1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Code Igniter User Guide</title>
<style type='text/css' media='all'>@import url('../userguide.css');</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' media='all' href='../userguide.css' />
<script type="text/javascript" src="../nav/nav.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../nav/prototype.lite.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../nav/moo.fx.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.onload = function() {
myHeight = new fx.Height('nav', {duration: 400});
myHeight.hide();
}
</script>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv='expires' content='-1' />
<meta http-equiv= 'pragma' content='no-cache' />
<meta name='robots' content='all' />
<meta name='author' content='Rick Ellis' />
<meta name='description' content='Code Igniter User Guide' />
</head>
<body>
<!-- START NAVIGATION -->
<div id="nav"><div id="nav_inner"><script type="text/javascript">create_menu('../');</script></div></div>
<div id="nav2"><a name="top"></a><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="myHeight.toggle();"><img src="../images/nav_toggle.jpg" width="153" height="44" border="0" title="Toggle Table of Contents" alt="Toggle Table of Contents" /></a></div>
<div id="masthead">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="width:100%">
<tr>
<td><h1>Code Igniter User Guide Version 1.5.1</h1></td>
<td id="breadcrumb_right"><a href="../toc.html">Table of Contents Page</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<!-- END NAVIGATION -->
<!-- START BREADCRUMB -->
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="width:100%">
<tr>
<td id="breadcrumb">
<a href="http://www.codeigniter.com/">Code Igniter Home</a> ›
<a href="../index.html">User Guide Home</a> ›
<a href="index.html">Database Library</a> ›
Active Record
</td>
<td id="searchbox"><form method="get" action="http://www.google.com/search"><input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" id="as_sitesearch" value="www.codeigniter.com/user_guide/" />Search User Guide <input type="text" class="input" style="width:200px;" name="q" id="q" size="31" maxlength="255" value="" /> <input type="submit" class="submit" name="sa" value="Go" /></form></td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- END BREADCRUMB -->
<br clear="all" />
<!-- START CONTENT -->
<div id="content">
<h1>Active Record Class</h1>
<p>Code Igniter uses a modified version of the Active Record Database Pattern.
This pattern allows information to be retrieved, inserted, and updated in your database with minimal scripting.
In some cases only one or two lines of code are necessary to perform a database action.
Code Igniter does not require that each database table be its own class file. It instead provides a more simplified interface.</p>
<p>Beyond simplicity, a major benefit to using the Active Record features is that it allows you to create database independent applications, since the query syntax
is generated by each database adapter. It also allows for safer queries, since the values are escaped automatically by the system.</p>
<p class="important"><strong>Note:</strong> If you intend to write your own queries you can disable this class in your database config file, allowing the core database library and adapter to utilize fewer resources.</p>
<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="#select">Selecting Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#insert">Inserting Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#update">Updating Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#delete">Deleting Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#chaining">Method Chaining</a></li>
</ul>
<a name="select"> </a>
<h1>Selecting Data</h1>
<p>The following functions allow you to build SQL <strong>SELECT</strong> statements.</p>
<p><strong>Note: If you are using PHP 5 you can use method chaining for more compact syntax. This is described at the end of the page.</strong></p>
<h2>$this->db->get();</h2>
<p>Runs the selection query and returns the result. Can be used by itself to retrieve all records from a table:</p>
<code>$query = $this->db->get('mytable');<br />
<br />
// Produces: SELECT * FROM mytable</code>
<p>The second and third parameters enable you do set a limit and offset clause:</p>
<code>$query = $this->db->get('mytable', 10, 20);<br />
<br />
// Produces: SELECT * FROM mytable LIMIT 20, 10 (in MySQL. Other databases have slightly different syntax)</code>
<p>You'll notice that the above function is assigned to a variable named <kbd>$query</kbd>, which can be used to show the results:</p>
<code>$query = $this->db->get('mytable');<br />
<br />
foreach ($query->result() as $row)<br />
{<br />
echo $row->title;<br />
}</code>
<p>Please visit the <a href="results.html">result functions</a> page for a full discussion regarding result generation.</p>
<h2>$this->db->getwhere();</h2>
<p>Identical to the above function except that it permits you to add a "where" clause in the second parameter,
instead of using the db->where() function:</p>
<code>$query = $this->db->getwhere('mytable', array(id => $id), $limit, $offset);</code>
<p>Please read the about the where function below for more information.</p>
<h2>$this->db->select();</h2>
<p>Permits you to write the SELECT portion of your query:</p>
<code>
$this->db->select('title, content, date');<br />
<br />
$query = $this->db->get('mytable');<br />
<br />
// Produces: SELECT title, content, date FROM mytable</code>
<p><strong>Note: If you are selecting all (*) from a table you do not need to use this function. When omitted, Code Igniter assumes you wish to SELECT *</strong></p>
<h2>$this->db->from();</h2>
<p>Permits you to write the FROM portion of your query:</p>
<code>
$this->db->select('title, content, date');<br />
$this->db->from('mytable');<br />
<br />
$query = $this->db->get();<br />
<br />
// Produces: SELECT title, content, date FROM mytable</code>
<p><strong>Note: As shown earlier, the FROM portion of your query can be specified in the <dfn>$this->db->get()</dfn> function, so use whichever method
you prefer.</strong></p>
<h2>$this->db->join();</h2>
<p>Permits you to write the JOIN portion of your query:</p>
<code>
$this->db->select('*');<br />
$this->db->from('blogs');<br />
$this->db->join('comments', 'comments.id = blogs.id');<br />
<br />
$query = $this->db->get();<br />
<br />
// Produces: <br />
// SELECT * FROM blogs<br />
// JOIN comments ON comments.id = blogs.id<br />
</code>
<p>Multiple function calls can be made if you need several joins in one query.</p>
<p>If you need something other than a natural JOIN you can specify it via the third parameter of the function.
Options are: left, right, outer, inner, left outer, and right outer.</p>
<code>
$this->db->join('comments', 'comments.id = blogs.id', <strong>'left'</strong>);<br />
<br />
// Produces: LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.id = blogs.id</code>
<h2>$this->db->where();</h2>
<p>This function enables you to set <strong>WHERE</strong> clauses using one of four methods:</p>
<p class="important"><strong>Note:</strong> All values passed to this function are escaped automatically, producing safer queries.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Simple key/value method:</strong>
<code>$this->db->where('name', $name);
<br /><br />// Produces: WHERE name = 'Joe'
</code>
<p>Notice that the equal sign is added for you.</p>
<p>If you use multiple function calls they will be chained together with <var>AND</var> between them:</p>
<code>$this->db->where('name', $name);<br />
$this->db->where('title', $title);<br />
$this->db->where('status', $status);
<br /><br />// WHERE = 'Joe' AND title = 'boss' AND status = 'active'
</code>
</li>
<li><strong>Custom key/value method:</strong>
<p>You can include an operator in the first parameter in order to control the comparison:</p>
<code>$this->db->where('name !=', $name);<br />
$this->db->where('id <', $id);
<br /><br />// Produces: WHERE name != 'Joe' AND id < 45
</code>
</li>
<li><strong>Associative array method:</strong>
<code>
$array = array('name' => $name, 'title' => $title, 'status' => $status);<br /><br />
$this->db->where($array);
<br /><br />// Produces: WHERE name = 'Joe' AND title = 'boss' AND status = 'active'
</code>
<p>You can include your own operators using this method as well:</p>
<code>
$array = array('name !=' => $name, 'id <' => $id, 'date >' => $date);<br /><br />
$this->db->where($array);</code>
</li>
<li><strong>Custom string:</strong>
<p>You can write your own clauses manually:</p>
<code>
$where = "name='Joe' AND status='boss' OR status='active'";<br /><br />
$this->db->where($where);</code>
</li>
</ol>
<h2>$this->db->orwhere();</h2>
<p>This function is identical to the one above, except that multiple instances are joined by OR:</p>
<code>
$this->db->where('name !=', $name);<br />
$this->db->orwhere('id >', $id);
<br /><br />// Produces: WHERE name != 'Joe' OR id > 50
</code>
<h2>$this->db->like();</h2>
<p>This function enables you to generate <strong>LIKE</strong> clauses, useful for doing searches.</p>
<p class="important"><strong>Note:</strong> All values passed to this function are escaped automatically.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Simple key/value method:</strong>
<code>$this->db->like('title', $match);
<br /><br />// Produces: WHERE title LIKE '%match%'
</code>
<p>If you use multiple function calls they will be chained together with <var>AND</var> between them:</p>
<code>$this->db->like('title', $match);<br />
$this->db->like('body', $match);
<br /><br />// WHERE title LIKE '%match%' AND body LIKE '%match%'
</code>
</li>
<li><strong>Associative array method:</strong>
<code>
$array = array('title' => $match, 'page1' => $match, 'page2' => $match);<br /><br />
$this->db->like($array);
<br /><br />// WHERE title LIKE '%match%' AND page1 LIKE '%match%' AND page2 LIKE '%match%'
</code>
</li>
</ol>
<h2>$this->db->orlike();</h2>
<p>This function is identical to the one above, except that multiple instances are joined by OR:</p>
<code>
$this->db->like('title', $match);<br />
$this->db->orlike('body', $match);
<br /><br />// WHERE title LIKE '%match%' OR body LIKE '%match%'
</code>
<h2>$this->db->groupby();</h2>
<p>Permits you to write the GROUP BY portion of your query:</p>
<code>$this->db->groupby("title");
<br /><br />// Produces: GROUP BY title
</code>
<p>You can also pass an array of multiple values as well:</p>
<code>$this->db->groupby(array("title", "date");
<br /><br />// Produces: GROUP BY title, date
</code>
<h2>$this->db->having();</h2>
<p>Permits you to write the HAVING portion of your query:</p>
<code>$this->db->having('user_id = 45');
<br /><br />// Produces: HAVING 'user_id = 45'
</code>
<p>You can also pass an array of multiple values as well:</p>
<code>$this->db->having(array('title =' => 'My Title', 'id <' => $id));
<br /><br />// Produces: HAVING title = 'My Title', 'id < 45'
</code>
<h2>$this->db->orderby();</h2>
<p>Lets you set an ORDER BY clause. The first parameter contains the name of the column you would like to order by.
The second parameter lets you set the direction of the result. Options are <kbd>asc</kbd> or <kbd>desc</kbd> or <kbd>RAND()</kbd></p>
<code>$this->db->orderby("title", "desc");
<br /><br />// Produces: ORDER BY title DESC
</code>
<p>You can also pass your own string in the first parameter:</p>
<code>$this->db->orderby('title desc, name asc');
<br /><br />// Produces: ORDER BY title DESC, name ASC
</code>
<h2>$this->db->limit();</h2>
<p>Lets you limit the number of rows you would like returned by the query:
<code>
$this->db->limit(10);<br />
<br />
// Produces: LIMIT 10</code>
<p>The second parameter lets you set a result offset.</p>
<code>
$this->db->limit(10, 20);<br />
<br />
// Produces: LIMIT 20, 10 (in MySQL. Other databases have slightly different syntax)</code>
<h2>$this->db->count_all();</h2>
<p>Permits you to determine the number of rows in a particular table. Submit the table name in the first parameter. Example:</p>
<code>echo $this->db->count_all('<var>my_table</var>');<br />
<br />
// Produces an integer, like 25</code>
<a name="insert"> </a>
<h1>Inserting Data</h1>
<h2>$this->db->insert();</h2>
<p>Generates an insert string based on the data you supply, and runs the query. You can either pass an
<strong>array</strong> or an <strong>object</strong> to the function. Here is an example using an array:</p>
<code>
$data = array(<br />
'title' => 'My title' ,<br />
'name' => 'My Name' ,<br />
'date' => 'My date'<br />
);<br />
<br />
$this->db->insert('mytable', $data);
<br /><br />
// Produces: INSERT INTO mytable (title, name, date) VALUES ('My title', 'My name', 'My date')</code>
<p>The first parameter will contain the table name, the second is an associative array of values.</p>
<p>Here is an example using an object:</p>
<code>
/*<br />
class Myclass {<br />
var $title = 'My Title';<br />
var $content = 'My Content';<br />
var $date = 'My Date';<br />
}<br />
*/<br />
<br />
$object = new Myclass;<br />
<br />
$this->db->insert('mytable', $object);
<br /><br />
// Produces: INSERT INTO mytable (title, content, date) VALUES ('My Title', 'My Content', 'My Date')</code>
<p>The first parameter will contain the table name, the second is an associative array of values.</p>
<p class="important"><strong>Note:</strong> All values are escaped automatically producing safer queries.</p>
<h2>$this->db->set();</h2>
<p>This function enables you to set values for <dfn>inserts</dfn> or <dfn>updates</dfn>.</p>
<p><strong>It can be used instead of passing a data array directly to the insert or update functions:</strong> </p>
<code>$this->db->set('name', $name);
<br />
$this->db->insert('mytable');
<br /><br />
// Produces: INSERT INTO mytable (name) VALUES ('{$name}')</code>
<p>If you use multiple function called they will be assembled properly based on whether you are doing an insert or an update:</p>
<code>$this->db->set('name', $name);<br />
$this->db->set('title', $title);<br />
$this->db->set('status', $status);<br />
$this->db->insert('mytable');
</code>
<p>You can also pass an associative array to this function:</p>
<code>
$array = array('name' => $name, 'title' => $title, 'status' => $status);<br /><br />
$this->db->set($array);<br />
$this->db->insert('mytable');
</code>
<p>Or an object:</p>
<code>
/*<br />
class Myclass {<br />
var $title = 'My Title';<br />
var $content = 'My Content';<br />
var $date = 'My Date';<br />
}<br />
*/<br />
<br />
$object = new Myclass;<br />
<br />
$this->db->set($object);<br />
$this->db->insert('mytable');
</code>
<a name="update"> </a>
<h1>Updating Data</h1>
<h2>$this->db->update();</h2>
<p>Generates an update string and runs the query based on the data you supply. You can pass an
<strong>array</strong> or an <strong>object</strong> to the function. Here is an example using
an array:</p>
<code>
$data = array(<br />
'title' => $title,<br />
'name' => $name,<br />
'date' => $date<br />
);<br />
<br />
$this->db->where('id', $id);<br />
$this->db->update('mytable', $data);
<br /><br />
// Produces:<br />
// UPDATE mytable <br />
// SET title = '{$title}', name = '{$name}', date = '{$date}'<br />
// WHERE id = $id</code>
<p>Or you can supply an object:</p>
<code>
/*<br />
class Myclass {<br />
var $title = 'My Title';<br />
var $content = 'My Content';<br />
var $date = 'My Date';<br />
}<br />
*/<br />
<br />
$object = new Myclass;<br />
<br />
$this->db->where('id', $id);<br />
$this->db->update('mytable', $object);
<br />
<br />
// Produces:<br />
// UPDATE mytable <br />
// SET title = '{$title}', name = '{$name}', date = '{$date}'<br />
// WHERE id = $id</code>
<p class="important"><strong>Note:</strong> All values are escaped automatically producing safer queries.</p>
<p>You'll notice the use of the <dfn>$this->db->where()</dfn> function, enabling you to set the WHERE clause.
You can optionally pass this information directly into the update function as a string:</p>
<code>$this->db->update('mytable', $data, "id = 4");</code>
<p>Or as an array:</p>
<code>$this->db->update('mytable', $data, array('id' => $id));</code>
<p>You may also use the <dfn>$this->db->set()</dfn> function described above when performing updates.</p>
<a name="delete"> </a>
<h1>Deleting Data</h1>
<h2>$this->db->delete();</h2>
<p>Generates a delete SQL string and runs the query.</p>
<code>
$this->db->delete('mytable', array('id' => $id));
<br /><br />
// Produces:<br />
// DELETE FROM mytable <br />
// WHERE id = $id</code>
<p>The first parameter is the table name, the second is the where clause. You can also use the <dfn>where()</dfn> or <dfn>orwhere()</dfn> functions instead of passing
the data to the second parameter of the function:
<code>
$this->db->where('id', $id);<br />
$this->db->delete('mytable');
<br /><br />
// Produces:<br />
// DELETE FROM mytable <br />
// WHERE id = $id</code>
<p class="important"><strong>Note:</strong> All values are escaped automatically producing safer queries.</p>
<a name="chaining"> </a>
<h1>Method Chaining</h1>
<p>Method chaining allows you to simplify your syntax by connecting multiple functions. Consider this example:</p>
<code>
<dfn>$this->db</dfn><kbd>-></kbd><var>select</var>('title')<kbd>-></kbd><var>from</var>('mytable')<kbd>-></kbd><var>where</var>('id', $id)<kbd>-></kbd><var>limit</var>(10, 20);<br />
<br />
$query = $this->db->get();</code>
<p class="important"><strong>Note:</strong> Method chaining only works with PHP 5.</p>
</div>
<!-- END CONTENT -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
Previous Topic: <a href="results.html">Query Results</a>
·
<a href="#top">Top of Page</a> ·
<a href="../index.html">User Guide Home</a> ·
Next Topic: <a href="transactions.html">Transactions</a>
<p>
<p><a href="http://www.codeigniter.com">Code Igniter</a> · Copyright © 2006 · <a href="http://www.pmachine.com">pMachine, Inc.</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
