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diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php
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+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package CodeIgniter
+ * @author EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT MIT License
+ * @link https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO PostgreSQL Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage Drivers
+ * @category Database
+ * @author EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_pgsql_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+ /**
+ * Sub-driver
+ *
+ * @var string
+ */
+ public $subdriver = 'pgsql';
+
+ /**
+ * Database schema
+ *
+ * @var string
+ */
+ public $schema = 'public';
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * ORDER BY random keyword
+ *
+ * @var array
+ */
+ protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM()');
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * Class constructor
+ *
+ * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+ *
+ * @param array $params
+ * @return void
+ */
+ public function __construct($params)
+ {
+ parent::__construct($params);
+
+ if (empty($this->dsn))
+ {
+ $this->dsn = 'pgsql:host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+ empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ';port='.$this->port;
+ empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+
+ if ( ! empty($this->username))
+ {
+ $this->dsn .= ';username='.$this->username;
+ empty($this->password) OR $this->dsn .= ';password='.$this->password;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * Database connection
+ *
+ * @param bool $persistent
+ * @return object
+ */
+ public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+ {
+ $this->conn_id = parent::db_connect($persistent);
+
+ if (is_object($this->conn_id) && ! empty($this->schema))
+ {
+ $this->simple_query('SET search_path TO '.$this->schema.',public');
+ }
+
+ return $this->conn_id;
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * Insert ID
+ *
+ * @param string $name
+ * @return int
+ */
+ public function insert_id($name = NULL)
+ {
+ if ($name === NULL && version_compare($this->version(), '8.1', '>='))
+ {
+ $query = $this->query('SELECT LASTVAL() AS ins_id');
+ $query = $query->row();
+ return $query->ins_id;
+ }
+
+ return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
+ *
+ * @param string An SQL query string
+ * @return bool
+ */
+ public function is_write_type($sql)
+ {
+ if (preg_match('#^(INSERT|UPDATE).*RETURNING\s.+(\,\s?.+)*$#is', $sql))
+ {
+ return FALSE;
+ }
+
+ return parent::is_write_type($sql);
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * "Smart" Escape String
+ *
+ * Escapes data based on type
+ *
+ * @param string $str
+ * @return mixed
+ */
+ public function escape($str)
+ {
+ if (is_bool($str))
+ {
+ return ($str) ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE';
+ }
+
+ return parent::escape($str);
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * ORDER BY
+ *
+ * @param string $orderby
+ * @param string $direction ASC, DESC or RANDOM
+ * @param bool $escape
+ * @return object
+ */
+ public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '', $escape = NULL)
+ {
+ $direction = strtoupper(trim($direction));
+ if ($direction === 'RANDOM')
+ {
+ if ( ! is_float($orderby) && ctype_digit((string) $orderby))
+ {
+ $orderby = ($orderby > 1)
+ ? (float) '0.'.$orderby
+ : (float) $orderby;
+ }
+
+ if (is_float($orderby))
+ {
+ $this->simple_query('SET SEED '.$orderby);
+ }
+
+ $orderby = $this->_random_keyword[0];
+ $direction = '';
+ $escape = FALSE;
+ }
+
+ return parent::order_by($orderby, $direction, $escape);
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * Show table query
+ *
+ * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+ *
+ * @param bool $prefix_limit
+ * @return string
+ */
+ protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+ {
+ $sql = 'SELECT "table_name" FROM "information_schema"."tables" WHERE "table_schema" = \''.$this->schema."'";
+
+ if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+ {
+ return $sql.' AND "table_name" LIKE \''
+ .$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+ .sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+ }
+
+ return $sql;
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * List column query
+ *
+ * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+ *
+ * @param string $table
+ * @return string
+ */
+ protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+ {
+ return 'SELECT "column_name"
+ FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+ WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * Returns an object with field data
+ *
+ * @param string $table
+ * @return array
+ */
+ public function field_data($table)
+ {
+ $sql = 'SELECT "column_name", "data_type", "character_maximum_length", "numeric_precision", "column_default"
+ FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+ WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+
+ if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+ {
+ return FALSE;
+ }
+ $query = $query->result_object();
+
+ $retval = array();
+ for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+ {
+ $retval[$i] = new stdClass();
+ $retval[$i]->name = $query[$i]->column_name;
+ $retval[$i]->type = $query[$i]->data_type;
+ $retval[$i]->max_length = ($query[$i]->character_maximum_length > 0) ? $query[$i]->character_maximum_length : $query[$i]->numeric_precision;
+ $retval[$i]->default = $query[$i]->column_default;
+ }
+
+ return $retval;
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * Update statement
+ *
+ * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+ *
+ * @param string $table
+ * @param array $values
+ * @return string
+ */
+ protected function _update($table, $values)
+ {
+ $this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+ $this->qb_orderby = array();
+ return parent::_update($table, $values);
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * Update_Batch statement
+ *
+ * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+ *
+ * @param string $table Table name
+ * @param array $values Update data
+ * @param string $index WHERE key
+ * @return string
+ */
+ protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
+ {
+ $ids = array();
+ foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+ {
+ $ids[] = $val[$index]['value'];
+
+ foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
+ {
+ if ($field !== $index)
+ {
+ $final[$val[$field]['field']][] = 'WHEN '.$val[$index]['value'].' THEN '.$val[$field]['value'];
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ $cases = '';
+ foreach ($final as $k => $v)
+ {
+ $cases .= $k.' = (CASE '.$val[$index]['field']."\n"
+ .implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+ .'ELSE '.$k.' END), ';
+ }
+
+ $this->where($val[$index]['field'].' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
+
+ return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * Delete statement
+ *
+ * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+ *
+ * @param string $table
+ * @return string
+ */
+ protected function _delete($table)
+ {
+ $this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+ return parent::_delete($table);
+ }
+
+ // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ /**
+ * LIMIT
+ *
+ * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+ *
+ * @param string $sql SQL Query
+ * @return string
+ */
+ protected function _limit($sql)
+ {
+ return $sql.' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit.($this->qb_offset ? ' OFFSET '.$this->qb_offset : '');
+ }
+
+}