic concepts of the framework
+by writing a class that includes static pages. We cleaned up the URI by
+adding custom routing rules. Now it’s time to introduce dynamic content
+and start using a database.</p>
+<div class="section" id="setting-up-your-model">
+<h2>Setting up your model<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up-your-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Instead of writing database operations right in the controller, queries
+should be placed in a model, so they can easily be reused later. Models
+are the place where you retrieve, insert, and update information in your
+database or other data stores. They represent your data.</p>
+<p>Open up the <em>application/models/</em> directory and create a new file called
+<em>News_model.php</em> and add the following code. Make sure you’ve configured
+your database properly as described <a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News_model</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code looks similar to the controller code that was used earlier. It
+creates a new model by extending <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Model</span></code> and loads the database
+library. This will make the database class available through the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db</span></code> object.</p>
+<p>Before querying the database, a database schema has to be created.
+Connect to your database and run the SQL command below (MySQL).
+Also add some seed records.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">news</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+        <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="nx">AUTO_INCREMENT</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">title</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
+        <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="p">),</span>
+        <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">slug</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now that the database and a model have been set up, you’ll need a method
+to get all of our posts from our database. To do this, the database
+abstraction layer that is included with CodeIgniter —
+<a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> — is used. This makes it
+possible to write your ‘queries’ once and make them work on <a class="reference internal" href="../general/requirements.html"><span class="doc">all
+supported database systems</span></a>. Add the
+following code to your model.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">));</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With this code you can perform two different queries. You can get all
+news records, or get a news item by its <a class="reference external" href="#">slug</a>. You might have
+noticed that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable wasn’t sanitized before running the
+query; <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> does this for you.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="display-the-news">
+<h2>Display the news<a class="headerlink" href="#display-the-news" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Now that the queries are written, the model should be tied to the views
+that are going to display the news items to the user. This could be done
+in our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller created earlier, but for the sake of clarity,
+a new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller is defined. Create the new controller at
+<em>application/controllers/News.php</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_model&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url_helper&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Looking at the code, you may see some similarity with the files we
+created earlier. First, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></code> method: it calls the
+constructor of its parent class (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></code>) and loads the model,
+so it can be used in all other methods in this controller.
+It also loads a collection of <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a>
+functions, because we’ll use one of them in a view later.</p>
+<p>Next, there are two methods to view all news items and one for a specific
+news item. You can see that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed to the model’s
+method in the second method. The model is using this slug to identify the
+news item to be returned.</p>
+<p>Now the data is retrieved by the controller through our model, but
+nothing is displayed yet. The next thing to do is passing this data to
+the views.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;News archive&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/index&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The code above gets all news records from the model and assigns it to a
+variable. The value for the title is also assigned to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></code>
+element and all data is passed to the views. You now need to create a
+view to render the news items. Create <em>application/views/news/index.php</em>
+and add the next piece of code.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h2</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;main&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">site_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>View article<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here, each news item is looped and displayed to the user. You can see we
+wrote our template in PHP mixed with HTML. If you prefer to use a template
+language, you can use CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">Template
+Parser</span></a> class or a third party parser.</p>
+<p>The news overview page is now done, but a page to display individual
+news items is still absent. The model created earlier is made in such
+way that it can easily be used for this functionality. You only need to
+add some code to the controller and create a new view. Go back to the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller and update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> with the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/view&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Instead of calling the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_news()</span></code> method without a parameter, the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed, so it will return the specific news item.
+The only things left to do is create the corresponding view at
+<em>application/views/news/view.php</em>. Put the following code in this file.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;h2&gt;&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/h2&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="routing">
+<h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Because of the wildcard routing rule created earlier, you need an extra
+route to view the controller that you just made. Modify your routing file
+(<em>application/config/routes.php</em>) so it looks as follows.
+This makes sure the requests reaches the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller instead of
+going directly to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller. The first line routes URI’s
+with a slug to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Point your browser to your document root, followed by index.php/news and
+watch your news page.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="create_news_items.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Create news items">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="static_pages.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Static pages"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2018, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jun 12, 2018.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
+  
+</footer>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+    </section>
+
+  </div>
+  
+
+
+  
+
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+        var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+            URL_ROOT:'../',
+            VERSION:'3.1.9',
+            COLLAPSE_INDEX:false,
+            FILE_SUFFIX:'.html',
+            HAS_SOURCE:  false
+        };
+    </script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
+      <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
+
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+
+  
+  
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
+  
+
+  
+  
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+      jQuery(function () {
+          SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable();
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+   
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+</html>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/user_guide/tutorial/static_pages.html b/user_guide/tutorial/static_pages.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0539f997c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide/tutorial/static_pages.html
@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  
+  <title>Static pages &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation</title>
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
+  
+
+  
+  <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+
+  
+  
+    
+
+  
+
+  
+  
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" />
+  
+
+  
+        <link rel="index" title="Index"
+              href="../genindex.html"/>
+        <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html"/>
+    <link rel="top" title="CodeIgniter 3.1.9 documentation" href="../index.html"/>
+        <link rel="up" title="Tutorial" href="index.html"/>
+        <link rel="next" title="News section" href="news_section.html"/>
+        <link rel="prev" title="Tutorial" href="index.html"/> 
+
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/security.html">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../general/styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
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+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">Tutorial</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Static pages</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="static-pages">
+<h1>Static pages<a class="headerlink" href="#static-pages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p><strong>Note:</strong> This tutorial assumes you’ve downloaded CodeIgniter and
+<a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html"><span class="doc">installed the framework</span></a> in your
+development environment.</p>
+<p>The first thing you’re going to do is set up a <strong>controller</strong> to handle
+static pages. A controller is simply a class that helps delegate work.
+It is the glue of your web application.</p>
+<p>For example, when a call is made to:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><a class="reference external" href="http://example.com/news/latest/10">http://example.com/news/latest/10</a></div></blockquote>
+<p>We might imagine that there is a controller named “news”. The method
+being called on news would be “latest”. The news method’s job could be to
+grab 10 news items, and render them on the page. Very often in MVC,
+you’ll see URL patterns that match:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><a class="reference external" href="http://example.com/[controller-class]/[controller-method]/[arguments">http://example.com/[controller-class]/[controller-method]/[arguments</a>]</div></blockquote>
+<p>As URL schemes become more complex, this may change. But for now, this
+is all we will need to know.</p>
+<p>Create a file at <em>application/controllers/Pages.php</em> with the following
+code.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Pages</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+
+        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You have created a class named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code>, with a view method that accepts
+one argument named <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$page</span></code>. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> class is extending the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></code> class. This means that the new pages class can access the
+methods and variables defined in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></code> class
+(<em>system/core/Controller.php</em>).</p>
+<p>The <strong>controller is what will become the center of every request</strong> to
+your web application. In very technical CodeIgniter discussions, it may
+be referred to as the <em>super object</em>. Like any php class, you refer to
+it within your controllers as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code>. Referring to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></code> is how
+you will load libraries, views, and generally command the framework.</p>
+<p>Now you’ve created your first method, it’s time to make some basic page
+templates. We will be creating two “views” (page templates) that act as
+our page footer and header.</p>
+<p>Create the header at <em>application/views/templates/header.php</em> and add
+the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">CodeIgniter</span> <span class="nx">Tutorial</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+
+                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The header contains the basic HTML code that you’ll want to display
+before loading the main view, together with a heading. It will also
+output the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$title</span></code> variable, which we’ll define later in the controller.
+Now, create a footer at <em>application/views/templates/footer.php</em> that
+includes the following code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>                <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">em</span><span class="o">&gt;&amp;</span><span class="nb">copy</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="mi">2015</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">em</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+        <span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-logic-to-the-controller">
+<h2>Adding logic to the controller<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-logic-to-the-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Earlier you set up a controller with a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method. The method
+accepts one parameter, which is the name of the page to be loaded. The
+static page templates will be located in the <em>application/views/pages/</em>
+directory.</p>
+<p>In that directory, create two files named <em>home.php</em> and <em>about.php</em>.
+Within those files, type some text − anything you’d like − and save them.
+If you like to be particularly un-original, try “Hello World!”.</p>
+<p>In order to load those pages, you’ll have to check whether the requested
+page actually exists:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;home&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nb">file_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;views/pages/&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;.php&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+        <span class="p">{</span>
+                <span class="c1">// Whoops, we don&#39;t have a page for that!</span>
+                <span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span>
+        <span class="p">}</span>
+
+        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">ucfirst</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Capitalize the first letter</span>
+
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;pages/&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now, when the page does exist, it is loaded, including the header and
+footer, and displayed to the user. If the page doesn’t exist, a “404
+Page not found” error is shown.</p>
+<p>The first line in this method checks whether the page actually exists.
+PHP’s native <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">file_exists()</span></code> function is used to check whether the file
+is where it’s expected to be. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">show_404()</span></code> is a built-in CodeIgniter
+function that renders the default error page.</p>
+<p>In the header template, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$title</span></code> variable was used to customize the
+page title. The value of title is defined in this method, but instead of
+assigning the value to a variable, it is assigned to the title element
+in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array.</p>
+<p>The last thing that has to be done is loading the views in the order
+they should be displayed. The second parameter in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method is
+used to pass values to the view. Each value in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></code> array is
+assigned to a variable with the name of its key. So the value of
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></code> in the controller is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$title</span></code> in the
+view.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="routing">
+<h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The controller is now functioning! Point your browser to
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[your-site-url]index.php/pages/view</span></code> to see your page. When you visit
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.php/pages/view/about</span></code> you’ll see the about page, again including
+the header and footer.</p>
+<p>Using custom routing rules, you have the power to map any URI to any
+controller and method, and break free from the normal convention:
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://example.com/[controller-class]/[controller-method]/[arguments]</span></code></p>
+<p>Let’s do that. Open the routing file located at
+<em>application/config/routes.php</em> and add the following two lines.
+Remove all other code that sets any element in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$route</span></code> array.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>CodeIgniter reads its routing rules from top to bottom and routes the
+request to the first matching rule. Each rule is a regular expression
+(left-side) mapped to a controller and method name separated by slashes
+(right-side). When a request comes in, CodeIgniter looks for the first
+match, and calls the appropriate controller and method, possibly with
+arguments.</p>
+<p>More information about routing can be found in the URI Routing
+<a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html"><span class="doc">documentation</span></a>.</p>
+<p>Here, the second rule in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$routes</span></code> array matches <strong>any</strong> request
+using the wildcard string <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(:any)</span></code>. and passes the parameter to the
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> class.</p>
+<p>Now visit <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.php/about</span></code>. Did it get routed correctly to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code>
+method in the pages controller? Awesome!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
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